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Electromagnetics (I)
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CHAPTER1
Vectors and Fields
(Coulombs law)
(Ampres law)
Unit vectors
Right-handed system
Left-handed system
Components of a vector;
Vector addition; Multiplication of vector by a scalar;
Magnitude of a vector;
Any point other than the origin is now given by the intersection
of three planes.
Each one of the three unit vectors in the Cartesian coordinate
system has the same direction at all points, and hence it is uniform.
Differential volume
Analytic geometry
An arbitrary surface is defined by an equation of the form
Example: a straight line passing through the origin and making equal angles
with the positive x-, y-, and z-axes is defined by a pair of equations
or by a set of three parametric equations
a function of x and y
a set of constant-height
contours
a scalar field
a static field
a function of x, y and z
a set of constant
distance surfaces
a scalar field
a static field
In cylindrical coordinate
The vector field
The direction line, stream line, or flux line
In spherical coordinate
The vector field
The direction line, stream line, or flux line
Note: A direction line is a curve constructed such that the field is tangential
to the curve for all points on the curve, i.e., F and dl are parallel.
36
Charge
The charge of an electron=
-1.60219*10-19 C (coulomb)
A charge of one negative coulomb=
6.24*10+18 electrons
Coulombs law
1. The magnitude of the force is proportional to
the product of the magnitudes of the charges.
2. The magnitude of the force is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between the charges.
3. The magnitude of the force depends on the
medium.
4. The direction of the force is along the line
joining the charges.
5. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
Electric Field
The force per unit charge experienced by a small test charge placed
in an electric field is known as the electric field intensity, denoted by
the symbol E.
If in a region of space, a test charge q experiences a force F, then
the region is said to be characterized by an electric field of intensity
E given by
N / C ( V / m)
The test charge should be so small that it does not alter the electric
field in which it is placed.
Applications
q 0 F // E
q 0 F // E
electrostatic separation
a process widely used in industry
to separate minerals.
For the case of the electric field, it is also the path followed by an
infinitesimal test charge when released at a point on the curve.
dl=0.1 m
The procedure is continued until the direction line is terminated close to the
point charge Q2.
The same can be done to obtain the portion of the direction line from (0, 0, 1)
toward the point charge Q1 by moving opposite to E.
Error Reduction
There is a (cumulative) error associated with each step.
This error can be reduced by employing a modified procedure as follows:
Instead of moving the test charge by 0.1 m from its current location, say, point A,
to a new location, say, point B, along the direction of the electric field at point A, it
is moved by 0.1 m to a point C along a direction that bisects the directions of the
fields at points A and B.
symmetric
z ' 0
rdz'
2
z '
1
r3
r z '0 r 2 z '2
1 2
cos 3d tan
0
r
sin 2
1 2
3
cos 1
d
r 0
cos
1
2 cos d
r 0
dz '
r
0 4 107 (N/A2=H/m)
This is not a violation of Newtons third law since isolated current elements do
not exist without sources and sinks of charges at their ends. Newtons third law,
however, must and does hold for complete current loops.
N/A/m=(webers/m2=tesla)
The units of webers per unit area give the character of flux density to the
quantity B, unlike the character of field intensity as that of E for the electric
field case.
Application
Loudspeaker
A permanent magnet
A coil is between the poles of the magnet and it is
wound around a cylinder attached to the apex of a
movable cone-shaped diaphragm.
Current through the coil varies in accordance with
the audio signal from the output stage of the hi-fi
amplifier or radio receiver.
A magnetic force is thus exerted on the coil,
vibrating it back and forth in step with the changes
in the current.
Since the coil assembly is attached to the cone,
the cone also vibrates, thereby producing sound
waves in the air.
The BiotSavart law and is analogous to the expression for the electric field
intensity due to a point charge.
The magnitude of B at a point P is proportional to the current I, the element
length dl, and the sine of the angle between the current element and the line
joining it to the point P, and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the current element to the point P.
0o , B 0
90o , B max
The direction lines of the magnetic flux
density due to a current element are circles
centered at points on the axis of the current
element and lying in planes normal to the axis.
Current distributions are of two types: surface currents and volume currents,
depending on whether current flows on a surface like rain water flowing down a
smooth wall or in a volume like rain water flowing down a gutter downspout.
The corresponding current densities are the surface current density and the
volume current density Js, or simply the current density J, having the units of
current crossing unit length (amperes per meter) and current crossing unit area
(amperes per meter squared), respectively.
The current densities are vector quantities, since flow is involved.
From analogy between the electric field due to charge distributions and the
magnetic field due to current distributions:
E due to a point charge and B due to a current element
To find B, we must determine the maximum force qvB that occurs for d equal to
90 by trying out several directions of v, keeping its magnitude constant.
Assume that the test charge does not alter the magnetic field in which it is placed.
B a x a y and a x
Applications
Examples, some of which we discussed in Sections 1.5
and 1.6, are cathode ray tubes, ink-jet printers, electron
microscopes, mass spectrographs, particle accelerators,
and microwave tubes such as klystrons, magnetrons,
and traveling wave tubes.
Interaction between charged particles and fields is the
basis for the study of the electromagnetic properties of
materials and for the study of radio-wave propagation in
gaseous media such as Earths ionosphere, in which the
constituent gasses are partially ionized by the solar
radiation.
F ma m
dv
dt
HW #1
Due 3/XX/2011