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Differential Amplifiers
Theory:
Differential amplifier is one of the most important circuit inventions
with many useful properties such as differential operation. Maximum
achievable voltage swing, simpler biasing and higher linearity.
The differential operation is used for cancellation of noise which is
required for sensitive signals in noisy lines. The minor drawback of
differential amplifier is they occupy twice as much area as single ended
alternatives.
Design:
The Specification of differential amplifier consist of
i. Small signal gain Avd=100
ii. Frequency response for a given capacitance f (3dB) ≥
100KHz.
iii. ICMR = 1.5V to 2V.
iv. Slew rate ≥ 10V/μA,
v. Power dissipation = Pd ≤ 1mw.
vi. CL=5pF
vii. ID1 = ID2 = ID3 = ID4 = Iss/2 = I5/2.
viii. VDD=2.5V, VSS=2.5V,Vbias =2.5V.
Step 1. Using slew rate find I5
I5=Slew rate x CLE1
1. Rout to satisfy the frequency response
2
Rout= ( λ + λ ) I E2
N P 5
2. Design (W/L) 3, (W/L) 4 to satisfy the upper ICMR.
VSG 3 =V DD −V IC ( Max ) +VTHN E3
2.I 5
VSG3 = +V THN E4
µP COX W( L) 3
( L) (W L)
Solve for W
3
=
4
3. Using gain Av find (W/L)1 where Av=gm1Rout
g m1
Av = -------E5
g ds 2 + g ds 4
( L) (W L)
Solve for W
1
=
2
4. Using min input common mode voltage find (W/L)5
Where VDS5 = VIC(min) – Vss –VGS1------E6
(W L) =
5
2I 5
µ N C OX V DS 5 ( sat )
2 ------E7
Operational Amplifier
Design an opamp with given specification and computing the design flow
mentioned below:
a. Draw the schematic and verify the following:
i. DC Analysis.
ii. AC Analysis.
iii. Transient Analysis.
b. Draw the layout and verify the DRC, ERC.
c. Check for LVS.
d. Extract RC and back annotate the same and verify the design.
Theory:
Operational amplifiers are an integral part of many analog and mixed
signal systems. Opamp with vastly different levels of complexity is used to
realize functions ranging from dc bias generation to high speed amplification
or filtering.
The design of opamp continues to pose challenge as the supply
voltage and transistor dimensions are scaled down with each generation of
CMOS technology. An opamp is high gain differential amplifier which is
always employed to implement the feedback system. An ideal Opamp is
characterized by high voltage gain, high input impedance and low output
impedance. There are many types of operational amplifier such as 2 stage,
telescopic and folded cascade topologies.
Design:
Specification: 1. Gain Av > 5000 V/V.
2. Gain Bandwidth product GB = 10MHz.
3. output voltage swing Vout range = ± 1.5V.
4. Supply Voltage VDD = 2.5V, VSS= 2.5V.
5. Load Capacitance CL = 10pF.
6. Input common mode range ICMR =1 to +1.5V.
7. Slew rate SR > 10V/ μs.
8. Power dissipation Pd ≤ 2mW.
Choose the smallest device length (Lmin = 1µm) that will keep the
channel modulation parameter constant and give good matching for current
mirrors.
Choose minimum value for Cc from the desired phase margin .i.e. 60o
phase margin and ≥ 10GB.
i.e. Cc > 0.22 CL (2.2pF)
Determine the minimum value for the tail current I5 from the largest
of the two values.
I5 = SR. Cc.
Minor pole p3 must be greater than 10GB and is checked using
p3 = gm3
g m3
〉 1 0G B
2C g s3
Design for W/L)1 & (W/L)2 using gm1
gm1=GB (Cc)
g m2 W W
or gm1=GB.CC=S1=S2= 1 = =
K 2 l5 L 1 L 2
Design for S5 from the minimum input voltage first calculate
VDS5 (sat) then find (W/L)5.
ls
V DSS ( Sat ) = Vin (min) − Vss − − VT 1(max) ≥ 100 mV
β1
W 2l5
=
(
L 5 K 5 VDSS ( Sat )2 )
Find (W/L)6 & I6 by letting the second pole p2 be equal to 2.2 times GB.
gmb=2.2gm2(C1/Cc)
Design (W/L)7 to achieve current ratios between I5 and I6.
W W g m6
= .
L 6 L 4 g m 4
Knowing gm6 and S6 allow us to solve for I6 as
g 2 m6
I6 =
2 K 6 S6
Alternately I6 can be calculated by solving for S6 using
g m6
S6 =
K 6VDS 6 ( Sat )
S7= (I6/I5)S5