WordPress Multisite 101 Copy 6

WordPress
Multisite 101
How to create a network without tearing
out your hair.
Mika Epstein & Andrea Rennick

2nd Edition
Table of Contents
Copyright ......................................................................................6
Acknowledgements .......................................................................8
Introduction .................................................................................9
What Is Multisite? ......................................................................11
When You Install WordPress... ...................................................13
Before You Activate Multisite .....................................................15
Creating A Network ...................................................................18
Allow Multisite ....................................................................................................18
Enabling the Network .........................................................................................19
Basic Configuration Options ......................................................22

Operational Settings ...........................................................................................23
New Site Settings ................................................................................................24
Upload Settings ...................................................................................................25
Managing Sites ...........................................................................26

Add New Site ......................................................................................................26
Listing Sites .........................................................................................................27
Editing, Deleting and Archiving Sites .................................................................27
Managing Users .........................................................................30

How to add new users to the network .................................................................30
How to add new users to a site ............................................................................31
How to add existing users to a site ......................................................................32

How to add users to all sites ................................................................................33
How to make a new Super Admin ......................................................................33
Managing Plugins .......................................................................35

Installing Plugins .................................................................................................35
Activating Plugins ...............................................................................................35
Must-Use Plugins ................................................................................................36
How Should I Activate A Plugin? .......................................................................36
Deleting Plugins ..................................................................................................36
Managing Themes .....................................................................37

Installing Themes ................................................................................................37
Network Enabling and Disabling Themes ..........................................................37
Enabling A Theme For One Site ........................................................................38
Change the default theme ...................................................................................38
Deleting Themes .................................................................................................39
Editing Themes ...................................................................................................39
What Your Users Must Know ....................................................40

How Do Users Sign Up? ....................................................................................40
How Do Users Create New Sites? ......................................................................41
The Difference Between A Blog and A Multisite Blog? .....................................42
FAQ ............................................................................................44
Where are my sites? I dont see them on my server! ...........................................44
All my images upload to files, but theres no files folder! ....................................44
Can I make an existing site into a Multisite? ......................................................44

Why is the theme not working on my subsite? ....................................................45
How big is my database going to get? .................................................................45
How big is my server going to get? .....................................................................45
Will Multisite make my server slower? ................................................................45
How do I know which plugins are safe to use on Multisite? ...............................45
Can I install Multisite in a subfolder? .................................................................46
Can I make all my sites use the same media library? .........................................46
I need more help! Where can I go? ....................................................................46
Advanced Topics ........................................................................47

Go back to a single install ...................................................................................47
Exporting A Site ..................................................................................................47
Moving your network ..........................................................................................49
Pre-Configuring Plugins ......................................................................................49
Restricting Plugins ..............................................................................................49
Customizing Signup Pages ..................................................................................50
Mapping Domains ..............................................................................................50
Multiple Networks ..............................................................................................52
Splitting Your Database ......................................................................................52
Removing Blog from the URL of your mainsite ..............................................52
Plugin Suggestions ......................................................................54

About The Authors ....................................................................56
WordPress Multisite 101

How to create a network without tearing
out your hair.
Self Published
Second Edition
Copyright
2012 Mika Ariela Epstein
This ebook is released under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial-ShareAlike license, which lets you share it, remix it, and
share your remixes, provided that you do so on a noncommercial basis.
You can give it away, but please dont sell it. Putting it up on your
website where you have ads, or using it in your class is fine. Putting it
behind a paywall is not.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
WordPress Multisite 101
ISBN-13: 978-1-105-66685-8
http://halfelf.org/ebooks/wordpress-multisite-101/
This ebook is released under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0), which lets you share it, remix it, and
share your remixes, provided that you do so on a noncommercial basis.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
This means you can give it away all you want, but please dont sell it.
Putting it up on your website where you have ads, or using it in your class
is fine. Putting it behind a paywall, or in your own hard-copy for sale book is
not.
Its provided free of charge, however you are encouraged to pay what
you feel this book is worth. A suggested donation of $5 can be made at
PayPal or WePay:
https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_sxclick&hosted_button_id=T8T7UVNR6X9C8
https://www.wepay.com/donations/ebook-wp-multisite-101
Code Licensing
All code samples, examples, snippets or otherwise on this blog are,

unless explicitly otherwise noted, licensed under an GPL2 (or later)
license:
This software is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This plugin is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
for more details.
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
Acknowledgements
This book wouldnt be possible without a very patient family, but also
without WordPress itself. Without the amazing variety of configurations
found on the WordPress forums, IRC and email list, as well as the
hundreds of people whove just had one, odd little question, this
information might have been lost forever.
Introduction
WordPress is a well known blogging/CMS web application, popular for
its ease of use. Once a user gets over the initial hurdle of mastering a
new tool, they can configure a site in a dizzying array of ways.
This eBook is intended to help you install WordPress, configure
Multisite, and map domains on a Linux server running Apache. If youve
never installed WordPress before, there will be some hurdles along the
way, as Multisite is notably more complicated than running a single, stand
alone, WordPress instance.
We will not be discussing how to install WordPress, nor how to find a
host, set up a database or any other basic webmastering skills. If you
have never attempted to run a website before, Multisite is like trying to
master the high dive and learn to swim at the same time. You can do it,
but youre making things very hard for yourself.
Furthermore, this book will not delve into wether or not you should
use Multisite. No one can really answer that question for you, so you
should take the time to research what Multisite is and is not before you
start.
Prerequisites
For this book to be useful, you should already have mastered (or
become familiar with) the following:
1. You already know how to install WordPress.
If youre starting from complete zero and know nothing about how to
install WordPress, start with that and then come back to Multisite.
2. You already know how to access the files on your server.
Be it via SFTP or SSH or even a File Manager on your hosts control
panel, you must know how to edit the files on your server.
3. You know how to access your database.
WordPress uses a database to store the content of your posts, as well
as plugin settings and other site specific variables. If you dont have
access to the database, via a tool like phpMyAdmin, you will have
issues debugging.
4. Youre not afraid to open up files and look at them or edit them.
One of the troubleshooting techniques this document will touch on
requires you to be able to open up the WordPress files and edit them.
5. Familiarity with your servers error logs.
A good webhost can help in this respect, but knowing where the error
log is will be invaluable.
6. You know how to turn off all plugins, and use the default theme.
The first step of WordPress troubleshooting is to do that. If you cant
(or wont), there will be complications.
Chapter 1
What Is Multisite?
As of the release of WordPress 3.0 (17 June, 2010), WordPress has
included a new feature known as Multisite. Formerly, Multisite was
separate product called WordPress Multisite or WPMU for short. The
two were integrated and now allow users to seamlessly transition from
running one WordPress install to many, without having to install multiple
instances of WordPress!
Multisite allows you to create additional blogs off your main install,
either as subdomains or subfolders. We call this a Network and the blogs
are referred to as Sites. When you use Multisite, there is one install of all
your themes and plugins, as well as only one database.
A WordPress Network is best thought of as a way to maintain multiple
separate sites. Each site exists in its own bubble, with users, plugins,
and themes all configured per-site. While it is possible to share content,
this is considered an advanced feature.
For a good example of what a WordPress network looks like, go check
out http://wordpress.com - They have multiple separate sites, all named
example.wordpress.com or via a mapped domain. Each site is separate,
with its own users, design, etc. When you use Multisite, the out-of-thebox settings will create sites similarly. While code is shared between
sites, configurations are not.
Special Terms
For those familiar with WordPress, there are a few additional terms
that are used with Multisite.
Super Admin - A super admin, also known as the Network Admin, is a
user who has access to the entire network, can add and delete sites and
users, install themes and plugins, and basically do whatever they want.
This access is automatically granted to the account you specify when you
activate Multisite. While you can add others later, you should be very
careful with whom you permit this access.
http://halfelf.org/ebooks/wordpress-multisite-101/!
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Network - The network refers to your collection of sites.

Sites - A site is a blog, though as you dont have to have your site act
like a blog, WordPress uses the more generic term here.
Main Site - Your main site is the first one you installed, normally found
at http://example.com and, in the database, has the ID of 1.
Sub Sites - All additional sites on your network will be referred to as
sub sites, regardless of if you are using subdomains or subfolders.
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Chapter 2
When You Install WordPress...

You should already know how to install WordPress, however there are a
few gotchas to be aware of.
For the purpose of this tutorial, we are assuming your HTML folder on
your server is called /public_html/ - This folder is also called the
root of your website. Depending on your server, this can be named
differently. A popular name is also www.
You cannot install WordPress in a directory and run it from root
One of the most popular things to do is to install WordPress in a folder

off of the HTML root - for example in /public_html/wordpress/ - but
use the forward facing URL of http://example.com instead. 1 You cant do
with with Multisite. WordPress must be installed in the /public_html/
location, especially if you intend to use Subdomains or map domains.
There are exceptions to this rule, such as installing your network out of
an add-on domain or subdomain. Well get to that.
You cannot end your Database Prefix with a number
The default option is to use the prefix of wp_ which works just fine.
Naming your prefix wp1_ or, worse, wp1 (without an underscore) will
cause conflicts with the numbering structure WordPress uses for per-site
tables.
Your WordPress Address and Site Address URLs must be the same
Just like you cant run from a directory, the URLs have to match for
Multisite. This is why its okay to install WordPress in /public_html/
subdomain/ and run it from http://subdomain.example.com by the way.
The root of your install becomes the subdomain folder.
See http://codex.wordpress.org/Giving_WordPress_Its_Own_Directory for directions on how to do that

on a single install of WordPress.
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This is often confused to mean you cant run WordPress out of a

subfolder. You can, clearly, but you cant have it installed in one folder
and run out of another.
You should not use www in your URL

A lot of people complain about this. The simple fact is that any well
built server will automatically redirect www.example.com to
example.com seamlessly. By removing it from our install, we avoid any
possible conflicts with subdomains. Your SEO will not be impacted.
Making your address URLs look like this is the best way to go:
Test Pretty Permalinks
Before you turn on Multisite, make sure you can use Pretty Permalinks.
This essentially tests your servers ability to use mod_rewrite, which is
that cool thing that translates URLs from http://example.com/?p=1 to
http://example.com/hello-world/
Simply put, if pretty permalinks dont work, Multisite will never work.
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Chapter 3
Before You Activate Multisite

With WordPress up and running, now is the time to turn on Multisite!
But wait Weve done the legwork to make sure our URLs wont cause
problems, and we know that mod_rewrite works. Whats left? There are
some decisions to be made before you activate Multisite, such as...
Subdomains vs Subfolders
A subdomain install means that your sites will look like this:
Main site:
http://example.com/
Sub Site #1:
http://site1.example.com/
Sub Site #2:
http://site2.example.com/
A subfolder install means your sites will look like this:

Main site:
http://example.com/
Sub Site #1:
http://example.com/site1/
Sub Site #2:
http://example.com/site2/
In addition, if you use a subfolder install, the post URLs on your main
site will have the slug /blog/ prepended to them, causing them to look
like this:
http://example.com/blog/2012/03/hello-world/
At this time, you cannot customize that slug, nor easily remove it.
There is no SEO benefit at this time to using subdomains or subfolders,
and you can map a domain name to either install, so the decision is
purely cosmetic.2
Wildcard Subdomains
If you want to use subdomains, most people suggest activating
Wildcard subdomains if at all possible. This will allow you to create a new
subdomain site and have it automatically function without any manual
2
See http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/subdomains-and-subdirectories/ for an explanation
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intervention. You can still manually create subdomains if you want, of

course.
There are two steps that need to be completed for this to work.3
First up, in Apache, there needs to be a line in the domains virtual
hosts section as follows:
ServerName yourdomain.com
ServerAlias yourdomain.com *.yourdomain.com
DocumentRoot /home/yourdomain/public_html/
ServerAdmin webmaster@yourdomain.com
The Server Alias line with the *.yourdomain.com is what controls this.
If you do not have access to change this, ask your webhost for support.
More and more hosts are enabling this by default.
Second, you must make sure your DNS record is correctly configured
for wildcard subdomains. Most are, by default, however you may need to
add in a line like this:
*.
IN
YOURIPADDRESS
That will redirect all requests back to your main install.

If youre using cPanel (a popular control panel for webhosts), its
generally as simple as making a subdomain named *
This takes care of both the DNS and the Virtual Host.
Directions modified slightly from http://wpmututorials.com/how-to/enabling-wildcard-subdomains/
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If youre using Plesk, it gets a little more complicated, and you should
ask your webhost for help.
Restrictions
To expand a little on the previous chapter, there are specific situations

in which you cannot create a network. When you install Multisite, you
start with a basic WordPress install. With a fresh install on its own
domain, there are few additional concerns, however sometimes people
want to install a test Multisite on their localhost. When you do that,
there are some additional concerns.
You cannot create a network in the following cases:
"WordPress address (URL)" is different from "Site address (URL)".
"WordPress address (URL)" uses a port number other than ':80', ':
443'.
In addition, you cannot choose subdomains in the following cases:
The WordPress URL contains a path, not just a domain. (That is,
WordPress is not installed in a document root, or you are not using
the URL of that document root.)
"WordPress address (URL)" is localhost.
"WordPress address (URL)" is IP address such as 127.0.0.1.
It is possible to switch between subdomain and subfolder installs at a
later date, however you will need to be comfortable with editing your
database to do so, and its not recommended.
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Chapter 4
Creating A Network
Now were ready to go!
ALLOW MULTISITE
To enable the Network Setup menu item, you must first define
multisite in the wp-config.php file.
Open up wp-config.php and add this line above where it says
/* That's all, stop editing! Happy blogging. */
If it doesn't say that anywhere, then add the line somewhere above
the first line that begins with require or include:
define('WP_ALLOW_MULTISITE',true);
It should look something like this:
Making this change activates the Network Setup.
Network Setup
Look under Tools where youll see a new menu item called Network
Setup.
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Go to that screen and you will be greeted by a welcome message and a

few questions.
Select the type of network you want. Then review the Network Details
section
Make sure you put the email of your admin user for the email address.
This user will become the Super Admin and have superuser access to the
entire network. This is different than a site admin, but well get to that a
little later on.
Once you press save, youll be brought to a new screen with three
steps.
ENABLING THE NETWORK
You must complete these steps before continuing.
Create blogs.dir
The blogs.dir is where all sites except your main site will store
uploaded files. The main site will use the traditional location of wpcontent/uploads/, but all subsequent sites will be created in wphttp://halfelf.org/ebooks/wordpress-multisite-101/!
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content/blogs.dir/#/files/ (where # is the unique id assigned to

your site).
The blogs.dir folder requires the same types of permissions as the
uploads folder did, so if you had to make special changes for that (like
setting permissions to 777), do that here as well.
Add More Lines to wp-config.php
Youll need to add these lines to your wp-config.php, right below

where you added that first line. Do not delete that first line! It looks a
lot like the first line in the new section, but its not the same!
define('MULTISITE', true);
define('SUBDOMAIN_INSTALL', true);
$base = '/';
define('DOMAIN_CURRENT_SITE', 'example.com');
define('PATH_CURRENT_SITE', '/');
define('SITE_ID_CURRENT_SITE', 1);
define('BLOG_ID_CURRENT_SITE', 1);
Youll notice that true is bolded. If youre using subdomains, this is true. If
youre not, that will be false. Remember, that is an example of the output,
yours may be different. Always copy from what your WordPress install has.
Update your .htaccess

There are two main versions of .htaccess for Multisite, depending on
if you chose subfolders or subdomains.
Since youve tested your pretty permalinks already before turning on
Multisite, your .htaccess should contain this:
# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^index\.php$ - [L]
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress
If it does, delete it. If you have anything else in your .htaccess you can
keep it, but make sure to remove the old WordPress lines, and put these
new ones in at the very bottom of your .htaccess file. Remember,
WordPresss calls always go on the bottom!
Reboot
Once youve done all that, log out of WordPress and then log back in. You
may need to clear your browsers cache to make things work. Once you log
back in, you should see the new My Sites menu on the toolbar.
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Chapter 5
Basic Configuration Options

The big question you have left is Now what do I do?
By default, no one can register an account on your network and no one
(save you, the Super Admin 4) can make new sites. There are additional
limitations on who can see plugins, who can upload files and so on. Most
people want to tweak those before opening their site to the public.
The Super Admin section has its own dashboard, found at http://
example.com/wp-admin/network/ and its there youll be able to start
configuring your network.
Very similar to the normal dashboard, the Right Now section lists how
many users and sites you have, with handy links to create new ones. Well
get to that in a minute.
Network settings has the majority of the basic configuration youll
want to edit. You can get there by going to the Settings menu, and
opening Network Settings.
You may hear the Super Admin referred to as the Network Admin or Super Grover or even Cape
Wearing Users - They all mean the same thing.
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Theres quite a bit of information on this page, and much of it can be

confusing. Some of the settings require familiarity with how servers are
designed, while others are very obvious. Well take them by the numbers.
OPERATIONAL SETTINGS
These settings are pretty obvious. You can change the Super Admin
email to anything you want, but make sure it really does exist.
Registration Settings
There are multiple settings in this section. An important point to

remember is that users are network wide. Once created, they have the
potential to be added to any site on the network. Naturally theyre not
all given that access, though they can be, but this is why, when you add a
new user, they dont show up on a site right away. You have to add them
to the network, then to the site.
Allow New Registrations
By default, no one can register. The settings are fairly obvious. People
can either not register, register for accounts, get an account and then
make a site, or be able to create an account and a site at the same time.
WordPress.com allows users to create both sites and user accounts at

the same time. This does not mean you should do the same thing!
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Allowing anyone under the sun to register and make a site on your
network can be risky if youre not prepared to support all those people.
Remember, what they post on your site is your responsibility, and if they
break the law, or bring the ire of someone on them, you pay the price. Be
responsible.
Registration Notification
This ones straight forward. The email goes to the address listed in
Super Admin Email.
Add New Users
If checked, admins of sites can add new users to the network and their
sites. Otherwise, they can only add users that already exist on the
network to their sites.
Banned Names
The listed names cannot be used for user names or blog names. You
really dont want to remove the ones listed, but adding to them is fine.
Limited Email Registrations
You can restrict your site so only the domains listed can join your site.
This is particularly useful if youre running a site for a school or a
company. Just put example.edu or example.com in the box.
Banned email domains
You can block emails from being able to register.
NEW SITE SETTINGS
All the options in this section will help you customize what new sites
on your network look like. Make special note of any constants like
SITE_NAME or USERNAME. These are special variables used by WordPress,
and deleting them will make it hard to recover.
These settings mimic the defaults that you see on a normal WordPress
install.
Welcome Email is what the new site admin receives when their
site is created.
Welcome User Email is what new users added to the site receive
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First Post is the first post, commonly known as Hello World.

First Page is the first static page, usually used as an About page.
First Comment is the sample comment left, to show what
comments look like.
First Comment Author is the name of the comment author.
First Comment URL is the URL, if you want one.
UPLOAD SETTINGS
These settings can limit the upload abilities of subsites. If you intend
to upload large files like videos, you will need to change the settings
accordingly. If you want to keep the defaults low, but customize
individual sites, you can do that in another section
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Chapter 6
Managing Sites
Sites can only be created with characters a-z and 0-9. While a Super
Admin can go in and add other characters (like underscores or hyphens)
later, its suggested this be avoided, especially if youre using
subdomains. Not all servers support non-alphanumeric characters in
subdomains.
ADD NEW SITE
Adding a new site as the admin is simple. From the Super Admin
dashboard, you can either click on the Create a New Site link or go to
the Sites menu and click on Add New.
Either will bring you to a new screen called Add New Site.
Simply enter in the information and a new site will be created. As the
Network Admin, you will be able to use any character, and not just a-z
and 0-9.
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LISTING SITES
Your sites will be listed on the Sites menu under the listing Sites and
will appear thusly:
You can also get a list of sites off the toolbar, however these will only
show sites that your ID is an administrator of. If you create a site and
make another user the site admin, you will not see it listed in the toolbar.
EDITING, DELETING AND ARCHIVING SITES
If you hover over a site, you will see new options:
Edit will take you to a screen where you can change site options.
Dashboard takes you to the normal wp-admin dashboard.
Deactivate and Archive both close the site and prevent non logged
in users from seeing it.
Spam marks a site as spam and locks it.
Delete removes the site and all its content from the database.
Visit goes to the site URL.
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Edit
The Site Edit feature is where you can can customize settings normally
found on the Settings menu of the Dashboard. There are four main
sections.
Info
The basic site information, like domain, path, registration date, and
status are found here. While it is possible to change a site name in this
section, doing so on an existing site can have a dramatic outcome if you
change the length of the site name.
Its in this section you can add non-alphanumeric characters, however

do so with caution, for the reasons mentioned earlier.
Users
The users tab lists all users on the site. Well talk more about how to
add users later. Suffice to say, if you have users on the network and wish
to add or remove them to the site, you can do so here.
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Themes
The themes tab lists all the themes installed on the network. If theyre
greyed out, they are currently not available to this site. This will be
explained in more detail in the themes section.
Settings
The settings tab is a highly advanced section that the vast majority of
you will never need to edit. That said, its often easier to go here and
make changes than it is to poke around the dashboard of each site to
make adjustments. Also, there are a few settings users expect to see on a
normal admin dashboard, like the media settings where they can change
the file upload directory, that simply dont show on Multisite.
The reason is that with a Multisite, youre using shared space. Its
much easier to support users if everyone has the same setup. Also, the
normal admin users dont generally have access to create new directories
on the server, so you, as the Super Admin, must create the folders and
make the appropriate changes.
The one setting most people will need to update is at the very bottom
- Site Upload Space Quota - which can be changed to allocate more or
less disk space on a per-site basis.
Everything in this section makes a direct edit to your database. Edit
with extreme caution, and if youre not sure, ask for help or leave it
alone.
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Chapter 7
Managing Users
By default, users are added to the Network, not an individual site. This
causes much confusion with users, as they think theyve signed up for a
site, but instead they have to be added.
Also, unlike a single site install, you must use only lowercase letters.
This is because, when users are permitted to create a user account and
site together, the default path of the site matches their user name. For
example, if a user logged in and requested the username of foobar, they
would be prompted to create a site with the URL http://example.com/
foobar
If permitted, users can register to the network themselves. Otherwise
you will need to add them. Site Admins can always add existing users to
their sites, but they cannot add new users to the network unless that
setting is checked in Super Admin > Settings.
Users who do not belong to any site are still able to log in to the
network, but they only have access to the special user dashboard and
profile: http://example.com/wp-admin/user/ . Here they can edit their
profile, which is network wide.
HOW TO ADD NEW USERS TO THE NETWORK

For the Super Admin, the easiest way to add a user it so go to Super
Admin > Users > Add New, and fill in the form.
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HOW TO ADD NEW USERS TO A SITE

Via the Super Admin
Go to Super Admin > Users > All Sites to edit the site. Click on the
users tab and add new user:
Via the Site Admin
Go to the dashboard of the site and go to Users > Add New. Fill in the
form for Add New User.
Note: This is the only location where you can add a user and not email
them a notification.
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HOW TO ADD EXISTING USERS TO A SITE
If a user already exists on the network, either having registered

themselves or by you, you will still need to add them to a site.
Via the Super Admin
Go to Super Admin > Users > All Sites to edit the site. Click on the
users tab and add the user:
Select the role the user should have and hit save.
Via the Site Admin
This is only available to Super Admins, unless youve checked Add New
Users in the Network Settings section:
By default this is not checked.

If it is, the site admin can go to their Dashboard and visit Users > Add
User, and fill in the form for Add New User.
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Again, this is the only location where a user can be added without
sending a notification email.
HOW TO ADD USERS TO ALL SITES

This can only be done via plugins, and will be addressed in the
advanced section.
HOW TO MAKE A NEW SUPER ADMIN
As a Super Admin you have access to do anything, from installing

plugins and themes, to added and deleting users and sites. This is
different than being the administrator of a site on the network. A site
admin only has access to make changes on their own site. Because of the
elevated permissions a Super Admin has, you should only give this access
to people you trust completely.
In order to make a user a Super Admin, go to Network Dashboard >
Users and click on edit for the user. On that page, you will see an option
under Username that says Super Admin. Check the box and click save.
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You can remove access the same way, from all users except your own.
If there is only one Super Admin, access cannot be removed, which is a
good thing!
Page 34 of 56
Chapter 8
Managing Plugins
Unless youve enabled the plugins menu in Site Settings, site admins
will not be able to see which plugins are installed, nor will they be able
to activate or deactivate plugins.
Plugins are installed in the same location as a regular WordPress

install, and are available for use on all sites. Only the super admin may
install plugins, in order to prevent an ignorant or malicious user from
crashing your network.
If the menu is available, site admins will see all inactive or per-site
activated plugins.
INSTALLING PLUGINS
Plugins can be installed via FTP/SSH or using the plugin administration

page on Super Admin > Plugins > Add New. The screens are identical to
that of the normal WordPress install save the last.
Once the plugin is installed, you are given the option to Network
Activate instead of simply activate.
ACTIVATING PLUGINS
There are two ways to activate plugins. You can Network Activate or
you can activate per site. If the plugin admin menu is disabled, only the
Super Admin can activate per-site, and you will need to visiting each site
to do it.
Network Activating a plugin forces it to on on all sites in your
network. Doing so will make it invisible to all site admins, and the plugin
will not be shown on their active plugins list.
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Activating a plugin per-site simply means that the site was activated
via the sites dashboard in the Plugins menu. This can be done by a Super
Administrator or, if permitted, the site admins.
MUST-USE PLUGINS
If you are using the Multisite version of WordPress, Must Use Plugins
are special WordPress Plugins installed in a special directory next to the
normal /plugins/ dir (/mu-plugins/). They are 'must-use' because
once their file is placed in the /mu-plugins/ directory. They are
instantly activated and cannot be de-activated using the admin plugins
panel, as don't even show up on the list for non super admins.
Must-use Plugins are useful for providing functionality across the entire
blog network. They are loaded before normal plugins, which means that
code and hooked-functions registered in an mu-plugin can be assumed
available to all other plugins.
Must-use plugins are never shown on the per-site plugin page, to any
users. They can only be seen on the Super Admins plugin page.
HOW SHOULD I ACTIVATE A PLUGIN?
This is a complicated question. For the most part, any well-written

plugin will function regardless of if its activated per-site or network
wide. Certain plugins are only able to be activated on the network, and
those will not permit you to activate them per-site. Other plugins will
recommend you activate per-site. Always read the plugin documentation
fully before activating.
In general, you should only use the Must-Use Plugins location if
directed to do so by the plugin author.
Should the plugin not function correctly when network activated,
deactivate it and try using it per-site.
DELETING PLUGINS
Generally, you can delete plugins the same way you added them, via
the Super Admin. The caveat is that if a plugin was activated per-site on
the main site of your network, youll have to go deactivate it first, and
then delete. If the plugin was network activating, or active on any other
site, it can be deleted.
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Chapter 9
Managing Themes
Themes, like plugins, are only able to be installed on the Network
dashboard, under the Themes menu.
INSTALLING THEMES
Themes can be installed via FTP/SSH or using the plugin administration

page on Super Admin > Themes > Add New. The screens are identical to
that of the normal WordPress install save the last.
Once the plugin is installed, you are given the option to Network
Enable instead of simply enable.
NETWORK ENABLING AND DISABLING THEMES
Network Enabling a theme will make it available for use on all sites in
your network. When you look at the Installed Themes on your Network
Dashboard, you will see the ones that are network enabled in light grey,
while the disabled ones are in dark grey.
On an individual site dashboard, all Network Enabled themes are
displayed as installed themes.
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To enable or disable, simply click on the Network Enable or Network

Disable links.
Disabling a theme will not remove it from any site thats currently
using the theme. The theme will remain active on those sites, but they
wont be able to change back to it, should they switch to a different
theme.
ENABLING A THEME FOR ONE SITE
If you have a theme you want to enable for only one site, you will have
to go to the Network Dashboard, click on All Sites and edit the site.
From there, go to the Themes tab.
There you will see any non-network enabled theme. Click on Enable
and the theme will be available on that site.
CHANGE THE DEFAULT THEME
The WordPress default theme (currently Twenty Eleven) is the default

theme for all sites. This can be changed to any theme you have installed
on your server by editing the wp-config.php file.
Add this line below your Multisite section in that file:
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define('WP_DEFAULT_THEME', 'classic');
Where classic is the folder name of your new default theme.5
DELETING THEMES
You can delete themes the same way you added them, via the Super
Admin. If you delete a theme thats in use, any site that was using that
theme will display a blank white page to all visitors, until someone
changes the theme in either the site dashboard or the network
dashboard. For this reason, its considered a bad idea to delete an active
theme.
EDITING THEMES
Only the super admin can edit themes, and this is done via the
Network Dashboard, under Themes > Edit Themes
Remember, when you edit a themes core files, you edit them for all
sites on your network.
If admins of other sites need to edit their theme, you can install the
Safe CSS plugin to allow them to edit their CS. If they need more than
that, you may need to make them their own theme.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/safecss/
See http://wpmututorials.com/how-to/change-the-default-theme-for-sites-without-a-plugin/ for more

information.
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Chapter 10
What Your Users Must Know

Now that everythings set up, its time to get those users!
HOW DO USERS SIGN UP?
Provided you allow for user registration, visitors can go to http://

example.com/wp-signup.php and register for a new account.
They will be emailed their password, and cannot access the site
without activating their account.
You cannot activate an account for a user, even as a super admin, so if

they dont get the email, or dont reply, it can get messy, as the only way
to purge out the activations is through the database.
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If you allow users to create an account and a blog at the same time
(called Open Registration) the form includes the following option:
If you have a subdomain install, going to http://fakesub.example.com

will send you to http://example.com/wp-signup.php?new=fakesub and
allow them to register, with an additional note:
HOW DO USERS CREATE NEW SITES?
If the user is creating a new site when they register, they have the
option to click on Gimme a site! when they pick their user name. By
default, the user name is filled in as the blog name, but that can be
changed.
Simply fill in the form and click Signup. for the site to be created.
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If the user is creating a site after they made an account, they simply
go back to http://example.com/wp-signup.php and fill in this form:
This form is also what you see if you want to create additional sites. There
are no default limits to how many sites a user can make, but you can limit
them via plugins.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BLOG AND A MULTISITE BLOG?
When you run your own single install of WordPress, youre actually the
Super Admin of your site! When youre a site admin, you have slightly
fewer powers. Its easier to explain what you cant do as a Site Admin:
You cant change the URL of your site.
You cant move the location of media files.
You cant use embed codes for videos6
You cant post by email.
6
We suggest you use oEmbeds instead - http://codex.wordpress.org/Embeds
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You cant install plugins or themes.

You cant edit plugins or themes.
As you can see, there are limitations, however most of these cause no
issues to your site admins.
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Chapter 11
FAQ
Before we get to the advanced topics, lets take a moment to go over
the most common questions.
WHERE ARE MY SITES? I DONT SEE THEM ON MY SERVER!

If you mean Why isnt there a folder called sitename on my server?
the answer is that they are virtual.
Just like you cant see the files for posts and pages on your server,
everything that contains the information for your site on a network is in
the database. The only files that are uploaded are images.
ALL MY IMAGES UPLOAD TO FILES, BUT THERES NO FILES

FOLDER!
Thats okay! Your images on subsites upload into /wp-content/
blogs.dir/#/files and, through the magic of .htaccess, they are
redirected from http://site2.example.com/files to http://example.com/
blogs.dir/2/files/
How does that work?
In your .htaccess theres a line like this:
RewriteRule ^([_0-9a-zA-Z-]+/)?files/(.+) wpincludes/ms-files.php?file=$2 [L]
That line says Any URL that goes to /files/ should be redirected
to /wp-includes/ms-files.php instead
And its that file which detects what site youre coming from, where
the image actually is, and outputs it for your visitors.
By the way, dont make a folder (or file, or page) named files or
youll break the redirect magic.
CAN I MAKE AN EXISTING SITE INTO A MULTISITE?

Sure, but there are caveats.
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By default, WordPress will only let you turn on subdomains if your site
has existing for more than 60 days. This is to avoid possible conflicts
between pages on your main site and your new subsites. You can change
that (just change the value for Subdomains when you define it in your
wp-config.php), however remember that your URLs for posts will
have /blog/ prepended to them, and that can cause 404s on your site.
This can normally be fixed with some .htaccess magic.
WHY IS THE THEME NOT WORKING ON MY SUBSITE?

If you get unstyled content on your subsites, where all you see is the
content but no theme formatting, the odds are your server isnt reading
your .htaccess file correctly. Normally that occurs when mod rewrite
isnt enabled (though if you verified that pretty permalinks work before
you turned on Multisite, you know they are), or that your httpd.conf
file doesnt have AllowOverride set to ALL.
If you dont know how to edit that file, or dont have access, ask your
webhost.
HOW BIG IS MY DATABASE GOING TO GET?
That depends on how you look at it. For every site you create on your
network, you will have, minimum, nine new tables created. That can add
up pretty fast, especially if you have open registration. Normally,
however, this isnt a problem, as most sites are relatively small.
HOW BIG IS MY SERVER GOING TO GET?

Depends on how many images people upload, and how big they are.
But yeah, that can get big too.
WILL MULTISITE MAKE MY SERVER SLOWER?

Indirectly. See, the more sites you have on your server, the more
traffic you have. The more traffic, the slower the server, unless you
optimize it. There are minification and caching plugins that can help, but
also sitting down and tuning your server will help exponentially.
HOW DO I KNOW WHICH PLUGINS ARE SAFE TO USE ON

MULTISITE?
Most plugins work just fine if you activate them per-site. Some plugins
dont. If a plugin is tagged multisite or wpmu in the official plugin
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repository, its a good bet that itll work. If its not, well, you have to
experiment a little. Always read the full documentation on a plugin
before installing!
CAN I INSTALL MULTISITE IN A SUBFOLDER?

Sure, with caveats.
You cant map domains
All your URLs will contain that subfolder name.
Same thing for subdomains.
CAN I MAKE ALL MY SITES USE THE SAME MEDIA LIBRARY?
No. No plugin currently exists that permits this, and its out of the
scope of Multisite.
I NEED MORE HELP! WHERE CAN I GO?
http://wordpress.org/support/forum/multisite/
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Chapter 12
Advanced Topics
If youve gotten this far, youre ready to run a network! As with all
things, there are some more advanced topics. From this point on, you will
have to be comfortable with managing the files on your server and
accessing the database.
Many of these topics will use plugins, as well.
GO BACK TO A SINGLE INSTALL
After all that, sometimes people realize that they didnt want
Multisite. It can be removed fairly painlessly.7
1. Delete any extra sites you may have created, either moving the
content and users to the main blog or wherever you desire. One
the sites are deleted, you cannot retrieve the content.
2. Remove the lines added in the wp-config.php file.
3. Restore the .htaccess file to the default (you can usually
restore these by resaving the permalinks).
4. Remove the wp-content/blogs.dir (dont worry, your main
site stored everything in wp-content/uploads).
5. Drop these global tables from the database:
wp_blogs
wp_blog_versions
wp_registration_log
wp_signups
wp_site
wp_sitemeta
Thats it!
EXPORTING A SITE
7
Edited from http://wpmututorials.com/how-to/how-to-disable-multisite/
Page 47 of 56
If you want to export one site from the network and install somewhere
else, you will have to make a couple important decisions. If all you care
about is the content, a traditional WordPress export will be just fine.8 You
can simply import the content on the new location, be it a separate
install of WordPress, or just a different site on your network.9
If you need to keep the look and feel of your site, all the plugins,
theme settings, and users, its vastly more complicated. The basic steps
would be to:
1. Install WordPress in the new location.
2. On the existing site, make a note of all users on the site and
their user ID.
3. Create your authors (their passwords will change, everyone will
have to cope)
4. Export all the wp_x_[tables] from your database, where x is
the site ID.
5. Rename the tables in that export file to just wp_[table]
6. Search the export file for the old site URL (i.e. http://
example.com/sitename/ ) and replace with the new one (i.e.
http://newexample.com )
7. Make a list of all the users and their IDs. Compare this to the list
you made in step 2 and make sure you know everyones old and
new user ID.
8. Edit the wp_posts values for post_author, changing
accordingly based on the table you made in step 7.
9. Import the database.
10.Copy /wp-content/blogs.dir/ID/files/ from the old
server, and place it in /files/ on your new server.
If at all possible, just use the traditional export/import. Youll get a
much cleaner database in the end.
8
To export, see http://codex.wordpress.org/Tools_Export_Screen
To import, see http://codex.wordpress.org/Tools_Import_Screen
Page 48 of 56
MOVING YOUR NETWORK
Moving a network from one server to another, provided none of the

URLs are changing, is as simple as copying over the database and all the
files.
If, instead, you are changing domains, then the best way to move
Multisite is to move the files, edit the .htaccess and wp-config.php (if the
folder name containing Multisite changed), and then manually edit the
database. Search for all instances of your domain name, and change them
as needed. This step cannot yet be easily automated. It's safe to search/
replace any of the wp_x_posts tables, however do not attempt blanket
search/replace without a special search and replace script.
You can get a copy of the Search and Replace Script at http://
interconnectit.com/124/search-and-replace-for-wordpress-databases/
If you're moving Multisite from one folder to another, you will need to
make sure you edit the wp_blogs entries to change the folder name
correctly. You should manually review both wp_site and wp_blogs
regardless, to ensure all sites were changed correctly.
Also manually review all the wp_x_options tables and look for three
fields and edit as needed:
home
siteurl
fileupload_url
If you are moving from subdomains to subfolders, or vice-versa,
remember to adjust the .htaccess file and the value for
SUBDOMAIN_INSTALL in your wp-config.php file accordingly.
PRE-CONFIGURING PLUGINS
By default, plugins are either on or off, and the settings are handled
per-site. In some cases, you want to pre-configure plugins for your users.
In order to do that, you need to use the plugin YD WPMU Sitewide
Options.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/yd-wpmu-sitewide-options/
RESTRICTING PLUGINS
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If a plugin is not network activated, its available for all sites to

activate as they chose. Sometimes you dont want this, but instead want
to limit certain plugins to only be run on certain sites. There are multiple
plugins that can be used for this, depending on how you want to manage
plugins.
Exclude Plugins
Exclude plugins from appearing in plugins menu for normal user in
WordPress multisite.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/exclude-plugins/
Restrict Multisite Plugins
Provides an interface similar to how the themes section looks.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/restrict-multisite-plugins/
Plugins Enabler
Hides all plugins by default, and allows you to re-enable per-site.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/plugins-enabler/
Multisite Plugin Manager
Allows you to manage plugin activation.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/multisite-plugin-manager/
CUSTOMIZING SIGNUP PAGES

While the wp-signup.php page defaults to look just like your main
sites theme, some people want to tweak that.
MAPPING DOMAINS
You can run multiple domains from one Multisite, by using a domain
mapping plugin. You will need to create a site for each domain, but once
thats done, its fairly simple to map the domain. The plugin WordPress
MU Domain Mapping is very reliable.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wordpress-mu-domain-mapping/
The complicated aspect of mapping a domain is in mapping the domain
to your server. The basic step is to point the DNS settings of your new
domain to your existing server. However, depending on your host, you
may also have to park the domain in order to add it to your own DNS
server. If youve never parked a domain, or made an add-on, you should
check with your webhost first.
Page 50 of 56
Once youve sorted out mapping the domain, you can point it to your
site ahead of time, and verify it works by going to http://
newdomain.com, which should take you right back to http://
example.com/
From the Domain Mapping menu, set either your Server IP or the
CNAME, pick your options, and hit save.
The options are as follows:
Remote Login All sites will log in through your main domain. This
is good, because once youve logged in to one, you logged in to all
(due to how cookies work). The downside is everyone will see their
URL change when they log in.
Permanent redirect (better for your bloggers pagerank) Instead
of using your original URLs (like http://subsite.example.com ) you
now use http://newdomain.com. Leave this checked, you want it.
User domain mapping page If you want to allow users to map
their own domains, check this.
Redirect administration pages to blogs original domain (remote
login disabled if redirect disabled) All sites Dashboards will
remain referencing the main domain (i.e. http://
subsite.example.com/wp-admin instead of http://
newdomain.com/wp-admin )
Disable primary domain check. Sites will not redirect to one
domain name. May cause duplicate content issues. - As it says.
Then you go to the domains Menu and add in a new domain. Its
as simple as filling in this form:
Page 51 of 56
Thats it!
MULTIPLE NETWORKS
If youre running subdomains, sometimes you want to be able to create

sub-sites off the subdomains, like http://subsite.example.com/newsite,
or, in the case of mapped domains, have it run its own network.
While it is possible, it always requires a plugin, and it can get
complicated very quickly.
WP Multi Network
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wp-multi-network/
Networks+ ($25.95)
http://wpebooks.com/networks/
SPLITTING YOUR DATABASE
If your site gets very large, you may need to split it into multiple
databases. HyperDB and SharDB are the best plugins for the job, but both
require a great deal of SQL savvy.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/hyperdb/
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/shardb/
REMOVING BLOG FROM THE URL OF YOUR MAINSITE
If you installed Multisite as a subfolder setup, you may recall that

the /blog/ slug shows up in your posts, and you were told you cant
change that? Actually, you can remove this if you absolutely must, but its
not supported nor recommended.
Go to Network Dashboard -> Sites and edit your main site.
Click on the Settings tab and scroll down till you see Permalink
Structure. Delete /blog from that so you just have /%year%/
%postname%/ or whatever you want your format to be.
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Please keep in mind, you now can never edit your permalinks on your
main site, except through this method. If you go to your main sites
dashboard and use the Permalink page there, the slug will magically
return.
Page 53 of 56
Chapter 13
Plugin Suggestions
Many tweaks to your site will require you to install plugins. The
following plugins are some of the more popular additions to Multisite.
List All Posts from All Sites

There are a few different ways to do this. The most reliable method is
to use the, oddly named, plugin WordPress MU Sitewide Tags, which will
copy all posts from all sites to one tag site, which can then be used to
list all posts.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wordpress-mu-sitewide-tags/
Posting Content to Multiple Sites

This can be done via plugins, depending on how you want to push the
content.
ThreeWP Broadcast
Broadcast a post/page to other blogs. Whitelist, blacklist, groups
and automatic category+tag posting/creation available.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/threewp-broadcast/
Multipost MU
Allows you to duplicate posts and pages to multiple sub-blogs at
once.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/multipost-mu/
Network Menus
Sharing a menu across multiple sites can be frustrating, since each site
can edit its own menus. Using the Networkwide Menu will help with
that.
http://wpmututorials.com/plugins/networkwide-menu/
Add users to all sites automatically
Multisite User Management lets you pick and chose what roles new
users should have on each site on your network.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/multisite-user-management/
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Configure New Site Defaults
WPMU New Blog Defaults extends the New Site Settings, allowing you
to edit everything from Blog Title and Date Format to XML-RPC and
Comment Moderation.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wpmu-new-blog-defaults/
Copying Sites
Blog Copier lets you duplicate an entire site, whole sale, into a new
on.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/blog-copier/
Privacy
More Privacy Options and Network Privacy both extend the normal
hide my site from search engines and allow you to hide certain sites
from non-members.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/more-privacy-options/
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/network-privacy/
Keep tabs on new blogs
Moderate New Blogs requires a site admin to approve all new sites.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/moderate-new-blogs/
Limit Blogs Per User limits the number of blogs any one user can create
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/limit-blogs-per-user/
Spam Control
Nearly all spam plugins for WordPress will work on Multisite, however
many need to be configured per-site.
Sitewide Comment Control is a Multisite Only plugin that allows you to
manage the ability of unregistered visitors to comment on all sites on
your network.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/sitewide-comment-control/
Page 55 of 56
About The Authors

Mika Epstein (aka Ipstenu)
Mika is a self-taught programmer who studied
Anthropology and Creative Writing in university. While
her day job is a nine-to-five software wage slave for The
Man, she spends her free time playing with WordPress,
among other open source web products. A regular
volunteer in the forums, Mika also writes the occasional
plugin.
Mika blogs about technical oddities at http://halfelf.org and co-wrote
WordPress Multisite 101.
Her ebooks can be found on her website as Pay What You Want. A five
dollar donation is recommended.
http://halfelf.org/ebooks/wordpress-multisite-101/
Andrea Rennick (aka andrea_r or sillyandrea)
Andrea is a self-proclaimed Mommy Blogger, who
learned everything about Multisite back when it was
WPMU because she saw a need. Now shes living the
dream, working with WordPress from home for
Copyblogger Media, LLC. Of course, Andrea still finds
time to help out in the forums and support plugins she
and her husband, Ron, provide.
Andrea maintains the fabulous resource http://wpmututorials.com

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Mika Epstein & Andrea Rennick

Basic Configuration Options ......................................................22

Managing Sites ...........................................................................26

Managing Users .........................................................................30

How to add existing users to a site ......................................................................32

Managing Plugins .......................................................................35

Managing Themes .....................................................................37

What Your Users Must Know ....................................................40

Can I make an existing site into a Multisite? ......................................................44

Advanced Topics ........................................................................47

Plugin Suggestions ......................................................................54

WordPress Multisite 101

This ebook is released under a Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

All code samples, examples, snippets or otherwise on this blog are,

Network - The network refers to your collection of sites.

When You Install WordPress...

You cannot install WordPress in a directory and run it from root

One of the most popular things to do is to install WordPress in a folder

You cannot end your Database Prefix with a number

See http://codex.wordpress.org/Giving_WordPress_Its_Own_Directory for directions on how to do that

This is often confused to mean you cant run WordPress out of a

You should not use www in your URL

Test Pretty Permalinks

Before You Activate Multisite

Sub Site #1:

Sub Site #2:

A subfolder install means your sites will look like this:

Sub Site #1:

Sub Site #2:

See http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/subdomains-and-subdirectories/ for an explanation

intervention. You can still manually create subdomains if you want, of

That will redirect all requests back to your main install.

Directions modified slightly from http://wpmututorials.com/how-to/enabling-wildcard-subdomains/

To expand a little on the previous chapter, there are specific situations

Making this change activates the Network Setup.

Go to that screen and you will be greeted by a welcome message and a

ENABLING THE NETWORK

You must complete these steps before continuing.

content/blogs.dir/#/files/ (where # is the unique id assigned to

Add More Lines to wp-config.php

Youll need to add these lines to your wp-config.php, right below

Update your .htaccess

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f

Basic Configuration Options

Theres quite a bit of information on this page, and much of it can be

There are multiple settings in this section. An important point to

Allow New Registrations

WordPress.com allows users to create both sites and user accounts at

Add New Users

Limited Email Registrations

Banned email domains

You can block emails from being able to register.

NEW SITE SETTINGS

First Post is the first post, commonly known as Hello World.

ADD NEW SITE

EDITING, DELETING AND ARCHIVING SITES

If you hover over a site, you will see new options:

Its in this section you can add non-alphanumeric characters, however

HOW TO ADD NEW USERS TO THE NETWORK

HOW TO ADD NEW USERS TO A SITE

Via the Site Admin

HOW TO ADD EXISTING USERS TO A SITE

If a user already exists on the network, either having registered