United States customary units

United States customary units

The United States customary system (also called
American system and sometimes "English units"). The U.S.
customary units have common roots with the imperial units,
which were used in the British Empire. Many U.S. units are
virtually identical to their imperial counterparts, but the U.S.
customary system developed from English units in use
before the imperial system was standardized in 1824, and
there are several numerical differences from the imperial
system.
The vast majority of U.S. customary units have been defined
in terms of the meter and the kilogram since the Mendenhall
Order of 1893 (and, in practice, for many years before that
date).[1] These definitions were refined in 1959.[2]

A table of weights from the secretaries of states, showing the

number of pounds that their laws recognize as a bushel of
different commodities. c.1854

The U.S. is the only industrialized nation that does not

mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards
activities,[3] although the International System of Units (SI,
often referred to as "metric") is commonly used in both the
US Armed Forces and in fields relating to science, and
increasingly in medicine, aviation, government as well as
various sectors of industry.

History
The U.S. system of units is similar to the British imperial
The U.S. Standard Meter, in use until 1960: many U.S.
customary units are defined in terms of the SI meter.
system.[4] Both systems derive from the evolution of local
units over the centuries, as a result of standardization efforts
in the United Kingdom; the local units themselves mostly trace back to Roman and Anglo-Saxon units. Today, these
units are defined in terms of SI units.
In the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, the United States government designated the metric system
of measurement as "the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce". The legislation
states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry, especially small business, as it voluntarily
converts to the metric system of measurement. This process of legislation and conversion is known as metrication,
and in the U.S. is most evident in labeling requirements on food products, where SI units are almost always
presented alongside customary units.
However, metrication in the United States has been less forcefully imposed than in other countries,[5] and has
encountered more resistance from industrial and consumer market forces, so customary units are still widely used on
consumer products and in industrial manufacturing; only in military, medical, and scientific contexts are SI units
generally the norm.
There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades, on the basis that it is
easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters,[6] or that inch
measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided by two.[5]
Other countries had (or still have, unofficially) customary units of their own, sometimes very similar in name and
measure to U.S. customary units, since they often share the same Germanic or Roman origins. Frequently, however,

United States customary units

these units designate quite different sizes. For example, the mile ranged by country from one half to five U.S. miles;
even foot and pound had varying definitions. Until the twentieth century the customary units of measure in the
United States were sometimes just as variable. Historically, a wide range of non-SI units were used in the United
States and in Britain, but many have fallen into disuse. This article deals only with the units commonly used or
officially defined in the United States.

Units of length
Unit

Divisions

SI Equivalent

Exact relationships shown in boldface

International
1 inch (in)

2.54cm

1 foot (ft)

12 in

0.3048 m

1 yard (yd)

3ft

0.9144 m

1 mile (mi)

1760 yd

1.609344 km

Survey
1 link (li)

33

1 (survey) foot (ft)

1200

3937 m

0.3048006 m

1 rod (rd)

25 li or 16.5ft

5.029210 m

1 chain (ch)

4 rd

20.11684 m

1 furlong (fur)

10 ch

201.1684 m

50 ft or 7.92 in

[7]

1 survey (or statute) mile

1 league (lea)

0.2011684 m

(mi) 8 fur

1.609347 km

3mi

4.828042 km

Nautical
1 fathom (ftm)

2 yd

1.8288 m

1 cable (cb)

120 ftm or 1.091 fur 219.456 m

1 nautical mile (NM or nmi)

8.439 cb or 1.151mi 1.852km

The system for measuring length in the United States customary system is based on the inch, foot, yard, and mile,
which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use. Since July 1, 1959, these have been defined
on the basis of 1yard= 0.9144meters except for some applications in surveying.[2] This definition was agreed with
the UK and other Commonwealth countries, and so is often termed international measure.
When international measure was introduced in the English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in North
America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27), which had been constructed by triangulation based on
the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, that is 1foot= 12003937meters: this definition was
retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the U.S. survey foot to distinguish it from the international
foot.[2] For most applications, the difference between the two definitions is insignificant one international foot is
exactly 0.999998 of a U.S. survey foot, for a difference of about 18inch (3mm) per mile but it affects the
definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles.[8]
The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which is defined in meters.
The SPCSs were also updated, but the National Geodetic Survey left the decision of which (if any) definition of the
foot to use to the individual states. All SPCSs are defined in meters, but seven states also have SPCSs defined in U.S.
survey feet and an eighth state in international feet: the other 42states use only meter-based SPCSs.[8]

United States customary units

State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and
real estate transactions, although the difference (2ppm) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal
surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that
surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot, eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of
the international foot, and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units.[8]

Units of area
Unit

Divisions

SI Equivalent

Exact relationships shown in boldface

1 square survey foot (sq ft or ft2) 144 square inches

0.09290341m2

1 square chain (sq ch) or (ch2)

4356 feet2 (survey) or 16 sq rods 404.6873m2

1 acre

43560 sq ft (survey) or 10 sq ch

4046.873m2

1 section

640 acres or 1 sq mi (survey)

2.589998km2

1 survey township (twp)

36 sections or 4 sq leagues

93.23993km2

The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre. The National Institute of
Standards and Technology contends that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot, not the
square international foot.[7] Conversion factors are based on Astin (July 27, 1968)[9] and National Institute of
Standards and Technology (2008).[10]

Units of capacity and volume

Volume in general
Unit

Divisions

[11]

1 cubic inch (cu in) or (in3)

1 cubic foot (cu ft) or (ft3)

16.387064 mL
1728 cu in

1 cubic yard (cu yd) or (yd3) 27 cu ft

1 acre foot (acre ft)

SI Equivalent

28.31685 L
764.559 L
0.7645549 m3

43560 cu ft
1.233482 ML
1613.333 cu yd 1233.482 m3

The cubic inch, cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume. In addition, there is one group
of units for measuring volumes of liquids, and one for measuring volumes of dry material.
Other than the cubic foot, cubic inch and cubic yard, these units are differently sized from the units in the imperial
system, although the names of the units are similar. Also, while the U.S. has separate systems for measuring the
volumes of liquids and dry material, the imperial system has one set of units for both.

United States customary units

Fluid volume
Liquid volume
Most common measures shown in italic font
Exact conversions in bold font
Unit

Divisions

SI Equivalent

1 minim (min)

~ 1 drop or 0.95 grain of water 61.61152 L

1 US fluid dram (fl dr)

60 min

3.696691 mL

1 teaspoon (tsp)

80 min

4.928921 mL

1 tablespoon (Tbsp)

3 tsp or 4 fl dr

14.78676 mL

1 US fluid ounce (fl oz)

2 Tbsp or 1.041 oz av of water 29.57353 mL

1 jigger (jig)

3 Tbsp

44.36028 mL

1 US gill (gi)

4 fl oz

118.2941 mL

1 US cup (cp)

2 gi or 8 fl oz

236.5882 mL

1 (liquid) US pint (pt)

2 cp or 16.65 oz av of water

473.1765 mL

1 (liquid) US quart (qt)

2 pt

0.9463529 L

1 (liquid) US gallon (gal) 4 qt or 231 cu in

3.785412 L

1 (liquid) barrel (bbl)

31.5 gal or 12 hogshead

119.2405 L

1 oil barrel (bbl)

42 gal or 23 hogshead

158.9873 L

1 hogshead

63 gal or 8.421875 cu ft
or 524.7lb of water

238.4810 L

One fluid ounce is 116 of a U.S. pint, 132 of a U.S. quart, and 1128 of a U.S. gallon. The fluid ounce derives its name
originally from being the volume of one ounce avoirdupois of water, but in the U.S. it is defined as 1128 of a U.S.
gallon. Consequently, a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.041 ounces avoirdupois.
The saying "a pint's a pound the world around" refers to 16 US fluid ounces of water weighing approximately (about
4% more than) one pound avoirdupois. An imperial pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter.
There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities,
including 31 gal for beer, 40 gal for whiskey or kerosene, and 42 gal for
petroleum. The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a
hogshead. The common 55 gallon size of drum for storing and
transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a
barrel, though it is not a standard measure.
In the United States, single servings of beverages are usually measured
in fluid ounces. Milk is usually sold in half pints (8 fluid ounces), pints,
A 20 US fl oz (591 mL) bottle displaying both
quarts, half gallons, and gallons. Water volume for sinks, bathtubs,
US and Metric units.
ponds, swimming pools, etc., is usually stated in gallons or cubic feet.
Quantities of gases are usually given in cubic feet (at one atmosphere).
Minims, drams and gill are rarely used currently.

United States customary units

Dry volume
Dry volume
Unit

Divisions

SI Equivalent

1 (dry) pint (pt)

33.60 cu in

0.5506105 L

1 (dry) quart (qt)

2 pt

1.101221 L

1 (dry) gallon (gal) 4 qt or 268.8025 cu in 4.404884 L

1 peck (pk)

2 gal

8.809768 L

1 bushel (bu)

4 pk or 1.244 cu ft

35.23907 L

1 (dry) barrel (bbl) 7056 cu in or 3.281 bu 115.6271 L

Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts. The U.S. dry gallon is less commonly used, and
was not included in the handbook that many states recognize as the authority on measurement law.[12] [13] However
pecks, or bushels are sometimes usedparticularly for grapes, apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions.

Units of mass
Unit

Divisions

SI Equivalent

Most common measures shown in italic font

Exact conversions shown in bold font
Avoirdupois
1 grain (gr)

64.79891 mg

1 dram (dr)

271132 gr

1.771845 g

1 ounce (oz)

16 dr

28.34952 g

1 pound (lb)

16 oz

453.59237 g

7000 lb

1 US hundredweight (cwt) 100lb

45.359237 kg

1 (short) ton

907.18474 kg

20 cwt or 2000lb
Troy

1 grain (gr)

7000 lb av or 15760 lb t 64.79891 mg

1 pennyweight (dwt)

24 gr or 7.777 carats

1.555174 g

1 troy ounce (oz t)

20 dwt

31.10348 g

1 troy pound (lb t)

12 oz t or 13.17 oz av

373.2417 g

There have historically been five different English systems of mass: tower, apothecaries', troy, avoirdupois, and
metric. Of these, it is the avoirdupois system, which is the most common system of weights in the U.S., although
Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals. Apothecaries weightonce used by pharmacieshas been
largely replaced by metric measurements. Tower weight fell out of use in England (due to legal prohibition in 1527)
centuries ago, and was never used in the United States. The imperial system, which is still used for some measures in
the U.K. and commonwealth countries, is based on avoirdupois, with variations from U.S. customary units larger
than a pound.
The pound avoirdupois, which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass, is defined as exactly
453.59237 grams by agreement between the U.S., the U.K. and other English-speaking countries in 1959. Other units
of mass are defined in terms of it.

United States customary units

The avoirdupois pound is legally defined as a measure of mass, but the name pound is also applied to measures of
force. For instance, in many contexts, the pound avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass, but in some contexts, the term
"pound" is used to refer to "pound-force". The slug is another unit of mass derived from pound-force.
Troy weight, avoirdupois weight, and apothecaries' weight are all built from the same basic unit, the grain, which is
the same in all three systems. However, while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure
(all have ounces and pounds), the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies. For
example, in apothecary and troy weight, the pound and ounce are the same, but are different from the pound and
ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other. The systems also have different units
between the grain and ounce (apothecaries' has scruple and dram, troy has pennyweight, and avoirdupois has just
dram, sometimes spelled drachm). The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries'. The
fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries' system.
To alleviate confusion, it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention the name of the system
along with the unit. Precious metals, for example, are often weighed in "troy ounces", because just "ounce" would be
more likely to be assumed to mean an ounce avoirdupois.
For the pound and smaller units, the U.S. customary system and the British imperial system are identical. However,
they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound. The definition of the pound avoirdupois in the imperial
system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system.
In the United States, only the ounce, pound and short tonknown in the country simply as the tonare commonly
used, though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping. The grain is used to describe the mass of
propellant and projectiles in small arms ammunition. It was also used to measure medicine and other very small
masses.

Grain measures
In agricultural practice, a bushel is a fixed mass of grain, nominally based on dry volume units.
1 bushel (maize) = 56lb 25.401kg
1 bushel (wheat) = 60lb 27.216kg

Cooking measures
Measure

Australia Canada

Teaspoon

5 mL

[14]

UK

USA

FDA

4.74 mL

4.93 mL

5 mL

9.47 mL

14.21 mL

14.79 mL

15 mL

28.41 mL

29.57 mL

30 mL

250 mL 284.13 mL

236.59 mL

240 mL

5 mL

Dessertspoon
Tablespoon

20 mL

15 mL

Fluid ounce

Cup

250 mL

Pint

568.26 mL

473.18 mL

Quart

1136.52 mL 946.35 mL

Gallon

4546.09 mL 3785.41 mL

The most common practical cooking measures for both liquid and dry ingredients in the United States (and many
other countries) are the teaspoon, tablespoon and cup, along with halves, thirds, quarters and eighths of these.
Pounds, ounces, fluid ounces, and common sizes are also used, such as can (presumed size varies depending on
product), jar, square (e.g., 1 oz avdp. of chocolate), stick (e.g., 4 oz avdp. butter) or fruit/vegetable (e.g., a half
lemon, two medium onions).

United States customary units

Some common volume measures in English-speaking countries are shown at right. The volumetric measures here are
for comparison only.

Units of temperature
Degrees Fahrenheit are used in the United States to measure temperatures in most non-scientific contexts. The
Rankine scale of absolute temperature also saw some use in thermodynamics. Scientists worldwide use the Kelvin
and Celsius scales. Several technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures and U.S. medical
practitioners often use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature.
The relationship between the different temperature scales is linear, but the scales have different zero points so that
conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor: pure water is defined to freeze at 32F = 0C and boil at 212F
= 100C at 1 atm; the conversion formula is easily shown to be:
or inversely as

Other units
1 Board-foot = 2.360 dm

1 British thermal unit (Btu) ~ 1055 J

1 Calorie (cal) = 4.184 J
1 Large calorie (kilocalorie, food calorie) (Cal, kcal) = 4.184 kJ
1 Hand = 10.16cm
1 Horsepower ~ 746 W
1 R-value (ftFh/Btu) ~ 0.1761 RSI (Km/W)
1 Slug (mass) = 1 lbfs/ft
Various combination units are in common use, including the foot-pound and the psi; these are straightforwardly
defined based on the above basic units.

Other names for U.S. customary units

The United States Code refers to these units as "traditional systems of weights and measures".[15]
A pejorative name used by advocates of metrication is FFU for Fred Flintstone Units. [16]

References
[1] T. C. Mendenhall, Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures, Order of April 5, 1893 (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP447/ app3.
pdf), published as Appendix6 to the Report for 1893 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
[2] Astin, A.V., Karo, H. A. and Mueller, F. H. (June 25, 1959). Doc 59-5442, " Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound (http:/ / www.
ngs. noaa. gov/ PUBS_LIB/ FedRegister/ FRdoc59-5442. pdf)." Federal Register. When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that
999,998 = 3937 254.
[3] "Appendix G - Weights and Measures" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ appendix/ appendix-g. html), The
World Factbook, Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, January 17, 2007, , retrieved February 4, 2007
[4] "English units of measurement". The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. 2001-2007. archived copy (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/
20080714214207/ http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 65/ en/ Englsh-u. html).
[5] Ed Tenner, (May 2005), "The Trouble with the Meter" (http:/ / www. technologyreview. com/ Infotech/ 14422/ )
[6] Robyn Williams (February 8, 1998) "Trouble with the Metric System" (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ rn/ science/ ockham/ stories/ s11563. htm).
Australian Radio National, Ockham's Razor.
[7] Roberts, R.W. (February 3, 1975). Federal Register republished in Barbrow, L.E. and Judson, L. V. (1976) Weights and Measures of the
United States (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP447/ app9. pdf). National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447. p. 36
[8] National Geodetic Survey (undated), "What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) meters to inches, and 2) meters to
feet?" (http:/ / www. ngs. noaa. gov/ faq. shtml#Feet), Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey, , retrieved May 16,
2009

United States customary units

[9] Astin, A. V. (July 27, 1968). Federal Register (http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP447/ sp447. pdf). Republished in Barbrow, L.E and Judson,
L.V. Weights and Measures of the United States: A Brief History. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447. pp. 3435.
[10] National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (http:/ / physics. nist.
gov/ cuu/ pdf/ sp811. pdf).
[11] The recommended symbol for the liter in the United States is 'L' per National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1995.) Guide for the
Use of the International System of Units (SI). Special Publication 811. http:/ / physics. nist. gov/ Pubs/ SP811/ sec06. html#6. 1. 2
[12] 93rd Conference on Weights and Measures. (2009). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and
Measuring Devices (http:/ / ts. nist. gov/ WeightsAndMeasures/ Publications/ upload/ HB44-09-Combined. pdf) (NIST Handbook 44).
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[13] Summary of State Laws and Regulations in Weights and Measures (http:/ / ts. nist. gov/ WeightsAndMeasures/ upload/ stlaw. pdf). (2005)
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[14] "Food and Drugs: FDA Food Labeling" (http:/ / edocket. access. gpo. gov/ cfr_2004/ aprqtr/ 21cfr101. 9. htm). U.S. Government Printing
Office. April 1, 2004. .
For Nutrition facts labeling "a teaspoon means 5 milliliters (mL), a tablespoon means 15 mL, a cup means 240 mL, 1 fl oz means 30 mL, and
1 oz in weight means 28 g."
[15] 15 U.S.C. 205b (http:/ / www. law. cornell. edu/ uscode/ 15/ 205b. html)
[16] Michael Milstein (March 2001). "Metric Mayhem" (http:/ / www. airspacemag. com/ flight-today/ mayhem. html). Air & Space Magazine. .
Retrieved March 2011.

External links
Jacques J. Proot's Anglo-Saxon weights & measures (http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/spvolas.html) page.
Wayback Machine Internet Archive (http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/
spvolas.html)
Rowlett's A Dictionary of Units of Measurement (http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html)

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

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