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ACADEMIC CURRICULA 2014 - 2015

BACHELORS DEGREE PROGRAMME

B.Tech
Curricula & Syllabi

ACADEMIC CURRICULA
2014 - 2015
BACHELORS DEGREE PROGRAMME

B.Tech
Course Structure and Detailed Syllabi
for students admitted during
Session 2013-14 & 2014 - 15

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Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology


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KIIT, Bhubaneswar-751024
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