CONTENT

No.

CONTENT

PAGES

1.

Group member

2.

Introduction

2
3

3.

Objective

4.

Basic Element Of Water Quality Standards

4-5

5.

Water Classification And Uses

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Quality

6-7
8

Standards
7

Water Quality Test

6.

Conclusion

9-16
17

GROUP MEMBERS

GROUP LEADER
Mohd Shafiq Bin Mohd Rosli
DF 130016
017 - 3927036

MEMBER 1
Tuan Muhammad Syahid Bin Tuan Ibrahim
DF 130083
014 8140798

MEMBER 2
MohdAmirul Hakim Bin MohdZailani
DF 130014
013 7678406

MEMBER 3
Mohd Amir Azizi Bin Kasin
DF 130013
013 7187852

INTRODUCTION

We were given a task to choose one subtopics in chapter 1, chapter 2 or chapter 3 for the purpose
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of reviewing the subtopics. This project was conducted to fulfill the requirement of this subject
Environmental Engineering, BFC 32403. The task is to study the importance of subtopics both
in terms of its role, its advantages and disadvantages and their use to society and state. So we
decided to choose subtopics 1.9 (Water Quality Standards) to be our topics in this project.
With number of 4 people in a group, we need to analyze the requirement that have been given.
This aim of this project is to expose students with industrial practice by using their skills and
knowledge from what we had learned in the class. In industrial we as an engineer need to know
about the basics knowledge of the environment to give something extra to become an excellent
engineer.

Water Quality Standards

Water quality standards are the foundation of the water quality based control that
guidelines under World Health Organization (WHO). Besides, a water quality standard is
developed to help protect and maintain water quality necessary to meet and maintain designated
or assigned uses, such as swimming, recreation, public water supply, and/or aquatic life. Water
quality standards in the context of the supply of drinking water is the water supply by drinking
water standards set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Minister of Health (MOH).
Water quality supplied by water treatment plant (WTP) operators and the treated water
quality in the distribution system are both monitored by Minister of Health (MOH) by way of
sampling and testing. There are five (5) main key parameters (i.e. E.Coli& residual chlorine,
turbidity, aluminium and residual chlorine) covered and tracked under the MOHs Quality
Assurance Programme (QAP). Samples are taken from the various sampling stations (SPA)
which are stationed at the treatment plants, service reservoirs and also in the distribution system.

OBJECTIVE
Objective of having Water Quality Standard is stated below:

Guidelines for continual quality of water supplied to public.

Ensure effective protection of public health.

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Improve the management of the water utilities.

Ensure that the drinking water is safe to drink and not hazardous to health or
objectionable to the physical senses of consumer.

BASIC ELEMENT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

To design a water quality standard, there are few basic element need to be followed. The
elements are stated below:
Designated uses of the water body (e.g., public water supply, aquatic life, recreation)
Water quality criteria to protect designated uses by limiting chemical constituents that
may be present in the water body. The criteria consist of numeric concentrations and/or
narrative requirements.
An anti-degradation policy to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality
waters.

MINIMUM QUALITY STANDARDS BY SYARIKAT AIR JOHOR (SAJ)

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WATER CLASSIFICATION AND USES

Control of water pollution has reached primary importance in developed and a number of
developing countries. The prevention of pollution at source, the precautionary principle and the
prior licensing wastewater discharges by competent authorities have become key element of
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successful policies for preventing, controlling and reducing inputs of hazardous substances,
nutrients and other water pollutants from point sources into aquatic ecosystems.
It is important to maintain high quality level for natural water. The government has set
up the minimum quality standard that reflects its beneficial use. The more stringent standard has
been used for stream that use for water sources for municipal purposed as in Malaysia Interim
National Water Quality Standard (INWQS).

Table 1.2 (Malaysian National Standard for Drinking Water Quality)

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WATER QUALITY

STANDARDS

Advantages:
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Provide a good quality of water supplied to consumers.

Provide drinking water safe to drink and not hazardous to health or objectionable to the
physical senses of consumer.

Arrange to eliminate pollution, kill all organisms, especially those potentially carrying the
disease with the purpose of obtaining good water quality.

Disadvantages:

Can cause a variety of diseases such as E.coli.

Consumer will feel uncomfortable to use water that has high hardness that does not meet
the conditions required by the WHO.

WATER QUALITY TEST

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Water quality test is to determine dissolve oxygen, turbidity, total solid, pH level, temperature
and flow rate, nitrates, fecal coliform, biochemical oxygen and phosphorous in water. There are
several test can be conducted. The test conducted as below :
a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
o The objective is to measure the strength of the water sample ( water, wastewater,
etc) based on the amount of oxygen needed to stabilize the organic matter in the
sample.
o It is a common environmental procedure for determining the extent to which
oxygen within a sample can support microbial life.
o BOD test is perform over five day period.

b) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

o The objective is to measure the effectiveness of waste water sample (usually
industrial waste water) through the oxidation and reduction reaction.
o COD is the total measurement of all chemicals in the water that can be oxidized.
o COD is used as a measurement of pollutants in natural and waste waters to assess
the strength of discharged waste such as sewage and industrial effluent waters.
o The dichromate reflux method is preferred over procedures using other oxidants
because of superior oxidizing ability, applicable to a wide variety samples and
ease of manipulation.

Wastewater and Blank Sample

Sample Undergo Rapid Temperature Increase

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c) Total Solid Determination

o The objective is to determine the total solid is water sample.
o Solid refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solid may
affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways.
o Water with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability
o Solid analysis are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater
treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency
o Total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after
evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C
o Total solid include total suspended solid and total dissolved solids.
o Total suspended solid is the portion of total solid retained by filter
o Total dissolved solid is the portion of solid that passess through a filter of 2.0 m
nominal pore size under specified condition

d) Jar Test
o The objective of jar test is to determine the optimal coagulant dose which will
produce the highest removal of a given water turbidity
o Raw water and waste water are normally turbid containing solid particles of
varying sizes.
o The settling velocities of colloidal particles of sizes less than 50m.
o The particles are encouraged to collide leading to coalescence of particle to form
flocs particles, which are bigger and heavier.
o Coagulant process is by adding chemical coagulant to the raw water or
wastewater.
o Coagulant that normally used are salts of aluminium namely aluminiumsulphate
or ferric salts namely ferrous sulphate or ferric chloride.
o Next process is flocculation.
o Process promote particles collision due to gentle agitation resulting in
agglomeration of smaller non-settleable particles into flocs (bigger particles)
which settles easily to produce clarified water.
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Reagent : AluminiumSulphate

Coagulant and Flocculation Process

e) Bacteria Counts
o Water treatment plants monitor the effectiveness of their sterilization process.
o Very few of the thing we eat or drink are bacteria free.
o Bacteria are remarkable adaptable to diverse environmental conditions. There are
found in the bodies of all living organisms and on all parts of the earth.
o For example, the standard plate count method is an indirect measurement of cell
density and reveals information related only to live bacteria.
o The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Water Quality Standard
imposed that for the recreational waters (freshwater) the geometric mean of the
indicated bacterial densities should not exceed one or the other of the following
two selected bacteria that is E. coli 126 per 100 ml or Enterococci 33 per 100 ml.
o (Escherichia coli (or E.coli) is the most prevalent infecting organism in the
familu of gram-negative bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae) that causing
food poisoning.

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Meat extract, Agar & Peptone

Preparing Samples Using Total
Plate Count

f) Dissolve Oxygen
o This test is the most important of the water quality test to measure waters ability
to support plants and animals.
o Example factors that affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is water
temperature.
o Temperature rises, less gas will dissolve.

g) Turbidity
o Turbidity measurs water clarity, which allow sunlight to penetrate to a greater
depth.
o The main sources of turbidity are erosion, living organisms and those from human
behavior.

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Checking Turbidity Instrument

h) pH Level
o pH level can be determine using pH meter
o The pH of water is important to aquatic life. If the pH falls below 4 or above 9
everything is dead

Checking pH

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i) Temperature and Flowrate

o Temperature of water may harm rivers ecology.
o There are many natural and human factors that can affect a rivers temperature in
example human factors include industry, development and dams.
o To measure temperature and flow rate we need to find two places along the river
that are about 1.6km apart that have the same conditions.
o Then measure the temperature at approximately the same time.
o If the difference is greater than 2C, then there is thermal pollution.
o To find flow rate we use buoyant object, orange and float it down the river

WAYS TO INCREASE WATER QUALITY

We are killing the lakes and wetlands in our neighborhood. Each of us, with our seemingly
harmless everyday yard work, has a small part in it, but together the efeect are becoming very
significant a special quoater by Jim Perry, H.T. Morse Professor of Water Quality, Head
Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota.
There are solutions available to help in saving our local lakes and wetlands. The example is state
below :
1) Managing Stormwater
If left unmanaged, stormwater can wash harmful pollutants from urban areas into our
waterways and bays. However, water sensitive urban design techniques can capture
stormwater, clean it and put it to good use such as watering green spaces in our
community.
2) River Flows Managing Water For The Environment

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Rivers and creeks have natural patterns of high and low flows, which plants and animals
rely on to reproduce and survive. This pattern can be distrupted by human activities such
as developing land or taking river water to irrigate crops.

3) Enforcing Laws and Regulation

Enforcing laws and regulation to protect our waterways.People illegally taking water
from waterways.Besides compliance with planning schemes or conditions of planning
permits.

4) Developing Plans, Strategies and Guidelines

Develop plans, strategies and guidelines to protect and manage our waterways.
Implemanting laws and state direction in the development of regional plans and creating
strategies and guidelines to deliver these outcomes. Providing input to regional plans
such as specialist technical advice to local government an undertaking flood studies.
5) Use Environmentally Safe Cleaning Products
Safer substitutes, lie vinegar, lemon juice, baking soda, salt, borax, olive oil and cedar
chips can get the job done just as well as their more hazardous counterparts.
6) Use zero-phosphorous Fertilizer
Do not use fertilizer that contains phosphorous. Phosphorous that accelerates algae
growth in our lakes and wetlands. Consider one pound of phosphorous in runoff can
result in 500 pounds of algae growth.

7) Properly Dispose of Household Hazardous Waste

Do not pour old gasoline onto the street or wash paint brushes at the end of your work.
Properly dispose of household hazardous wastes. Whether gasoline, paint, persticides,
antifreeze, motor oil or other like, dispose of them at your country waste site. Their effect
on our waters can be devastating.

8) Increased Monitoring And Notification

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It is needed to understand the health of the river, to track down specific causes of
exceedences, and to enable regulators to inform the public with more timely and accurate
information. Investment in wastewater infrastructure is needed to ensure the lasting
protection of water quality. Better water quality policies are needed to improve the
quality of treatment and overall water management.

CONCLUSION

Fresh water is one of our most vital resources, and when our water is polluted it is not
only devasting to the environment, but also to human health. Much of water comes from rivers,
lakes and other surface water sources. Before it is delivered to our homes, it is treated to remove
chemicals, particulates (e.g. soot and silt) and bacteria. This clean potable water is the used for
cooking, drinking, cleaning, bathing, watering our lawn and so forth. That is the reason Water
Quality Standard was introduced by our government to manage and to help protect and maintain
water quality necessary to meet and maintain designated or assigned uses, such as swimming,
recreation, public water supply, and/or aquatic life.
The prevention of pollution at source, the precautionary principle and the prior licensing
wastewater discharges by competent authorities have become key element of successful policies
for preventing, controlling and reducing inputs of hazardous substances, nutrients and other
water pollutants from point sources into aquatic ecosystems. As a conclusion, water quality
standard act as a guidelines for continual quality of water supplied to public. Besides, it is to
ensure effective protection of public health and improve the management of the water utilities.

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Lastly, it is to ensure that the drinking water is safe to drink and not hazardous to health or
objectionable to the physical senses of consumer.

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