LTE Basic Principle 20130820 A 1.1

Security Level:
LTE Basic Principle

www.huawei.com
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Version: 01(20130820)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and
Protocol Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Physical Layer Structure
Introduction
Charter 4 LTE Layer 2 Structure Introduction
Charter 5 LTE Air Interface Key Technology

Introduction
LTE Background Introduction

What is LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio

access technology conducted by 3GPP.
The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and the correlated core
network will evolved to SAE (System Architecture Evolution).
LTE Design Target
Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,

10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz
Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 100Mbps for downlink and
50Mbps for uplink
Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)
Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph)
Support eMBMS
Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP
Lower cost due to simple system structure
3GPP aim to establish a new generation

wireless communication system, which beyond
the access capability of current technologies,
supporting data services with high
performance, to ensure the leadership in the
future 10 years.
Page 3
Specification in 3GPP
11Q1, Rel. 10 specification
( LTE-A) frozen
10Q1, Rel. 9
specification frozen
05Q1, LTE project (Rel.
8) start
09Q1, LTE specification (Rel.

8) frozen
3GPP
R99
R4*
R5
1999
R6
R7
R8 (LTE/SAE)
2008
R10
LTE-A
R9
2009
2010
2011
Oct. 2010, LTE-A accepted as 4G

(IMT-Advanced) technology by
ITU-R
* TD-SCDMA merging
Page 4
LTE Background Introduction

SAE Brief Introduction
SAE (System Architecture Evolution) considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including
Flat Functionality: Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are moved to e-NodeB in order to reduce
the latency and enhance the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.
Part of the RNC functions are moved to core network;
To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied, user-plane and control-plane are separated.
The compatibility of other RAT is considered.
GERAN
SGSN
HSS
UTRAN
S6a
S3
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S11
Rx+
S7
S10
LTE-Uu
UE
S4
EUTRAN
S1-U
Serving
SAE
Gateway
S5
PDN
SAE
Gateway
Page 5
SGi
Operator s IP Services
(e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)

Introduction

Introduction
Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and Protocol

Introduction
2.1 LTE Network Architecture

2.2 LTE Network Element Function
2.3 LTE Protocol Stack Introduction
LTE Network Architecture

Main Network Element of LTE
E-UTRAN: e-NodeBs, providing the user plane and control
plane.
EPC: MME, S-GW and P-GW.
Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE architecture

becomes much more simple and flat, which can lead
to lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility
and shorter time delay of user data and control
signaling.
Network Interface of LTE

The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of
the X2 interface, which enabling direct transmission of data
MME / S-GW
MME / S-GW
and signaling.
the S1-U.
S1
S1
specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the S-GW via
S1
S1
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more
X2
X2
X2
eNB
E-UTRAN
eNB
eNB
Page 8
RRC: Radio Resource Control

PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RLC: Radio Link Control
MAC: Medium Access Control
PHY: Physical layer
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: PDN Gateway
LTE Network Element Function

e-Node Functions:
eNB
Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio

Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic
allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink ;
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Paging and broadcast messages;
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling.
Inter Cell RRM

RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control

RRC
PDCP
S-GW
MME (Mobility Management Entity) Functions:
NAS signaling and security;

AS Security control;
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
UE IP address
allocation
S1
PHY
Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN
EPC
S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following functions:
P-GW (PDN Gateway) Functions:

Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL and
DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement;
Mobility
Anchoring
MAC
P-GW
RLC
Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for

handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN,
and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator
charging.
Page 9
Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol Stack

Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol:
User-plane: For user data transfer
Control-plane: For system signaling transfer
Main Functions of Control-plane:
Main Functions of User-plane:
Header Compression
Ciphering
Scheduling
ARQ/HARQ
PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity protection

RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection management,
RB control, mobility functions, UE measurement reporting and
control
NAS layer performs EPS bearer management, authentication,
security control
Control-plane protocol stack
UE
User-plane protocol stack

UE
RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions as for the user
plane
eNB
MME
NAS
eNB
NAS
RRC
RRC
PDCP
PDCP
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
Page 10

Introduction

Introduction
Charter 3 LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction
3.1 LTE Supports Frequency Bands

3.2 Radio Frame Structure
3.3 Physical Channels
3.4 Physical Signals
3.5 Physical Layer Procedures
Frequency Band of LTE

From LTE Protocol:
Duplex mode: FDD and TDD
E-UTRA
Band
Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz
Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz,

15MHz, 20MHz
FDD Frequency Band
Protocol is being updated, frequency information could be

changed.
TDD Frequency Band
E-UTRA
Band
Uplink (UL)
FUL_low
Downlink (DL)
FUL_high
FDL_low
FDL_high
Duplex
Mode
33
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
34
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
TDD
35
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
TDD
36
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
TDD
37
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
TDD
38
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
TDD
39
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
40
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
TDD
Uplink (UL)
Downlink (DL)
FUL_low FUL_high
FDL_low FDL_high
Duplex
Mode
1920 MHz
1980 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1785 MHz
1805 MHz
1880 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1755 MHz
2110 MHz
2155 MHz
FDD
824 MHz
849 MHz
869 MHz
894MHz
FDD
830 MHz
840 MHz
875 MHz
885 MHz
FDD
2500 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2690 MHz
FDD
880 MHz
915 MHz
925 MHz
960 MHz
FDD
1749.9 MHz
1784.9 MHz
1844.9 MHz
10
1710 MHz
1770 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
1427.9 MHz
1452.9 MHz
1475.9 MHz
1500.9 MHz
FDD
12
698 MHz
716 MHz
728 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
13
777 MHz
787 MHz
746 MHz
756 MHz
FDD
14
788 MHz
798 MHz
758 MHz
768 MHz
FDD
17
704 MHz
...
11
1879.9 MHz
716 MHz
734 MHz
Page 13
FDD
746 MHz
FDD
Radio Frame Structure (1)
Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:
Type 1, applicable to FDD
Type 2, applicable to TDD

FDD Radio Frame Structure:
LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing f=15kHz and 2048-order
IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* 15000) second;
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. One
slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
One subframe
#2
#3
#18
#19
FDD Radio Frame Structure
Concept of Resource Block:
LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for schedule
is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element);
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain;
One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration.

Page 14
TDD Radio Frame Structure:
Uplink-downlink Configurations
Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time

unit with FDD;
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point
periodicity
Similar frame structure with FDD. radio frame is 10ms

shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms;
The uplink-downlink configuration of 10ms frame are
shown in the right table.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
Subframe number
0
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts
30720Ts
Subframe #0
Subframe #2
Subframe #3
Subframe #4
Subframe #5
Subframe #7
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
TDD Radio Frame Structure
DwPTS
GP
Page 15
UpPTS
Subframe #8
Subframe #9
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot Time Slot

GP: Guard Period
UpPTS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
Special Subframe Structure
Special Subframe Structure:
Special Subframe consists of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS .
9 types of Special subframe configuration;
Guard Period size determines the maximal cell radius. (100km);
DwPTS consists of at least 3 OFDM symbols, carrying RS,
Configuration of special subframe

Normal cyclic prefix
Special subframe
configuration
DwPTS
GP
10
10
11
12
10
11
UpPTS
control message and data;
UpPTS consists of at least 1 OFDM symbol, carrying sounding

RS or short RACH.
Page 16

CP Configuration
CP Length Configuration:
Cyclic Prefix is applied to eliminate ISI of OFDM;
CP length is related with coverage radius. Normal
Configuration
Normal CP
Extended
CP
160 for slot #0
144 for slot #1~#6
144 for slot #1~#6
f=15kHz
512 for slot #0~#5
512 for slot #0~#5
f=7.5kHz
1024 for slot #0~#2
NULL
Extended CP is for wide coverage scenario;

Longer CP, higher overhead.
Slot structure under Normal CP
configuration
(f=15kHz)
Slot structure under Extended CP

configuration
(f=15kHz)
Slot structure under Extended CP

configuration
(f=7.5kHz)
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length
160 for slot #0
f=15kHz
CP can fulfill the requirement of common

scenarios;
DL OFDM CP Length
Page 17
Sub-carrier
of each RB
Symbol of
each slot
7
12
6
24 (DL only)
3 (DL only)
Brief Introduction of Physical Channels
Downlink Channels
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information for cell
search, such as cell ID.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the resource
allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink user
data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid ARQ
ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast information.
Uplink Channels
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the random
access preamble.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality Indicator
(CQI), etc.
BCH
MCH
PCH
DL-SCH
Downlink
Transport channels
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
PBCH
PMCH
PDSCH
PDCCH
Downlink
Physical channels
Mapping between downlink transport

channels and downlink physical channels
UL-SCH
RACH
Uplink
Transport channels
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
PUSCH
PRACH
PUCCH
Uplink
Physical channels
Mapping between uplink transport channels

and downlink physical channels
Page 18
Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Physical Channel Processing
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
layers
code words
antenna ports
Modulation
mapper
Scrambling
Layer
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Precoding
Modulation
mapper
Scrambling
Resource element
mapper
Modulation Scheme of Downlink Channel

Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
PBCH
QPSK
PCFICH
QPSK
PDCCH
QPSK
PHICH
BPSK
PDSCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PMCH
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Page 19
Downlink Resource Structure
Type I frame, single antenna, F = 15 kHz

Standard RB:
One of center 6 RBs:
Legend:
Downlink Reference Signals
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
PSS (Primary Synchronisation Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronisation Signal)
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH (Physical - Downlink Control / HARQ Indicator / Control Format Indicator - Channels)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Data Channel)
Page 20

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
SF 1
SF 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
PSS
SSS
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
PDSCH
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
CP
CP
Centre 6 RBs
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
Page 21
Uplink Physical Signals

Uplink RS (Reference Signal):
Freq
The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization between EUTRAN and UE, as well as uplink channel estimation.
Two types of UL reference signals:
DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal), associated with

PUSCH and PUCCH transmission;
Freq
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without associated

with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission.
Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
DM RS associated with PUSCH is mapped

to the 4th symbol each slot
Time
Characteristics:
Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since SCFDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in the
bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH.
Freq
The slot location of DM RS differs with associated PUSCH and
PUCCH format.
Sounding RSs bandwidth is larger than that allocated to UE, in
order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for channel estimation
in the whole bandwidth.
Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame. The
transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. SRS
transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve
time/frequency/code diversity.
DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits

UL ACK signaling) is mapped to the central
3 symbols each slot
Time
DM RS associated with PUCCH (transmits UL

CQI signaling) is mapped to the 2 symbols each
slot
Time
System bandwidth
PUCCH is mapped to up & down
ends of the system bandwidth,
hopping between two slots.
Page 22
Uplink Resource Structure

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM
Symbol 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
CP
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
Legend:
UL DMRS (Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal)
UL SRS (Uplink Sounding Reference Signal)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
1 subframe = 2 slot (1 ms)
(incl.HARQ feedback and CQI reporting)

Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCC
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel)
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
Page 23
Downlink RS (Reference Signal):
R0
One antenna port
One Antenna Port
Downlink Physical Signals (1)

R0
R0
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in TimeFrequency Domain
R0
R0
R0
R0
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel demodulation and
channel quality measurement (CQI)
Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential and the other two
types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are optional.
R0
l0
l6 l0
Characteristics:
l6
Two antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l6
R0
l0
R0
RS symbols on this
antenna port
R1
l6
R1
R1
R0
Reference symbols on this antenna port
l6 l0
R1
R0
Not used for RS

transmission on this
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
antenna port
R1
R1
R0
l6 l0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l0
Four antenna ports
Four Antenna Ports
Two Antenna Ports
RE
Resource element (k,l)
R2
R1
R1
Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-specific RS sequence

and frequency shift mapping. RS is the pseudo-random sequence transmits in
the time-frequency domain.
The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain, sampling the channel
situation which is the reference of DL demodulation.
Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation, also high
overhead that impacting the system capacity.
R3
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port

R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R3
R2
R1
R2
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R3
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port

R0
R0
l0
R1
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
Antenna Port 0
l0
R1
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
Antenna Port 1
R2
l0
R3
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
Antenna Port 2
l0
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
Antenna Port 3
Page 24
MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over a

Single Frequency Network
Downlink Physical Signals (2)

Synchronization Signal:
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
synchronization signal comprise two parts:
a. Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.
b. Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:
The bandwidth of the synchronization signal
is 62 subcarrier, locating in the central part of
system bandwidth, regardless of system
bandwidth size.
Synchronization signals are transmitted only
in the 1st and 11rd slots of every 10ms frame.
The primary synchronization signal is located
in the last symbol of the transmit slot. The
secondary synchronization signal is located in
the 2nd last symbol of the transmit slot.
Synchronization Signals Structure
Page 25
Physical Layer Procedure Cell Search
Basic Principle of Cell Search:

Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-UTRAN in timefreq domain, and acquires the serving cell ID;
Initial Cell Search:
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually, UE doesnt
know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the first time switch on.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the spectrum
to demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure takes time, but the
time requirement are typically relatively relaxed. Some methods can reduce
time, such as recording the former available network information as the prior
search target.
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-freq domain
and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH and acquires for system
information, such as bandwidth and Tx antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its paging period
that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE state in the specified
paging period, demodulates PDCCH for monitoring paging. If paging is detected,
PDSCH resources will be demodulated to receive paging message.
Two steps in cell search:
Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of ID within

Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Synchronization Signal;
Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP length and

Cell Group ID by demodulating the Secondary Synchronization
Signal.
About Cell ID
In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two parts: Cell
Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest version defines that
there are 168 Cell Group IDs, 3 IDs within each group. So totally
168*3=504 Cell IDs exist.
(1)
(2)
cell
N ID
3N ID
N ID
(1)
N ID
(2)
N ID
represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;

represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to 2.
Page 26
Physical Layer Procedure Random Access
Basic Principle of Random Access :
Detail Procedure of Random Access:
Random access is the procedure of uplink

synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN.
Prior to random access, physical layer shall receive the

following information from the higher layers:
Random access channel parameters: PRACH configuration,

frequency position and preamble format, etc.
Parameters for determining the preamble root sequences and
their cyclic shifts in the sequence set for the cell, in order to
demodulate the random access preamble.
Two steps in physical layer random access:
UE transmission of random access preamble
Random access response from E-UTRAN
Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a preamble

transmission by higher layers.
The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a target
preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI and a PRACH
resource .
UE determines the preamble transmission power is preamble target
received power + Path Loss. The transmission shall not higher than
the maximum transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink
path loss estimate calculated in the UE.
A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble sequence set
using the preamble index.
A single preamble is transmitted using the selected preamble
sequence with calculated transmission power on the indicated
PRACH resource.
UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is attempted
during a window controlled by higher layers. If detected, the
corresponding PDSCH transport block is passed to higher layers.
RA-RNTI:parse
Randomthe
Access
Radio Network
Identifierthe 20-bit
The higher layers
transport
blockTemporary
and indicate
grant.
Page 27
Physical Layer Procedure Power Control

Basic Principle of Power Control:
Downlink Power Control:
Downlink power control determines the EPRE (Energy

per Resource Element);
Uplink power control determines the energy per DFTSOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol.
Uplink Power Control:
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop power
control.
The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant.

The transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
transmission power.
Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the
comparison of UE report CQI and target CQI during the
power control.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for

integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
UE report CQI
DL Tx Power
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled respectively by

uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for example:
PPUSCH (i) min {PMAX ,10 log 10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH(j) (j) PL TF (i) f(i)}
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path loss
and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control principle is
shown in above equation. The following factors impact PUSCH transmission
power PPUSCH: UE maximum transmission power PMAX, UE allocated resource
MPUSCH, initial transmission power PO_PUSCH, estimated path loss PL,
modulation coding factor TF and system adjustment factor f (not working
during opened loop PC)
X2
UL Tx Power
System adjust
parameters
EPRE: Energy per Resource Element

DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
Page 28

Introduction

Introduction
4.1 LTE Layer 2 Brief Introduction

4.2 MAC Layer Introduction
4.3 RLC Layer Introduction
4.4 PDCP Layer Introduction
4.5 Summary of Layer 1 & 2 Data Flow
Overview of LTE Layer 2

Layer 2 is split into the following layers:
Main Functions of Layer 2:
MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer
Header compression, Ciphering
RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer
Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol ) Layer
Layer 2 Structure for DL
Scheduling, priority handling, multiplexing and

demultiplexing, HARQ
Layer 2 Structure for UL
Radio Bearers
ROHC
ROHC
Radio Bearers
ROHC
ROHC
PDCP
Security
RLC
ROHC
ROHC
Security
Security
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
Security
Security
Segm.
ARQ etc
Segm.
ARQ etc
Security
...
Segm.
ARQ etc
BCCH
PCCH
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
Segm.
ARQ etc
Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Scheduling / Priority Handling
MAC
Multiplexing UE1
Multiplexing UEn
HARQ
HARQ
MAC
HARQ
Transport Channels
Multiplexing
Transport Channels
Page 31
Introduction of MAC Layer

Main functions of MAC Layer:
Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
Mapping between logical channels and transport channels
Control Channel: For the transfer of control plane

information
Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol Data Unit)

belonging to one or different radio bearers into/from TB (transport
blocks ) delivered to/from the physical layer on transport channels
Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane information
Traffic volume measurement reporting

Error correction through HARQ
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
Radio Bearers
Priority handling between logical channels of one UE

ROHC
ROHC
Security
Security
UL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
Control Channel
Priority handling between UEs (dynamic scheduling)

PDCP
Traffic Channel
Transport format selection

Padding
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
Segm.
ARQ etc
RACH
Logical Channels
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
MCCH
UL-SCH
MTCH
MAC
Multiplexing
HARQ
Uplink
Transport channels
Downlink
Logical channels
DL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer
MAC Layer
Structure
Transport Channels
Uplink
Logical channels
PCH
BCH
DL-SCH
Page 32
MCH
Downlink
Transport channels
Introduction of RLC Layer

Main functions of RLC Layer:
RLC PDU Structure:
Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM, UM or TM data

transfer
Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC CRC check,
CRC provided by the physical)
Segmentation according to the size of the TB: only if an RLC
SDU does not fit entirely into the TB then the RLC SDU is
segmented into variable sized RLC PDUs, no need padding
Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be retransmitted: if a
retransmitted PDU does not fit entirely into the new TB used
for retransmission then the RLC PDU is re-segmented
Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio bearer
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs except at HO
Protocol error detection and recovery
Duplicate Detection
ROHC
ROHC
PDCP
SDU discard
Security
Security
Reset
RLC
Segm.
ARQ etc
...
Segm.
ARQ etc
The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC header is

independent of the SDU sequence number
The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the scheduling
scheme. SDUs are segmented /concatenated based on PDU
size. The data of one PDU may source from multi SDUs
Segmentation
RLC SDU
Concatenation
n+1
...
Radio Bearers
RLC header
RLC header
RLC PDU
RLC PDU Structure

AM: Acknowledge Mode
UM: Un-acknowledge Mode
TM: Transparent Mode
TB: Transport Block
SDU: Service Data Unit
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
RLC Layer
Structure
Multiplexing
n+3
...
Logical Channels

MAC
n+2
Page 33
Introduction of PDCP Layer

Main functions of PDCP Layer:
PDCP PDU Structure:
Functions for User Plane:
Header compression and decompression: ROHC
Transfer of user data: PDCP receives PDCP SDU from the

NAS and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at handover for RLC

AM
Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs at handover for RLC

AM
Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at handover for RLC AM
Ciphering
Timer-based SDU discard in uplink

Functions for Control Plane:
Ciphering and Integrity Protection
Transfer of control plane data: PDCP receives PDCP SDUs

from RRC and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa
PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octet-aligned
PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes long
PDCP header
PDCP SDU
PDCP PDU
PDCP PDU Structure

Radio Bearers
ROHC
ROHC
Security
Security
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ etc
RLC
...
PDCP Layer
Structure
Segm.
ARQ etc
ROHC: Robust Header Compression

Logical Channels
Page 34
MAC
Multiplexing
Summary of Data Flow in Layer 1 & 2

Data Transfer in Layer 1 and Layer 2
Data from the upper layer are headed and packaged, sent to the lower layer, vice versa.
Scheduler effect in the RLC, MAC and Physical Layers. User data packages are multiplexed in the MAC Layer.
CRC in Physical Layer.
Page 35

Introduction

Introduction
Charter 5 LTE Air Interface Key Technology Introduction
5.1 OFDM & SC-FDMA

5.2 MIMO
5.3 Cell Interference Control
5.4 Schedule and Link Auto-Adaptation
5.5 E-MBMS
OFDMA & SC-FDMA

OFDM & OFDMA
DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA

DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing technology used
in the LTE uplink, which is similar with OFDM but can
release the UE PA limitation caused by high PAPR.
Each user is assigned part of the system bandwidth.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a

modulation multiplexing technology, divides the system bandwidth
into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is inserted between the OFDM
symbols to avoid the ISI.
OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with OFDM, is used
in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the combination of TDMA and
FDMA essentially.
SC-FDMASingle Carrier Frequency Division Multiple

Accessingis the multi-access technology related with
DFT-S-OFDM.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to orthogonal

subcarriers need no protect bandwidth. Support frequency link auto
adaptation and scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO.
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to

orthogonal user bandwidth need no protect bandwidth.
Low PAPR.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency domain

synchronization. High PAPR.
The subcarrier assignment scheme includes Localized

mode and Distributed mode.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Frequency
User 1
Time
Sub-band12Sub-carriers
User 1
User 2
User 2
User 3
User 3
Time
Sub-band12Sub-carriers
Page 38
MIMO
Downlink MIMO
Uplink MIMO
MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve spatial

multiplexing, including single user mode SU-MIMO and
multi user mode MU-MIMO.
In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is used
in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to control/reduce the
interference among spatial multiplexing data flows.
The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to one
single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the transmission rate
and spectrum efficiency. In MU-MIMO, the data flows are
scheduled to multi users and the resources are shared
within users. Multi user gain can be achieved by user
scheduling in the spatial domain.
Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to

implement the UL multi transmission and relative power supply.
Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single antenna UEs are
associated to transmit in the MIMO mode. Virtual-MIMO is still
under study.
Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users. Each
user transmits data by single antenna. System separates the
data by the specific MIMO demodulation scheme.
MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the same timefreq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-MIMO. Interference
of the multi user data can be controlled by the scheduler, which
also bring multi user gain.
User1
Pre-coding vectors
User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
Scheduler
User k data
User 1 data
S1
User 2 data
User k data
Pre-coder
MIMO
Decoder
User2
User2
S2
User k
Channel Information
Channel Information
DL-MIMO
User k
Scheduler
Virtual-MIMO
Page 39
DL MIMO
SFBC (Transmit Diversity)
User1
codeword
Mod
MCW (Spatial Multiplexing)
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
S
F
B
C
MIMO
encoder and
layer
mapping
UE2
UE1
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

UE1
Same stream transmitted simultaneously in certain

form of MIMO coding at the same time-frequency
resource from both antenna ports (Rank = 1)
Depending on the environment & number of
antennas, SFBC can reduce fading margin by 2~8
dB, to extend coverage, and enhance system
capacity
Multiple data streams transmitted at the same timefrequency resource from different antenna ports
The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas for

spatial multiplexing (SM)
Page 40
Cell Interference Control

ICICInter-Cell Interference Coordination
ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control
the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
SFR Fundamentals
SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into
primary band and secondary band with different transmit power.
The primary band is assigned to the
users in cell edge. The eNB transmit
power of the primary band can be high.
Secondary Band
Power
Secondary
Band
Power
Cell 1
Frequency
The secondary band is assigned to the users

in cell center. The eNB transmit power of the
secondary band should be reduced in order
to avoid the interference to the primary band
of neighbor cells.
Frequency
Secondary
Band
1
6
Cell 2,4,6
Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
2
Cell 1 Primary Band
Secondary
Band
Power
Cell 3,5,7
Frequency
Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band
Page 41
Huawei SFR 131 Frequency Planning

ICIC is introduced into 131 planning to reduce inter cell interference. Higher cell edge
service throughput enhances users experience.
High sector throughput and spectrum efficiency

Suitable for high capacity scenarios (dense urban & urban)
Expansion solution for traditional 131
SFR 131 UL ICIC
SFR 131 DL ICIC
Cells from different sites: frequency division, could be

adjusted periodically due to edge load
Cells in the same site: time division. Edge users are
scheduled in odd and even subframe
Cell edge: frequency division, separated by transmit

power
Cell central: all bandwidth are transmitted. Control
coverage to reduce interference
Page 42
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

2 bits per symbol in
each carrier.

each carrier.

each carrier.
The most appropriate modulation and coding scheme can be adaptively selected according to the channel
propagation conduction, then the maximum throughput can be obtained for different channel situation.
Page 43
Schedule and Link Auto-adaptation

User Multiplexing and Scheduling
Large system bandwidth (10/15/20MHz) of LTE will facing the

problem of frequency selected fading. The fading
characteristic on subcarriers of one user can be regarded as
same, but different in further subcarriers.
Select better subcarriers for specific user according to the
fading characteristic. User diversity can be achieved to
increase spectrum efficiency.
The LTE schedule period is one or more TTI.
The channel propagation information is feed back to e-NodeB
through the uplink. Channel quality identity is the overhead of
system. The less, the better.
Channel Propagation Fading

Link Auto-adaptation
LTE support link auto-adaptation in time-domain and

frequency-domain. Modulation scheme is selected based
on the channel quality in time/frequency-domain.
In CDMA system, power control is one important link
auto-adaptation technology, which can avoid interference
by far-near effect. In LTE system, user multiplexed by
OFDM technology. Power control is used to reduce the
uplink interference from adjacent cell, to compensate
path loss. It is one type of slow link auto-adaptation
scheme.
User Multiplexing and Scheduling

Page 44
Enhance MBMS
E-MBMS
All e-NodeBs apply same frequency resource and send MBMS data simultaneously.
For UE, the signals from different e-NodeBs can be treat as component of multi paths. Not necessary to divide the
signal from e-NodeBs, which can be soft combined by UE.
E-MBMS Features
SFN (Single Frequency Network) mode

MBMS is limited by the cell edge user performance. SFN enhance the performance in cell edge to improve the
MBMS effect.
Need downlink air-interface synchronization in SFN mode.
Time delay is much different for e-NodeBs, the signal combination will cause time delay increase. Longer CP
will be configured.
Page 45
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements regarding the future financial
and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results and
developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for
reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time without notice.

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LTE Basic Principle

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

Charter 5 LTE Air Interface Key Technology

LTE Background Introduction

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio

LTE Design Target

Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,

3GPP aim to establish a new generation

09Q1, LTE specification (Rel.

Oct. 2010, LTE-A accepted as 4G

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Background Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

Charter 5 LTE Air Interface Key Technology

Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture and Protocol

2.1 LTE Network Architecture

LTE Network Architecture

Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE architecture

Network Interface of LTE

S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

RRC: Radio Resource Control

LTE Network Element Function

Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio

Inter Cell RRM

EPS Bearer Control

MME (Mobility Management Entity) Functions:

NAS signaling and security;

S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following functions:

P-GW (PDN Gateway) Functions:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for

Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol Stack

User-plane: For user data transfer

Control-plane: For system signaling transfer

Main Functions of Control-plane:

Main Functions of User-plane:

PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity protection

User-plane protocol stack

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

Charter 5 LTE Air Interface Key Technology

Charter 3 LTE Physical Layer Structure Introduction

3.1 LTE Supports Frequency Bands

Frequency Band of LTE

Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz

Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz,

FDD Frequency Band

Protocol is being updated, frequency information could be

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Radio Frame Structure (1)

Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE:

Type 1, applicable to FDD

Type 2, applicable to TDD

FDD Radio Frame Structure

Concept of Resource Block:

One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration.

Radio Frame Structure (2)

TDD Radio Frame Structure:

Applies OFDM, same subcarriers spacing and time