List of Mathematical Symbols

List of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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List of mathematical symbols

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a listing of common symbols found within all branches of mathematics. Each symbol is listed
in both HTML, which depends on appropriate fonts being installed, and in TEX, as an image.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&action=edit) .
Contents
1 Symbols
2 Variations
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&printable=... 27/07/2011
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Symbols
Symbol Symbol
in
HTML
<
>
in TEX
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Name
Read as
Explanation
Category
equality
x= y means x and y represent the same thing or
is equal to; equals
value.
everywhere
x y means that x and y do not represent the
inequality
same thing or value.
is not equal to; does not
equal
(The forms!=,/=or <> are generally used in
everywhere programming languages where ease of typing
and use of ASCII text is preferred.)
strict inequality
x<y means x is less than y.
is less than, is greater than
order theory x>y means x is greater than y.
proper subgroup
is a proper subgroup of H<G means H is a proper subgroup of G.
group theory
(very) strict inequality
x y means x is much less than y.
is much less than, is much
greater than
x y means x is much greater than y.
order theory
f g means the growth of f is asymptotically
asymptotic comparison
bounded by g.
is of smaller order than, is
of greater order than
(This is I. M. Vinogradov's notation. Another
analytic number theory notation is the Big O notation, which looks like
f= O(g).)
xy means x is less than or equal to y.
inequality
xy means x is greater than or equal to y.
is less than or equal to, is
greater than or equal to
(The forms <= and >= are generally used in
order theory programming languages where ease of typing
subgroup
is a subgroup of
HG means H is a subgroup of G.
group theory
reduction
AB means the problem A can be reduced to
is reducible to
the problem B.Subscriptscanbeaddedtothe
computational complexity to indicate what kind of reduction.
theory
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Karp reduction
is Karp reducible to; is
polynomial-time many-one L1 L2 means that the problem L1 is Karp
reducible to
reducible to L2.[1]
computational complexity
theory
proportionality
is proportional to; varies as y x means that y = kx for some constant k.
everywhere
Karp reduction[2]
is Karp reducible to; is
polynomial-time many-one
reducible to
computational complexity
theory
addition
plus; add
arithmetic
disjoint union
the disjoint union of ...
and ...
set theory
subtraction
minus; take; subtract
arithmetic
negative sign
negative; minus; the
opposite of
arithmetic
A B means the problem A can be

polynomially reduced to the problem B.
4 + 6 means the sum of 4 and 6.
A1 + A2 means the disjoint union of sets A1 and

A2.
9 4 means the subtraction of 4 from 9.
3 means the negative of the number 3.
AB means the set that contains all the

set-theoretic complement
elements of A that are not in B.
minus; without
set theory ( can also be used for set-theoretic
complement as described below.)
3 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4.

multiplication
times; multiplied by
(The symbol * is generally used in
arithmetic programming languages, where ease of typing
Cartesian product
the Cartesian product of ... XY means the set of all ordered pairs with the
and ...; the direct product first element of each pair selected from X and
of ... and ...
the second element selected from Y.
set theory
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cross product
u v means the cross product of vectors u and
cross
v
linear algebra
R consists of the set of units of the ring R,
along with the operation of multiplication.
group of units
the group of units of
ring theory This may also be written R* as described
below, or U(R).
multiplication
3 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4.
arithmetic
dot product
dot
u v means the dot product of vectors u and v
linear algebra
division (Obelus)
divided by; over
6 3or63meansthedivisionof6by3.
arithmetic
quotient group
G/H means the quotient of group G modulo its
mod
subgroup H.
group theory
quotient set
A/~ means the set of all ~ equivalence classes
mod
in A.
set theory
plus-minus
plus or minus
6 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 3.
arithmetic
plus-minus
10 2 or equivalently 10 20% means the
plus or minus
range from 10 2 to 10 + 2.
measurement
minus-plus
6 (3 5) means both 6 + (3 5) and 6 (3 +
minus or plus
5).
arithmetic
square root
means the nonnegative number whose
the (principal) square root
of
square is x.
real numbers
complex square root
if
is represented in polar
the (complex) square root coordinates with
, then
of
.
complex numbers
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absolute value or modulus

absolute value of; modulus |x| means the distance along the real line (or
of
across the complex plane) between x and zero.
numbers
||
||||
Euclidean norm or
Euclidean length or
magnitude
Euclidean norm of
geometry
determinant
determinant of
matrix theory
cardinality
cardinality of; size of; order
of
set theory
norm
norm of; length of
linear algebra
|x| means the (Euclidean) length of vector x.
|A| means the determinant of the matrix A
|X| means the cardinality of the set X.

(# may be used instead as described below.)
||x||meansthenorm of the element x of a
normed vector space.[3]
||x|| means the nearest integer to x.

nearest integer function
nearest integer to
(This may also be written [x], x, nint(x) or
numbers Round(x).)
a|b means a divides b.
ab means a does not divide b.
||
divisor, divides
divides
(This symbol can be difficult to type, and its
number theory negation is rare, so a regular but slightly
shorter vertical bar | character can be used.)
conditional probability
P(A|B) means the probability of the event a
given
occurring given that b occurs.
probability
restriction
f|A means the function f restricted to the set A,
restriction of to ;
that is, it is the function with domain Adom
restricted to
(f) that agrees with f.
set theory
such that
such that; so that
| means such that, see ":" (described below).
everywhere
parallel
is parallel to
x||y means x is parallel to y.
geometry
incomparability
is incomparable to
order theory
exact divisibility
exactly divides
number theory
cardinality
cardinality of; size of; order
of
set theory
connected sum
connected sum of; knot
sum of; knot composition
of
topology, knot theory
aleph number
aleph
set theory
beth number
beth
set theory
cardinality of the
continuum
cardinality of the
continuum; cardinality of
the real numbers; c;
set theory
such that
such that; so that
everywhere
field extension
extends; over
field theory
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x||y means x is incomparable to y.
pa||n means pa exactly divides n (i.e. pa divides

n but pa+1 does not).
#X means the cardinality of the set X.
(|| may be used instead as described above.)
A#B is the connected sum of the manifolds A
and B. If A and B are knots, then this denotes
the knot sum, which has a slightly stronger
condition.
represents an infinite cardinality
(specifically, the -th one, where is an
ordinal).
represents an infinite cardinality (similar to
, but does not necessarily index all of the
numbers indexed by . ).
The cardinality of is denoted by

or by
the symbol (a lowercase Fraktur letter C).
: means such that, and is used in proofs and

the set-builder notation (described below).
K:F means the field K extends the field F.
This may also be written as K F.
A:B means the Frobenius inner product of the
matrices A and B.
inner product of matrices

inner product of
The general inner product is denoted by u,v,
linear algebra u|v or (u|v), as described below. For spatial
vectors, the dot product notation, xy is
common. See also Bra-ket notation.
index of a subgroup
The index of a subgroup H in a group G is the
index of subgroup
"relative size" of H in G: equivalently, the
group theory number of "copies" (cosets) of H that fill up G
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factorial
factorial
n! means the product 1 2 ... n.
combinatorics
The statement!A is true if and only if A is false.
A slash placed through another operator is the

logical negation
same as "!" placed in front.
not
propositional logic (The symbol!is primarily from computer
science. It is avoided in mathematical texts,
where the notation A is preferred.)
probability distribution
X ~ D, means the random variable X has the
has distribution
probability distribution D.
statistics
row equivalence
A~B means that B can be generated by using a
is row equivalent to
series of elementary row operations on A
matrix theory
same order of magnitude
roughly similar; poorly
approximates
approximation theory
m~n means the quantities m and n have the

same order of magnitude, or general size.
(Note that ~ is used for an approximation that
is poor, otherwise use .)
asymptotically equivalent
is asymptotically equivalent f~g means
.
to
asymptotic analysis
equivalence relation
(and equivalently
are in the same equivalence a~b means
class
).
everywhere
approximately equal
is approximately equal to xy means x is approximately equal to y.
everywhere
GH means that group G is isomorphic
isomorphism
(structurally identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to
group theory ( can also be used for isomorphic, as
described below.)
AH means the wreath product of the group A
wreath product
by the group H.
wreath product of by
group theory This may also be written Awr H.
normal subgroup
is a normal subgroup of NG means that N is a normal subgroup of
group G.
group theory
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ideal
is an ideal of
IR means that I is an ideal of ring R.
ring theory
antijoin
the antijoin of
relational algebra
semidirect product
the semidirect product of
group theory
RS means the antijoin of the relations R and

S, the tuples in R for which there is not a tuple
in S that is equal on their common attribute
names.
N H is the semidirect product of N (a
normal subgroup) and H (a subgroup), with
respect to . Also, if G=N H, then G is said
to split over N.
( may also be written the other way round, as
, or as .)
semijoin
the semijoin of
relational algebra
R S is the semijoin of the relations R and S,

the set of all tuples in R for which there is a
tuple in S that is equal on their common
attribute names.
natural join
the natural join of
relational algebra
R S is the natural join of the relations R and

S, the set of all combinations of tuples in R and
S that are equal on their common attribute
names.
therefore
Sometimes used in proofs before logical
therefore; so; hence
consequences.
everywhere
because
because; since
Sometimes used in proofs before reasoning.
everywhere
end of proof
Used to mark the end of a proof.
QED; tombstone; Halmos
symbol
(May also be written Q.E.D.)
everywhere
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A B means if A is true then B is also true; if

A is false then nothing is said about B.
material implication
(may mean the same as , or it may have
implies; if then
propositional logic, Heyting the meaning for functions given below.)
algebra
( may mean the same as ,[4] or it may have
the meaning for superset given below.)
material equivalence
A B means A is true if B is true and A is
if and only if; iff
false if B is false.
propositional logic
The statement A is true if and only if A is
false.
A slash placed through another operator is the

logical negation
same as "" placed in front.
not
propositional logic (The symbol ~ has many other uses, so or the
slash notation is preferred. Computer scientists
will often use!but this is avoided in
mathematical texts.)
logical conjunction or meet The statement A B is true if A and B are both
in a lattice
true; else it is false.
and; min; meet
propositional logic, lattice For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) B(x) is
theory used to mean min(A(x), B(x)).
u v means the wedge product of vectors u
wedge product
and v. This generalizes the cross product to
wedge product; exterior higher dimensions.
product
linear algebra (For vectors in R3, can also be used.)
a ^ b means a raised to the power of b
exponentiation
(raised) to the power of (a ^ b is more commonly written ab. The symbol
^ is generally used in programming languages

everywhere where ease of typing and use of plain ASCII
text is preferred.)
logical disjunction or join The statement A B is true if A or B (or both)
in a lattice
are true; if both are false, the statement is false.
or; max; join
propositional logic, lattice For functions A(x) and B(x), A(x) B(x) is
theory used to mean max(A(x), B(x)).
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exclusive or
The statement A B is true when either A or

xor
propositional logic, B, but not both, are true. A B means the same.
Boolean algebra
The direct sum is a special way of combining
direct sum
several objects into one general object.
direct sum of
abstract algebra (The bun symbol , or the coproduct symbol
, is used; is only for logic.)
universal quantification
for all; for any; for each
predicate logic
existential quantification
there exists; there is; there
are
predicate logic
uniqueness quantification
there exists exactly one
predicate logic
x: P(x) means P(x) is true for all x.
x: P(x) means there is at least one x such that

P(x) is true.
!x: P(x) means there is exactly one x such

that P(x) is true.
=:
:=
x:= y, y=:x or xy means x is defined to be

another name for y, under certain assumptions
taken in context.
definition
is defined as; is equal by
definition to
(Some writers use to mean congruence).
everywhere
P: Q means P is defined to be logically
equivalent to Q.
congruence
ABC DEF means triangle ABC is
is congruent to
congruent to (has the same measurements as)
geometry triangle DEF.
{,}
{:}
{|}
{}
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GH means that group G is isomorphic

isomorphic
(structurally identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to
abstract algebra (can also be used for isomorphic, as
described above.)
congruence relation
... is congruent to ...
a b (mod n) means a b is divisible by n
modulo ...
modular arithmetic
set brackets
{a,b,c} means the set consisting of a, b, and c.
the set of
[5]
set theory
set builder notation
{x:P(x)} means the set of all x for which P(x)
the set of such that
is true.[5] {x|P(x)} is the same as {x: P(x)}.
set theory
empty set
means the set with no elements.[5] {}means
the empty set
the same.
set theory
set membership
is an element of; is not an a S means a is an element of the set S;[5] a
element of
S means a is not an element of S.[5]
everywhere, set theory
subset
(subset) AB means every element of A is

also an element of B.[6]
is a subset of
(proper subset) AB means AB but AB.
set theory
(Some writers use the symbol as if it were the
same as .)
AB means every element of B is also an
element of A.
superset
AB means AB but AB.
is a superset of
set theory
(Some writers use the symbol as if it were the
same as .)
set-theoretic union
AB means the set of those elements which
the union of or ; union
are either in A, or in B, or in both.[6]
set theory
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set-theoretic intersection
AB means the set that contains all those
intersected with; intersect
elements that A and B have in common.[6]
set theory
A B means the set of elements in exactly one
symmetric difference
of A or B.
symmetric difference
set theory (Not to be confused with delta, , described
below.)
AB means the set that contains all those
set-theoretic complement
elements of A that are not in B.[6]
minus; without
set theory ( can also be used for set-theoretic
complement as described above.)
function arrow
f:XY means the function f maps the set X
from to
into the set Y.
set theory, type theory
function arrow
f:a b means the function f maps the element
maps to
a to the element b.
set theory
function composition
fg is the function, such that (fg)(x) = f(g(x)).
composed with
[7]
set theory
N means either { 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} or { 1, 2, 3, ...}.
natural numbers
N; the (set of) natural
numbers
numbers
The choice depends on the area of mathematics

being studied; e.g. number theorists prefer the
latter; analysts, set theorists and computer
scientists prefer the former. To avoid confusion,
always check an author's definition of N.
Set theorists often use the notation (for least
infinite ordinal) to denote the set of natural
numbers (including zero), along with the
standard ordering relation .
means {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.

integers
Z; the (set of) integers
+ or > means {1, 2, 3, ...} . * or means
numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
n means {[0], [1], [2], ...[n1]} with addition
integers mod n
and multiplication modulo n.
Zn; the (set of) integers
Note that any letter may be used instead of n,
modulo n
numbers such as p. To avoid confusion with p-adic
numbers, use /p or /(p) instead.
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n
p
Zn
p-adic integers
the (set of) p-adic integers
Note that any letter may be used instead of p,
numbers such as n or l.
Zp
projective space
P; the projective space, the
projective line, the
means a space with a point at infinity.
projective plane
topology
(X) means the probability of the event X
probability
occurring.
the probability of
probability theory This may also be written as P(X), Pr(X), P[X] or
Pr[X].
rational numbers
Q; the (set of) rational
means {p/q: p, q}.
numbers; the rationals
numbers
real numbers
R; the (set of) real numbers;
means the set of real numbers.
the reals
numbers
complex numbers
C; the (set of) complex
means {a+bi: a,b}.
numbers
numbers
quaternions or Hamiltonian
quaternions
H; the (set of) quaternions means {a+bi+cj+dk: a,b,c,d}.
numbers
Big O notation
big-oh of
Computational complexity
theory
infinity
infinity
numbers
floor
floor; greatest integer;
entier
numbers
ceiling
ceiling
Pgina 15 de 25
The Big O notation describes the limiting

behavior of a function, when the argument
tends towards a particular value or infinity.
isanelement of the extended number line
that is greater than all real numbers; it often
occurs in limits.
x means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer
less than or equal to x.
(This may also be written [x], floor(x) or int(x).)
x means the ceiling of x, i.e. the smallest
integer greater than or equal to x.
numbers (This may also be written ceil(x) or ceiling(x).)
[:]
x means the nearest integer to x.

nearest integer to
(This may also be written [x], ||x||, nint(x) or
numbers Round(x).)
degree of a field extension
the degree of
[K:F] means the degree of the extension K:F.
field theory
[a] means the equivalence class of a, i.e. {x:
equivalence class
x~a}, where ~ is an equivalence relation.
the equivalence class of
abstract algebra [a]R means the same, but with R as the
equivalence relation.
[]
[,]
[,,]
[x] means the floor of x, i.e. the largest integer

floor
less than or equal to x.
floor; greatest integer;
(This may also be written x, floor(x) or int
entier
numbers (x). Not to be confused with the nearest integer
function, as described below.)
[x] means the nearest integer to x.
(This may also be written x, ||x||, nint(x) or
nearest integer to
numbers Round(x). Not to be confused with the floor
function, as described above.)
Iverson bracket
[S] maps a true statement S to 1 and a false
1 if true, 0 otherwise
statement S to 0.
propositional logic
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f[X] means { f(x):x X }, the image of the

function f under the set X dom(f).
image
(This may also be written as f(X) if there is no
image of under
risk of confusing the image of f under X with
everywhere the function application f of X. Another
notation is Imf, the image of f under its
domain.)
closed interval
.
closed interval
order theory
[g,h] = g1h1gh (or ghg1h1), if g, h G (a
group).
commutator
the commutator of
group theory, ring theory [a,b]= abba, if a, b R (a ring or
commutative algebra).
triple scalar product
[a,b,c]= abc, the scalar product of ab
the triple scalar product of
with c.
vector calculus
function application
f(x) means the value of the function f at the
of
element x.
set theory
f(X) means { f(x):x X }, the image of the
function f under the set X dom(f).
image
(This may also be written as f[X] if there is a
image of under
risk of confusing the image of f under X with
everywhere the function application f of X. Another
notation is Imf, the image of f under its
domain.)
()
(,)
means the number of combinations of r

combinations
(from) n choose r
elements drawn from a set of n elements.
combinatorics
(This may also be written as nCr.)
precedence grouping
Perform the operations inside the parentheses
parentheses
first.
everywhere
An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal
vector, or row vector) of values.
tuple
tuple; n-tuple; ordered
(Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it
pair/triple/etc; row vector;
could be an ordered pair or an open interval.
sequence
Set theorists and computer scientists often use
everywhere angle brackets instead of parentheses.)
highest common factor

highest common factor;
greatest common divisor;
hcf; gcd
number theory
(,)
],[
(,]
],]
[,)
[,[
Pgina 17 de 25
(a, b) means the highest common factor of a

and b.
(This may also be written hcf(a, b) or gcd(a,
b).)
.
open interval
(Note that the notation (a,b) is ambiguous: it
open interval
could be an ordered pair or an open interval.
order theory The notation ]a,b[ can be used instead.)
left-open interval
half-open interval; left-open
interval
order theory
right-open interval
half-open interval; rightopen interval
order theory
u,v means the inner product of u and v, where

u and v are members of an inner product space.
Note that the notation u, v may be ambiguous:
it could mean the inner product or the linear
span.
inner product
inner product of
There are many variants of the notation, such
linear algebra as u|v and (u|v), which are described
below. For spatial vectors, the dot product
notation, xy is common. For matrices, the
colon notation A:B may be used. As and
can be hard to type, the more keyboard
friendly forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical texts.
average
average of
statistics
let S be a subset of N for example,

represents the average of all the element in S.
Pgina 18 de 25
S means the span of S V. That is, it is the

intersection of all subspaces of V which contain
S.
u1,u2,is shorthand for {u1,u2,}.
linear span
(linear) span of;
linear hull of
Note that the notation u,v may be ambiguous:
linear algebra it could mean the inner product or the linear
span.
The span of S may also be written as Sp(S).
subgroup generated by a set
means the smallest subgroup of G (where S
the subgroup generated by G, a group) containing every element of S.
is shorthand for
.
group theory
tuple
An ordered list (or sequence, or horizontal
tuple; n-tuple; ordered
vector, or row vector) of values.
pair/triple/etc; row vector;
sequence
(The notation (a,b) is often used as well.)
everywhere
|
(|)
|
|
u|v means the inner product of u and v,

where u and v are members of an inner product
space.[8] (u|v) means the same.
inner product
Another variant of the notation is u,v which
inner product of
is described above. For spatial vectors, the dot
linear algebra product notation, xy is common. For matrices,
the colon notation A:B may be used. As and
can be hard to type, the more keyboard
friendly forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical texts.
ket vector
| means the vector with label , which is in a
the ket ; the vector
Hilbert space.
Dirac notation
bra vector
| means the dual of the vector |, a linear
the bra ; the dual of functional which maps a ket | onto the inner
Dirac notation product |.
summation
sum over from to
of
arithmetic
means a1+a2++ an.
product
product over from to
of
arithmetic
means a1a2an.
Cartesian product
the Cartesian product of;
the direct product of
set theory
Pgina 19 de 25
means the set of all (n+1)-tuples

(y0, , yn).
A general construction which subsumes the

disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces,
coproduct
the free product of groups, and the direct sum
coproduct over from
of modules and vector spaces. The coproduct of
to of
a family of objects is essentially the "least
category theory specific" object to which each object in the
family admits a morphism.
derivative
prime;
derivative of
calculus
f(x) means the derivative of the function f at

the point x, i.e., the slope of the tangent to f at x.
(The single-quote character ' is sometimes used
instead, especially in ASCII text.)
derivative
means the derivative of x with respect to

dot;
time. That is
.
time derivative of
calculus
indefinite integral or
antiderivative
indefinite integral of
f(x)dx means a function whose derivative is f.
the antiderivative of
calculus
definite integral
b
integral from to of a f(x)dx means the signed area between the xaxis and the graph of the function f between x=
with respect to
a and x= b.
calculus
Cfds means the integral of f along the curve C,
line integral
, where r is a
line/path/curve integral of parametrization of C.
along
calculus (If the curve is closed, the symbol may be
used instead, as described below.)
Contour integral or closed

line integral
contour integral of
calculus
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Similar to the integral, but used to denote a

single integration over a closed curve or loop. It
is sometimes used in physics texts involving
equations regarding Gauss's Law, and while
these formulas involve a closed surface
integral, the representations describe only the
first integration of the volume over the
enclosing surface. Instances where the latter
requires simultaneous double integration, the
symbol would be more appropriate. A third
related symbol is the closed volume integral,
denoted by the symbol .
The contour integral can also frequently be
found with a subscript capital letter C, C,
denoting that a closed loop integral is, in fact,
around a contour C, or sometimes dually
appropriately, a circle C. In representations of
Gauss's Law, a subscript capital S, S, is used to
denote that the integration is over a closed
surface.
gradient
f (x1, , xn) is the vector of partial
del, nabla, gradient of
derivatives (f / x1, , f / xn).
vector calculus
divergence
del dot, divergence of
vector calculus
curl
curl of
vector calculus
partial derivative
partial, d
f/xi means the partial derivative of f with

respect to xi, where f is a function on (x1, ,
calculus xn).
boundary
boundary of
M means the boundary of M
topology
degree of a polynomial
f means the degree of the polynomial f.
degree of
algebra (This may also be written deg f.)
x means a (non-infinitesimal) change in x.
delta
(If the change becomes infinitesimal, and
delta; change in
even d are used instead. Not to be confused
calculus with the symmetric difference, written ,
above.)
Laplacian
Laplace operator
vector calculus
Dirac delta function
Dirac delta of
hyperfunction
Kronecker delta
Kronecker delta of
hyperfunction
projection
Projection of
relational algebra
Pi
3.1415926_ or227
<:
<
Pgina 21 de 25
The Laplace operator is a second order

differential operator in n-dimensional
Euclidean space
restricts R to the {a1,...,an}

attribute set.
Used in various formulas involving circles; is
equivalent to the amount of area a circle would
take up in a square of equal width with an area
of 4 square units, roughly 3.14/4. It is also the
ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a
circle.
The selection ab(R) selects all those tuples in

selection
R for which holds between the a and the b
Selection of
attribute. The selection av(R) selects all
relational algebra those tuples in R for which holds between the
a attribute and the value v.
cover
is covered by
x<y means that x is covered by y.
order theory
subtype
T1<:T2 means that T1 is a subtype of T2.
is a subtype of
type theory
conjugate transpose
A means the transpose of the complex
conjugate transpose;
Hermitian
conjugate of A.[9]
adjoint/conjugate/transpose;
adjoint
This may also be written A*T, AT*, A*, AT or AT.
matrix operations
AT means A, but with its rows swapped for
transpose
columns.
transpose
matrix operations This may also be written A', At or Atr.
top element
the top element
means the largest element of a lattice.
lattice theory
top type
means the top or universal type; every type
the top type; top
in the type system of interest is a subtype of
type theory top.
perpendicular
is perpendicular to
geometry
orthogonal complement
orthogonal/perpendicular
complement of; perp
linear algebra
coprime
is coprime to
number theory
independent
is independent of
probability
bottom element
the bottom element
lattice theory
bottom type
the bottom type; bot
type theory
comparability
is comparable to
order theory
entailment
entails
model theory
inference
infers; is derived from
propositional logic,
predicate logic
partition
is a partition of
number theory
tensor product, tensor
product of modules
tensor product of
linear algebra
Pgina 22 de 25
xy means x is perpendicular to y; or more

generally x is orthogonal to y.
W means the orthogonal complement of W
(where W is a subspace of the inner product
space V), the set of all vectors in V orthogonal
to every vector in W.
xy means x has no factor greater than 1 in
common with y.
AB means A is an event whose probability is
independent of event B.
means the smallest element of a lattice.

means the bottom type (a.k.a. the zero type
or empty type); bottom is the subtype of every
type in the type system.
x y means that x is comparable to y.
AB means the sentence A entails the sentence
B, that is in every model in which A is true, B is
also true.
xy means y is derivable from x.
pn means that p is a partition of n.
means the tensor product of V and U.

means the tensor product of
modules V and U over the ring R.
[10]
a*b means the product of a and b.
multiplication
(Multiplication can also be denoted with or ,
or even simple juxtaposition. * is generally
arithmetic used where ease of typing and use of ASCII text
is preferred, such as programming languages.)
Pgina 23 de 25
convolution
convolution, convolved
f*g means the convolution of f and g.
with
functional analysis
z* means the complex conjugate of z.
complex conjugate
conjugate
( can also be used for the conjugate of z, as
complex numbers described below.)
R* consists of the set of units of the ring R,

group of units
along with the operation of multiplication.
the group of units of
ring theory This may also be written R as described above,

or U(R).
hyperreal numbers
*R means the set of hyperreal numbers. Other
the (set of) hyperreals
sets can be used in place of R.
non-standard analysis
Hodge dual
*v means the Hodge dual of a vector v. If v is a
Hodge dual, Hodge star k-vector within an n-dimensional oriented inner
linear algebra product space, then *v is an (nk)-vector.
For two matrices (or vectors) of the same
dimensions
the Hadamard
Hadamard product
product is a matrix of the same dimensions
with elements given by
entrywise product
. This is often
linear algebra
used in matrix based programming such as
MATLAB where the operation is done by A.*B
mean
(often read as x bar) is the mean (average
overbar, bar
value of xi).
statistics
means the complex conjugate of z.
complex conjugate
conjugate
(z* can also be used for the conjugate of z, as
complex numbers described above.)
algebraic closure
is the algebraic closure of the field F.
algebraic closure of
field theory
topological closure
is the topological closure of the set S.
(topological) closure of
topology This may also be denoted as cl(S) or Cl(S).
Variations
In mathematics written in Arabic, some symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left
(boustrophedon) writing and reading easier. [11]
Pgina 24 de 25
See also
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

ISO 31-11
List of mathematical abbreviations
Mathematical alphanumeric symbols
Mathematical notation
Notation in probability and statistics
Physical constants
Roman letters used in mathematics
Table of logic symbols
Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
Unicode mathematical operators
References
1. ^ Rnyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN963-9132-16-0
2. ^ Berman, Kenneth A; Paul, Jerome L. (2005), Algorithms: Sequential, Parallel, and Distributed,
Boston: Course Technology, p. 822, ISBN0-534-42057-5
3. ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, New
York: Cambridge University Press, p.66,ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
(http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43641333)
4. ^ Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953], "Chapter 8.3: Conditional Statements and Material
Implication", Introduction to Logic (8th ed.), New York: Macmillan, pp.268269, ISBN0023250356,
LCCN89-37742 (http://lccn.loc.gov/89037742)
5. ^ a b c d e Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 3, ISBN0-41260610-0
6. ^ a b c d Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 4, ISBN0-412-606100
7. ^ Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 5, ISBN0-412-60610-0
York: Cambridge University Press, p.62,ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
York: Cambridge University Press, pp.6970, ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
York: Cambridge University Press, pp.7172, ISBN0-521-63503-9, OCLC43641333
11. ^ M. Benatia, A. Lazrik, and K. Sami, "Arabic mathematical symbols in Unicode
(http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab/doc/expose/unicodeme.pdf) ", 27th Internationalization and
Unicode Conference, 2005.
External links
The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters (http://krestavilis.com/math.php)
Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
(http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html)
Numericana: Scientific Symbols and Icons
(http://www.numericana.com/answer/symbol.htm)
TCAEP - Institute of Physics (http://www.tcaep.co.uk/science/symbols/maths.htm)
GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols (http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html)
Mathematical Symbols in Unicode
(http://tlt.psu.edu/suggestions/international/bylanguage/math.html#browsers)
Pgina 25 de 25
Using Greek and special characters from Symbol font in HTML

(http://www.alanwood.net/demos/symbol.html)
Unicode Math Symbols (http://www.vex.net/~trebla/symbols/select.html) - a quick form
for using unicode math symbols.
DeTeXify handwritten symbol recognition (http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html)
doodle a symbol in the box, and the program will tell you what its name is
Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators:
Index of Unicode symbols (http://www.unicode.org/charts/#symbols)

Range 2100 214F: Letterlike Symbols (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2100.pdf)
Range 2190 21FF: Arrows (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2190.pdf)
Range 2200 22FF: Unicode Mathematical Operators
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2200.pdf)
Some Unicode cross-references:

Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols
(http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.php/LaTeX:Symbols) and
Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List
(http://mirrors.med.harvard.edu/ctan/info/symbols/comprehensive/)
MathML Characters (http://www.robinlionheart.com/stds/html4/entities-mathml) - sorts
out Unicode, HTML and MathML/TeX names on one page
Unicode values and MathML names (http://www.w3.org/TR/RECMathML/chap6/bycodes.html)
Unicode values and Postscript names (http://svn.ghostscript.com/ghostscript/branches/gsdb/Resource/Decoding/Unicode) from the source code for Ghostscript
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols"
Categories: Mathematical notation | Mathematics-related lists | Mathematical symbols |
Mathematical tables | Mathematical logic | Lists of symbols
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