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Chapter 9
Ivo Dinov,
Paired Data
Teaching Assistants:
Slide 1
Slide 2
Paired data
Slide 3
d = Y1 - Y2
each Y1, Y2 pair will have a difference calculated
Slide 4
Paired data
Paired data
z The mean of the differences is calculated
just like the one sample mean we calculated in
chapter 2
d = y
d=
1 y2
nd
z Recall:
SE =
s
n
SE d =
sd
nd
Paired data
Paired data
0.66
0.72
0.85
0.62
0.59
0.63
0.64
0.70
0.73
0.68
0.682
0.0742
0.60
0.65
0.79
0.63
0.54
0.55
0.62
0.67
0.68
0.64
0.637
0.0709
Difference
0.06
0.07
0.06
-0.01
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.045
0.0264
Slide 8
Paired data
Paired CI for
z A 100(1 -
d = 0.045
sd
nd
0.0264
d t (df ) ( SE d )
where df = nd - 1
= 0.00833
10
Slide 9
Paired CI for
sd = 0.0264
SE d =
Paired CI for
d t (df ) ( SEd )
2
= (0.0297,0.0603)
Slide 11
Slide 12
Paired t test
Paired t test
Ha: d < 0 or
Ha: d > 0
z #2 test statistic
Where df = nd 1
ts =
d 0
SE d
Slide 13
Ha: d != 0
df = 10 1 = 9
p < 2(0.0005) = 0.001, so we reject Ho.
Paired t test
ts =
Slide 14
0.045 0
= 5.402
0.00833
Paired t test
Probability Plot of d
Normal
99
Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value
95
90
80
Percent
Ho: d = 0
Ha: d != 0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
0.000
Slide 16
0.025
0.050
d
0.100
SE y1 y2 =
ts =
s12 s 22
+
=
n1 n 2
0.0742 2
10
0.0709 2
10
= 0.0325
y1 y2 0.682 0.637
=
= 1.38
0.0325
SE y1 y 2
df = 17
2(0.05) < p < 2(0.1)
0.10 < p < 0.2
Slide 17
0.075
0.045
0.02635
10
0.267
0.602
Slide 18
y1 y2 t (df ) ( SE y1 y2 )
2
How does the significance of this interval compare to the paired 90%
CI (0.03 mm and 0.06 mm)?
Why is this happening?
Is there anything better about the independent CI? Is it worth it in
this situation?
Slide 19
N
Mean
StDev
SE Mean
Before
10 0.682000 0.074207 0.023466
After
10 0.637000 0.070875 0.022413
Difference 10 0.045000 0.026352 0.008333
90% CI for mean difference: (0.029724, 0.060276)
T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0):
T-Value = 5.40 P-Value = 0.000
Slide 20
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Purpose of Pairing
z Pairing is used to reduce bias and increase precision
Slide 25
Slide 26
z #1 Hypotheses:
Ho: the distributions of the two groups is the same
Ha: the distributions of the two groups is different
or Ha: the distribution of group 1 is less than group 2
or Ha: the distribution of group 1 is greater than group 2
z #2 Test Statistic Bs
Slide 29
Slide 30
z #3 p-value:
Table 7 p.684
Similar to the WMW
Use the number of pairs with quality information
http://www.socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Analyses.html
z #4 Conclusion:
Similar to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test
Do NOT mention any parameters!
Set
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1st born
86
71
77
68
91
72
77
91
70
71
88
87
2nd born
88
77
76
64
96
72
65
90
65
80
81
72
Sign of d
+
+
Drop
+
+
+
+
+
Slide 33
Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value
95
90
80
Percent
X~B(11, 0.5)
P(X>=7)=0.2744140625
http://socr.stat.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_Distributions.html
(Binomial Distribution)
http://socr.stat.ucla.edu/Applets.dir/Normal_T_Chi2_F_Tables.htm
Slide 34
Practice
1.917
7.154
12
0.164
0.921
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
-5
-10
Bs = N+ = 7
Ho: The aggressiveness is the same for 1st born and 2nd born
twins
Ha: The aggressiveness of the 1st born twin tends to be more
than 2nd born.
NOTE: Directional Ha (were expecting higher scores for
the 1st born twin), this means we predict that most of the
differences will be positive
N+ = number of positive = 7
N- = number of negative = 4
nd = number of pairs with useful info = 11
-15
Slide 32
10
15
20
diff
Slide 35
Slide 36
Test using
= 0.05.
Slide 38
X~Bin(10, 0.5)
P(X>=9)=0.0107421875
http://socr.stat.ucla.edu/Applets.dir/Normal_T_Chi2_F_Tables.htm
# cigs / week
Treatment
Placebo
n
12
13
y before
y after
SE d
163.92
163.08
152.50
160.23
11.42
2.85
1.10
1.29
Slide 41
Ho:
d = 0
# cigs / week
Ha: d != 0
ts =
11.42
= 10.38
1.10
Treatment
Placebo
n
12
13
SEd
11.42
2.85
1.10
1.29
df = nd 1 = 12 1 = 11
p < (0.0005)2 = 0.001, reject Ho.
These data show that there is a statistically significant
difference in the true mean number of cigs/week before and
after treatment with the new drug
Slide 42
Slide 43
n
12
13
SEd
11.42
2.85
1.10
1.29
df = nd 1 = 13 1 = 12
(0.02)2 < p < (0.025)2
0.04 < p < 0.05 , reject Ho
These data show that there is a statistically significant
difference in the true mean number of cigs/week before and
after treatment with the a placebo
Slide 44
d = 0
Ha: d != 0
Ho :
ts =
11.42 2.85
= 5.06
1.695
# cigs / week
SE d
Treatment
12
11.42
1.10
df = 22
Placebo
13
2.85
1.29
p < (0.0005)2 = 0.001, reject Ho
These hypothesis tests provide strong evidence that the new antismoking medication is effective. If the experimental design had not
included the placebo group, the last comparison could not have been
made and we could not support the efficacy of the drug.
Slide 46
Limitations of d
Slide 47
Treatment
Placebo
Slide 45
# cigs / week
Ha: d != 0
2.85
ts =
= 2.21
1.29
N
6
N*
0
Mean
2.17
SE Mean
17.9
StDev
43.9
Minimum
-42.0
Q1
-36.8
Median
-5.50
Q3
45.3
Max
61.0
Slide 48
Limitations of d