DVM, MSc

PhD

2013

,
.
, 1706-1790, & .

1/ 48

,
.

2008, 2011

.


,
,

2012 , .
,
,
.
Email: pionhelvet@windowslive.com

.
Cardiff
(. )


. 1996
2001
. 2000
.
.

, ,
. 4
3
.


.

.
2007.

2/ 48

*

.

(MRLs, , )
,
,
.
.
, ,
.

.
,
.
,
..
.


.

3/ 48

ADI: Accepted daily intake ( ).

Bw: Body weight ( ).
CVMP: Committee for the Veterinary Medicinal Products (
).
COM: Committee on Mutagenicity of chemicals in food. (
).
E.E: .
EEC: European Economic Community ( ).
EFSA: European Food Safety Authority ( ).
EMEA: European Medicines Agency ( ).
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency ( ).
GRAS: Generally Recognized as safe ( ).
HMF: Hydroxymethylfurfural (--).
kg: Kilogram (/).
LD50: Median Lethal Dose ( ).
lt: Litre ().
mg: Milligram (10-3 ).
mm: Millimeter (10-3 ).
MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet ( ).
MRL: Maximum Residue Level ( / ).
gr: Microgram (10-6 ).
NOEL: No Observed Effect Level ( ).
O.O: .
4/ 48

1.

______________________________________________ 6
1.1

(ACRINATHRIN) ___________________________________________ 6

1.2

(AMITRAZ) __________________________________________________ 8

1.3

(BROMOPROPYLATE) _________________________________ 10

1.4

(LACTIC ACID) __________________________________________ 12

1.5

/(EUCALYPTOL) ___________________________ 14

1.6

(THYMOL) __________________________________________________ 16

1.7

(CAMPHORA) ______________________________________________ 18

1.8

(COUMAPHOS) ____________________________________________ 20

1.9

(MENTHOL) ________________________________________________ 22

1.10

(FORMIC ACID) ________________________________________ 24

1.11

(OXALIC ACID) ___________________________________________ 26

1.12

(ACETIC ACID) ______________________________________________ 28

1.13

(OXYTETRACYCLINE) __________________________________ 30

1.14

(CYMIAZOLE) ______________________________________________ 32

1.15

(FLUVALINATE) _________________________________________ 34

1.16

(FLUMETHRIN) _________________________________________ 36

1.17

(FUMAGILIN) __________________________________________ 38

2.

__________________________________________________________ 40

3.

_____________________________________________________ 43

5/ 48

1.
1.1

(ACRINATHRIN)

:
.
: Gabon
PA 92 1.
: (S)--cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (Z)-(1R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-[2(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1-trifluoromethylethoxycarbonyl)vinyl]cycloprpane
carboxylate. (http1).
:
: C26H21F6NO5.
: 541.44 g mol1.
:
,
(, ,
).

1: (http ).

: .
: 2 / ( 1.2-1.7 mg )
, 24-30 (http3).
:
,
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: Varroa destructor,
(Braula sp). .
:
. ,
. .
( , ).
: ,
,
. Varroa (
)(http4).

MRL: ,
.
1

6/ 48

ADI: . 0.01 mg/kg bw/

( ) (EFSA 2010).
: .
: (<0.01 mg/kg
< 0.1 mg/kg ) (Tri and Mtray 2003).
: LD50 (48 h) (oral): 150-200 ng/ LD50 (48 h) (
): 200-500 ng/. (
, ).
(, ).
.
: .
: 1
91/414/EEC.

7/ 48

1.2

(AMITRAZ)

:
.
:
Apivar 2, Apiwarol 3, Biowar3, Varataz 4, Varachet forte4, Varietol fum 5, Varidol AEP5.
: N,N'-[(methylimino) dimethylidyne]di-2,4-xylidine.
:
: C19H23N3.
: 293.41 g/mol.
: .

5
. 2: (http ).
: (Spray), (aerosol), .
: 2 500g/kg/ ( 10-12 ) (Mutinelli and
Baggio 2004).
:
, .
.

( 2003).
:
: .
(t ): .
: Varroa destructor.
.
:
(http6). , ,
(http7).
:
, .

.
.

MRL: 200gr/kg .
ADI: 3 gr/kg bw.
: .

, , .
.
4
. Varachet forte taufluvalinate.
5
.
2
3

8/ 48

:
2,4
6
(EMEA
1999). .
: ..

(Papaefthimiou et al. 2013), (Radakovic et
al. 2013).
: , .
:
(CVMP) 1
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 1999).

9/ 48

1.3

(BROMOPROPYLATE)

:
.
:
Folbex VA 6.
: isopropyl-4,4'-dibromobenzilate.
:
: C17H16Br2O3.
: 428,115 0,018 gmol1.
: ,
(, , ).
3:

8
: Strips.
Bromopropylate (http ).
: 4-6 1 /
7 ( ), 4 1 /
4 () (http9).
: ,
.

:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor)
(Acarapis woodi). .
: ,

100C. .

.. ( ).
strip
30 mm (http9).
: ,
. ,
(
). .

MRL: .
ADI: 0.03 (mg kg-1bw day-1) (http10).
: .
6
.
: .
: LD50 (48h) 183 g bee-1
6

10/ 48

:
.
:
..

11/ 48

1.4

(LACTIC ACID)

:
.
:
Lactic acid.
: 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid.
:
: C3H6O3
: 90.08 g/mol.
: .

4:

11
: .
(http ).
: 5 ml
15% 2
. .
:
..
.
, .

:
: .
(t ): .
: Varroa(Varroa
destructor), .
. .
: .
:
,
.
(,
).

MRL: .
ADI: .
: 4 (
).
: .
.
: ,
.
(http12). LD50
.
: , ,
, .

12/ 48

, .
.
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA).

13/ 48

1.5

/(EUCALYPTOL)

:
.
:
Apilife var 7.
: 1,3,3-trimethyl- 2oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane.
:
: C10H18O.
: 154.249 g/mol.
: ,
.

5:

(http13).

: .
: ,
( Apilife var : 76.4%,
3.8%, 3.8% 16% ). , 2 4
, 3 .
:
Eucalyptus globulus.
. ,
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa jacobsoni/Destructor)
(Acarapis woodi).
(Euglossine bees).
.
: : (
).
.
: .
.
(Roe & Field 1965).

.

MRL: .
ADI: .
: .
30 ,
, .
, .
7

14/ 48

,
.
: (
4% Apilife var).
:
25%,
240 g/l (Imdorf et al. 1995).
: .
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 1999),
.

15/ 48

1.6

(THYMOL)

: Apiguard,
Thymovar.
: XY 8,
Apilife var 9, Mehpatika solution 10.

:
2-Isopropyl-5methylphenol.
:
: C10H14O.
: 150.22 g mol1.
: ,
.

6:

: , , (http14).
), (),
gel, (vettex).
: 2 gel 50gr ()
15 , 2 , ,
/ 3-4 , 0.5gr
, 2 7 gr , 3
8 .
:
.
.
,
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor),
(Acarapis woodi), (Ascosphaera apis)
( Nosema apis). .
: (<150 C)
/ ,

. >300 C


.
(). .
.
, , , .
, .
10
.
8
9

16/ 48

. 4cm
.
.
:
(http15). ,
.
(http16). Thymovar
(http17).

MRL: .
ADI: .
: .
. ,

.
:
.
: ,
.
. . LD50
.
: ,
(http18).
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 1996).

17/ 48

1.7

(CAMPHORA)

:
.
:
Apilife var 11.
: 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one.
:
: C10H16O.
: 152.23 g mol1.
: ,
, -, .
: .
:
3 20%.
,
( Apilife var
: 76%, 3.7%,
3.7% 16% ). ).
7:
, 2 4 ,
19
(http
).
3

:
Cinnamomum camphora, .
,
.
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor)
(Bacillus larvae).
.
: (
).
:
( 2 ).

MRL: .
ADI: .
: .
30 ,
, , ,
.

11

18/ 48

,
.
: (
4% Apilife var (Adamczyk et al.
2005).
: .
: ,
(http20).
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 1999),
.

19/ 48

1.8

(COUMAPHOS)

: Perizin,
Check-Mite.
:
Asuntol 12.
: O,O-Diethyl O-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl
phosphorothioate (http21).
:
: C14H16ClO5PS.
: 362.766 g/mol.
: ,

, 8: Coumaphos
22
(http23).
(http ).
: , , .
: 2 32 mg/ 7 .
:


,
.
( 2003).
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor,
V.jacobsoni) Braula sp. .
: ,
, (http24).
, ( latex).
(..
) .
(.. ).
: (http25).
Check Mite.

MRL: 100 g/kg.

ADI: 0.00025 mg/kg bw (EMEA 2001).
: 42 (Mutinelli and Baggio 2004).
:

ISO 78/2
..
.

12

20/ 48

2 g/kg 50 g/kg (EMEA 2001).

. Perizin
.

.
: LD50= 14.39g.
( ) ,
. .
(http26).
: .
: Coumaphos
(CVMP) 1
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 2001). CVMP

- .. ,
Coumaphos
(EMEA 2001).

21/ 48

1.9

(MENTHOL)

:
.
:
Apilife var 13.
: (1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (http27).
:
: C10H20O.
: 156.27 g mol1.
: ,
.. , .
: ,
.
: 50 gr ( 25
).
:
9:
. (http27).
,
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor)
(Acarapis woodi). .
:
. (>270C)
(http28).
: ,
. .

. (
).

MRL: .
ADI: 0.2 mg/kg.
: 4
.
:
.
: .
, .
, .
13

22/ 48

: .
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 1995).

23/ 48

1.10

(FORMIC ACID)

:
.
:
Formidol 14.
: , .
:
: CH2O2.
: 46.03 g mol1.
:
. .
: 10:
(MiteGone , Nassenheider evaporator, Apidea
evaporator, Kramer evaporator, Apicure formic acid gel, (http29 ).
FAM-dispenser
(vettex), Illertisser mite plate (http30).
: 30-45 ml 65% , 3-4
4-7 .
:

.
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor),
(Acarapis woodi) (Galleria mellonella, Plodia
interpunctella Achroia grisella).
.
:

.

(Bogdanov et al. 2002).
: .
( )
(
). .
(1.59
1.0 )
(
) (Underwood and Currie 2004).
14

24/ 48

,
,
( , , ,
, ).

.

MRL: .
ADI: .
: 2
.
: .

(
.. Nassenheider)
: .
.
,
.
.
:
, , .
: GRAS
(Generally Recognized As Safe)
MRL (EU Regulation 2796, 1995).

25/ 48

1.11

(OXALIC ACID)

:
Beevital hiveclean 15, ECOXAL 16.
: .
:
: C2H2O4 ()
C2H2O422 ().
: 90.03 g mol1 ()
126.07 g mol-1 ().
: .

11:
(http31).

: , , (
Varrox).
: 5-6 cm3 / / (
), 3,5% . ( ), 3,2%
. ( ), 2gr
. 1-3 gr/ (EMEA 2003).
: .
,
(Varroa Destructor)
pH.
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: Varroa Destructor.
.
: 370
C .. , ,
.

...
.. , .
.. HMF
() .
: .
.
( ).

. ,
.
16
.
15

26/ 48

Malpighi
.

MRL: .
ADI:
,
ADI (EMEA 2003).
: ( ).
4
( ).
: : .
: ,
,
.
.

.
: (, ),
( ), (, ), .

, (, ,
) .
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 2003).

27/ 48

1.12

(ACETIC ACID)

:
.
:
-NATURREIN 17.

,
.
:
: C2H4O2.
: 60.05 g mol1.
: , ,
.
12:

: , (http32).
(vettex), .
.
: 200 ml 60-80% /100 lt/ (
1-2 2 ), 150 ml 80%
.
: .
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: Nosema apis
(Streptococcus pluton), (Varroa destructor)
(Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella).
.
: .
( ).
.

. ,
, .
: ,
(http33).
.

MRL: .
ADI: .
: 2
.
:
17

28/ 48

: ,
.
.
: , ,
.
: 1 1107/2009
.

29/ 48

1.13

(OXYTETRACYCLINE)

:
Oxypharm plv.sol 18,
: (4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aS) -4-(dimethylamino)-3,5,6,10,11,12ahexahydroxy-6-methyl-1,12-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,12,12a-octahydrotetracen-2carboxamide.
:
: C22H24N2O9
: 460.434 g/mol.
: .
: ,

, , . 13:
34
(http ).
: 200 mg/ ().
: .
30S
.
DNA mRNA- ( 2003).

(3 ).
.
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Bacillus larvae)
(Streptococcus pluton).
.
: ,
(http35).
(http36).
: , .
P. l. ssp. Larvae
(Glinski and Rzedzicki 1977a, b) (Plagemann, 1991)
(Alippi 1996). .
(Matheson and
Reid 1992).

MRL: CVMP 25 g/kg (EMA

2008).
ADI: 0-3 g/kg W

18

30/ 48

: 10
.
: (Karazafeiris et
al 2007)
: (Peng et al. 1992)
(Alippi et al. 1996a).
: ,
.
: ..
2377/90 3
(EMEA 2008).

31/ 48

1.14

(CYMIAZOLE)

:
.
:
Apitol 19.
: N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-imine.
:
: C12H14N2S
: 218.32 g mol1.
: ,
(MSDS
2011).
: ,
.
:
2

100-350 14:
mg/kg/ 7 ( (http37).
), 500-700 mg/ ( )
(EMEA 1996).
:

:
: .
(t ): .
: . Varroa destructor
(EMEA 2009).
.
: ,
.
(.. , ).
.
:
.

MRL: 1000g/kg, 1996 ,

01/07/1999 ( 1996).
ADI: ,
0.001mg/kg bw.
: 90 (Mutinelli and Baggio 2004)
: , ,
.
.

19

32/ 48

1 mg/kg,
0.03 mg/kg (EMEA 1996).
: .

: .
:
,
01/07/1999 (EMEA 1996).

33/ 48

1.15

(FLUVALINATE)

:
Fluvalinate.
:
Gabon PF 90 20, Mavrirol 21, Varachet-forte 22.
: (RS)--cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl N-(2-chloro-,,-trifluoro-ptolyl)-DL-valinate.
:
: C26H22ClF3N2O3.
: 502.913 g/mol (http37).
: ,

.
: , ,
15:
, .
: 1 strip 5 Fluvalinate (http38).
, 2 strips/ 6-10
:

, .
(EPA 2005).
:
: .
(t ): .
: Varroa (Varroa destructor).
.
: .
(http39).
:
(- ) (http38).

MRL: (Tau fluvalinate)

2 (EEC) No. 2377/90
.
ADI: 5 g/kg bw (http40).
: .
. (Mutinelli and Baggio
2004).
: GC-ECD
Tau fluvalinate ,
.
.
22
. tau-fluvalinate .
20
21

34/ 48

10 g/kg, 1 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg (EMEA 1995).

,
.
,

(0.5% ).
: LD50 ... 0.2 g/
(EPA 2005). .
: .
: Tau fluvalinate, Fluvalinate,
(CVMP)
2 (EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA
1995)..

35/ 48

1.16

(FLUMETHRIN)

: Bayvarol
:
Bayer flumethrin bee-hive strips 23.

:(R,S)--cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl3(,4dichlorostyryl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate.
:
: C28H22Cl2FNO3.
: 510 g/mol.
:
(http41).
: .

16:

: 4 / (http 42).
2 /
.
: 2

. 2

( ) (http43).
:
: .
(t ): .
: (Varroa destructor).
.
.
: <250 C,
,
,
,
.
, .
: .

MRL:
(EMEA 2000).
ADI: 1.8 g/kg bw.
: .
: (Milani 1995).
: ,
,
.
23

36/ 48

: .

.
:
(CVMP) 2
(EEC) No. 2377/90 (EMEA 2000).

37/ 48

1.17

(FUMAGILLIN)

:
Fumidil B 24.
: (2E,4E,6E,8E)-10-{[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy- 4-[(2R)-2methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)oxiran-2-yl]-1- oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl]oxy}-10 -oxodeca2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid (http44).
:
: C26H34O7 .
: 458,54 g/mol.
: ,
()

(MSDS 2010).

17:

(http44 ).

: , .
: 25 mg/lit ( 2:1
). 2 gr Fumagilin B/lt ( 1:1
) (http45). 3-4 .
:
. 1949 Aspergillus
fumigatus.

(http45).
:
: .
(t ): .
: Nosema apis Nosema ceranae.
.
: Fumagilin B
300C.
.
.
,
(Higes et al 2011).
: .

MRL: .
ADI: NOEL
(No Observable Effect Level) ,
24

38/ 48

(COM 2009)
: .
: .
: .
: .. ,
.
: MRL status
(CVMP)
1999.

39/ 48

2.
1: , ,
,
..

Gabon PA 92

-

.

Apivar,
Apiwarol,
Biowar,
Varataz,
Varachet forte,
Varietol fum,
Varidol AEP.
Folbex

, ,
,
,
,
,
.

Lactic acid
Apilife var

Apiguard

, ,

.
, ,
, ,
,

,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,

Thymovar

, ,
,
,
,
,
,
.

XY

40/ 48

Apilife var

, ,

Mehpatika
solution
Apilife var

Check-mite

,
,
, ,

.
,
.

Perizin

Apilife var

Formidol

Beevital
hiveclean

, ,
,
, ,
,
,
.
, ,

,
.

ECOXAL
TobeeNaturein
Oxypharm plv.
sol
Gabon PF 90

,
.

Mavrirol

Varachet-forte
Bayer
flumethrin
bee-hives strips
Fumidil B

41/ 48

2: /
.

2377/90 25
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
1107/2009 26
2377/90
2377/90
2377/90
-

1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
2
-

2377/90
MRLs ( )
( )
4 /, :
1:
MRL.
2:
MRL
.
3:
MRL. MRL
.
4:
MRL,
.. .
26
1107/2009
79/117/ 91/414/
.
25

42/ 48

3.

() . 1107/2009 (2009)

79/117/ 91/414/ .
L 309/1.
, . . (2003) .
34:308-31, 37:334, 40:354.

Adamczyk, S., Lzaro, R., Prez-Arquillu, L., Conchello, P. and Herrera., A. (2005)
Evaluation of Residues of Essential Oil Components in Honey after Different AntiVarroa Treatments. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, 53 (26):1008510090.
Alippi, A.M. (1996). World News: International Workshop on AFB. Bee. World, 77: 1121 15.
Alippi, A.M., Ringuelet, J.A., Cerimele, E.L., Re, M.S. and Henning, C.P. (1996).
Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal
agent of AFB disease. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 4: 9-1 6.
Bogdanov, S., Charriere, J., Imdorf, A., Kilchenmann, V., Fluri, P. (2002) Determination
and residues in honey after treatments with formic and oxalic acid under field conditions.
Apidologie 33:399-409.
COMMITTEE ON MUTAGENICITY OF CHEMICALS IN FOOD, CONSUMER
PRODUCTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2009) STATEMENT ON THE
EVALUATION
OF
GENOTOXICITY
DATA
OF
FUMAGILLIN
DICYCLOHEXYLAMINE. COM/09/S2.
Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralized Procedures (2009) Bee
products: Situation in Europe EMEA/497311/2009 rev. 1.
European Food Safety Authority (2010) Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide
risk assessment of the active substance acrinathrin. EFSA journal,8(12):1872.
Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Registration eligibility Decision for Taufluvalinate.
European Medicine Agency (2008) SUMMARY OPINION* OF THE COMMITTEE
FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE ON THE

43/ 48

ESTABLISHMENT OF MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS, Oxytetracycline (Extension to

honey bees) EMEA/CVMP/581586/2008.
EU Regulation 2796 (1995). Amending Annex 2 of council regulation (EEC) No 2377/90
laying down a community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of
veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. Official journal of the
European Communities No L 290/1.
Glinski, Z. and Rzedzicki, J. (1977a). Evaluation of Bacillus larvae to antibiotics and
sulphonamides isolated in Poland in 1962-1 971. Polskie Archiwun Weterynarijne, 20(1):
9-1 6.
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1995)
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1996)
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1996)
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1999)
COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, CAMPHORA
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1999)
COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, CYMIAZOLE
SUMMARY REPORT EMEA/MRL/067/96-FINAL.
The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1999)
COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, EUCALYPTUS
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The European Medicine Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (2000)
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