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Principles of Antenna
When the conductive wire has alternating current, it can form radiation
of electromagnetic wave, with the radioactive capacity related to the
length and form of the conductive wire.
Principles of Antenna
dipole
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Gain of Antenna
The high gain of the patch antenna is formed by the antenna array of multiple
basic dipoles
Principles of Antenna
Gain of Antenna
The omni radiator assumes that the radiation powers in all directions
are equal. The gain of the antenna in a certain direction is a value of
the field strength generated in this direction over the intensity by the
omni radiator in this direction.
Generally the gain of the antenna has two units: dBd and dBi.
dBi indicates the field strength in the direction of the largest radiation
of the antenna, compared with the reference value of the omni radiator.
The gain of the antenna compared with the 1/2 wavelength dipole is
indicated with dBd.
0dBd=2.15 dBi
Principles of Antenna
Pattern radiation of a
single symmetrical dipole
2.15dB
A omni homogeneous
radiator has the same
radiation in all directions
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Top view
Principles of Antenna
Beamwidth of Antenna
Horizontal pattern
3dB beamwidth
10dB beamwidth
- 3dB point
- 10dB point
120
(eg)
Peak
60 (eg)
- 3dB point
- 10dB point
Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)
Peak
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Vertical pattern
Peak - 10dB
32 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Directional antenna
Omni antenna
Principles of Antenna
At
820
MHz
At
890
MHz
Antenna
dipole
Principles of Antenna
Polarization of Antenna
The field direction of the electromagnetic field of the antenna radiation is the
polarization of the antenna. The NodeB antenna usually applies linear
polarization. With the ground as reference plane, if the field vector is
perpendicular to the ground, it is vertical polarization (VP); if the field vector is
parallel to the ground, it is horizontal polarization (HP). In the case of a dualpolarization antenna, the +45 and -45 orthogonal dual-linear polarization are
adopted.
Vertical
polarization
+ 45 tilted polarization
Horizontal
polarization
- 45 tilted
polarization
Principles of Antenna
Dual-polarization Antenna
V/H
(vertical/horizontal)
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Beam Downtilt
No downtilt
Electrical
downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
Principles of Antenna
F/R Ratio
In the antenna pattern, the ratio of max. value of front and back
lobes is called front/back ratio . The F/R ratio of the outdoor
NodeB antenna is preferably generally larger than 25dB.
Rear power
Front power
Principles of Antenna
The ratio of the signal voltage and the signal current of the
antenna and the feeder connection points, or the two ends of
the feeding points, is called impedance of antenna.
Principles of Antenna
VSWR
Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
VSWR
Reflection coefficient :
||=|(Za-Zo)/(Za+Zo)|
Za: Input impedance
Zo: Antenna standard input impedance
VSWR=(1+||)/(1-||).
RL=-20lg||,
eg:
if VSWR=1.5:1, then RL=-13.98dB.
Principles of Antenna
Principles of Antenna
Content
Principles of Antenna
Model Selection of Antenna
In the case of 65 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the densely populated city areas.
In the case of 95 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the suburban areas.
In the case of 105 width, it is applied mostly in the typical threesector NodeB configuration in the sparsely populated areas.
Downtown of cities
Downtown of cities
The S111 NodeB in downtown of cities generally adopts
antennae with 65 horizontal lob width and 7 to 10
vertical lobe width, with the gain of the antennae ranging
within 15 to 18 dBi. For the S110 or directional singlesector station, the antennae with 65 , 90 or wider
horizontal lobe width. The selection is based on the actual
situation. The selection of vertical lobe and gain is the
same as the S111 station. For omni station, antennae with
small gain and electronic downtilt are selected.
Water surface
Water surface (large lake and sea surface), gobi, and desert
f Directional antenna: If the coverage is relatively open and wide,
In the case of mechanical downtilt antenna, it is tilted when they are installed.
The price is low. It is mostly applied in the scenario with the downtilt angle
smaller than 10.
In the case of electrical downtilt antenna, the price is relatively high, yet with a
larger downtilt range (larger than 10. When the downtilt angle is wide, the
antenna pattern shows no obvious distortion, and the back lobe of the antenna
will also be downtilted at the same time.
In particular, the fixed electrical downtilt antenna with a small angle plus the
mechanical downtilt scheme has advantages in performance and cost, which is
the mainstream option of downtilt.
and the problem of light shadow, it is better to select the first upper side
lobe suppression and the first null fill-in, with large-angle electrical downtilt
or adjustable electrical downtilt antenna.
f In the case of sites higher than the surroundings (e.g., mountain top and
select the electrical downtilt antenna with different angles according to the
different situations.
In rural area
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