11/8/2015

X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

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X.25 What is X.25 Networks?

What Is AdHoc

BY DINESH THAKUR

Network?

Fundamental
Computer

What Is

Networking
Computer

X.25isastandardusedbymanyolderpublicnetworks
speciallyoutsidetheU.S.
This was developed in 1970sby CCITT for providing an
interface between public packetswitched network and
theircustomers.
The packet switching networks use X.25 protocol. The
X.25 recommendations were first prepared in 1976 and
thenrevisedin1978,1980and1984.
X.25wasdevelopedforcomputer connections, used for
terminal/timesharingconnection.
This protocol is based on the protocols used in early
packetswitchingnetworkssuchasARPANET,DATAPAC,
andTRANSPACetc.
X.25PacketSwitchednetworksallowsremotedevicesto
communicate with each other across high speed digital
linkswithouttheexpenseofindividualleasedlines.
AprotocolX.21whichisaphysicallayerprotocolisused
to specify the physical electrical and procedural interface
betweenthehostandnetwork.
The problem with this standard is that it needs digital
signalratherthananalogsignalsontelephonelines.

Wireless Mesh
Network?
What Is

Computer

Network
Comm.
Networks
Network

Wireless Sensor

Tech.
Multiple

Network

Access
Switching

(WSN)?
Ethernet In
The Local Loop
AdHoc
Networks
Routing
Protocols
What Is
Synchronous
Optical
Network

IP Address
Sys

Routing
Services /

App.
Security
Structured
Query (SQL)
Java Script
HTML
Language
Cascading
Style Sheet
C Programming

(SONET)?

(Theory)
C Programming

What Is Metro

(Pratical)
Visual Basic

Ethernet
Networks?
WAN Ethernet

C++
Programming
Java
Programming
Java Servlet

Sonotmanynetworkssupportthisstandard.InsteadRS
232standardisdefined.

Network

Thedatalinklayerstandardhasanumberofvariations.
Itisdesignedforerrordetectionandcorrections.

Equipment

Pages
Computer

LAPF Protocol

Graphics
Electronic

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Type Of WiFi

Java Server

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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

Thenetworklayerprotocolperformstheaddressing,flow
control,deliveryconfirmationetc.

FrameLevel

Commerce
Management

Architecture

(MIS)
Data

It allows the user to establish virtual circuits and send

Types Of

Structures
Software

packets on them. These packets are delivered to the

destinationreliablyandinorder.

Wireless

Engineering
Digital

X.25 is a connection oriented service. It supports

switchedvirtualcircuitsaswellasthepermanentcircuits.

MultiPoint
Architectures

Programming
Database

What Is CTS?

System
Struts 2

Packet Switching is a technique whereby the network

What Is DSL

Tutorial
PHP

routesindividualpacketsofHDLCdatabetweendifferent
destinationsbasedonaddressingwithineachpacket.

(Digital

(Hypertext
Troubleshooting
Preprocessor)

A switched virtual circuit is established between a

computerandnetworkwhenthecomputersendsapacket
to the network requesting to make a call to other
computer.
Packets can then be sent over this connection from
sendertoreceiver.
X.25 provides the flow control, to avoid a fast sender
overridingasloworbusyreceiver.
Apermanentvirtualcircuitisanalogoustoaleasedline.
It is set up in advance with a mutual agreement between
theusers.
Sinceitisalwayspresent,nocallsetupisrequiredforits
use.
In order to allow the computers which do not use the
X.25 to communicate with the X.25 network a packet
assemblerdisassembler(PAD)isused.
PADisrequiredtobeinstalledalongwitheachcomputer
whichdoesnotuseX.25.
X.25 defines the interface for exchange of packets
betweenaDTEandswitchdatasubnetworknode.
ThreeLayersofX.25:
TheX.25interfaceisdefinedatthreelevels:

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Networks

Subscriber
Line)?
What Is Error

Electronics
C#

How to

Follow Us

Detection And
Correction?
What Is ATM
Adaptation
Layer (AAL)?
What Is ATM
(Asynchronous
Transfer
Mode)?
Buffering
What Is
Buffering In
Internet?
Multicasting
What Is
Multicasting?
ISDN Standards
Benefits Of The
Client/Server
Model ?
ISDN User
Interfaces
SIP What Is
The Session
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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

Thethreelevelsare:

Initiation

Protocol (SIP)?

(i)Physicallayer(level1)

What Is BBS
(Bulletin Board

(ii)Datalinklayer(level2)

System)?

(iii)Packetlayer(level3).

Explain The

Features And

These three layers correspond to the three lower most

Form Of

layersoftheISOOSIreferencemodel.Thephysicallayer
takes care of the interface between a computer terminal

Integrated

and the link which attaches it to the packet switching

node.

Services Digital
Network
(ISDN).

The X.25 defines the interface for exchange of packets

between the user's machine (DTE) and the packet
switching node to which this DTE is attached which is
calledasDCE.

Client Process
What Is A
Client Process?
B Channel :

ThethreelayersofX.25interfaceareasshowninFig.(a).

Type Of ISDN

AtthephysicallevelX.21physicalinterfaceisbeingused

Channels

whichisdefinedforcircuitswitcheddatanetwork.Atthe
data link level, X.25 specifies the link access procedureB

Telephone

(LAPB)protocolwhichisasubsetofHDLCprotocol.

Networks
X.25 What Is

X.25 Networks?
Server Process
What Is A
Server Process?
Frame Relay
What Is Frame
Relay?
Token Passing
Protocol
What Is Server?
What Is

At the network level (3rd level), X.25 defines a protocol

foranaccesstopacketdatasubnetwork.

Difference

Thisprotocoldefinestheformat,contentandprocedures
for exchange of control and data transfer packets. The

Network Server

packetlayerprovidesanexternalvirtualcircuitservice.

Server.

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Between

And Dedicated

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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

Fig.(b)showstherelationshipbetweenthelevelsofx'25.
UserdataispasseddowntoX.25level3.

Frequency

This data then appends the control information as a

Multiplexing

headertoformapacket.Thiscontrol.informationisthen
usedintheoperationoftheprotocol.

(FDM)

TheentireX.25packetformedatthepacketlevelisthen
passeddowntothesecondlayeri.e.thedatalinklayer.

What Is Proxy

The control information is appended at the front and

back of the packet forming a LAPB frame. The control

Time Division

informationinLAPBframeisneededfortheoperationof
theLAPBprotocol.

Client Server

This frame is then passed to the physical layer for

transmission.

Multiplexer

Multiplexer?

Division

Proxy Server

Server?

Multiplexing

Architecture

What Is

Type Of
Multiplexer.
ISDN What Is
The ISDN?

VirtualCircuitService
With the X25 packet layer, data are transmitted in
packets over external virtual circuits, The virtual circuit
serviceofX25providesfortwotypesofvirtualcircuits,
The virtual circuitservice of X25 provides for two types
ofvirtualcircuitsi.e."virtualcall"and"permanentvirtual
circuit".
A virtual call is a dynamically established virtual circuit
usingacallsetupandcallclearingprocedure.
A permanent virtual circuit is a fixed, network assigned
virtual circuit. Data transfer takes place as with virtual
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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

calls,butnocallsetuporclearingisrequired.
CharacteristicsofX.25
In addition to the characteristics of the packet switched
network,X.25hasthefollowingcharacteristics:

1.

Multiplelogicalchannelscanbesetonasinglephysical

line
2.

Terminals of different communication speeds can

communicate
3.

The procedure for transmission controls can be

changed.
Multiple Logical Channels can be set on a Single
PhysicalLine
The terminal connected to the packet switched network
cancommunicatewithmultipleterminalsatthesametime
using a single physical line. This makes it possible to set
multiple logical paths called logical channels on a single
physical line. Multiple communications thus takes place
through these logical channels. Based on the X.25 rules,
4096 logical channel can be set on a single physical line.
To enable control of 4096 logical channels there are 16
logical channel groups. Each logical channel group is
divided into 256 logical channels. These channel groups
areknownasLCGN(LogicalChannelGroupNumber)and
LCN(LogicalChannelNumber).

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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

Terminals of Different Communication Speeds

cancommunicate
AsX.25usesthestoreandforwardmethod,therefore,the
communication is possible. In other words, a terminal of
1.2 Kbits/s can communicate with a host computer at
9600 bits/s through the packet switched network. When
the'telephonenetworkoraleasedlineisused,thistypeof
communication cannot be established. In other words, in
theseenvironments,thetransmissionspeedofthesender
shouldbethesameasthatofthereceiver.

The reason that communication between terminals with

different communication speeds is possible is that the
senders and the receivers are not physically connected.
Data transmission from a 1.2 Kbits/s terminal is
temporarily stored in the receiving buffer of the packet
switchednetworkandthedataisthenpassedthroughthe
network and transmitted to the host computer at 9600
bits/s.

By using the above 2 features the network can be

established. By applying a higher line speed to the host
computer than the terminal and setting multiple logical
channels, the number of lines at the computer can be
reduced.

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X.25 - What is X.25 Networks?

The Procedure for Transmission Controls can be

changed
It is possible to change the procedure for transmission
control.AsweknowthatX.25usesthestoreandforward
method, therefore, all data must be once stored in the
packet switched unit. By implementing a protocol
conversion function to the packet switched unit can
connect the devices with different transmission control
(basicprocedureandX.25protocol).Withthehelpofthis
method, any terminal that cannot handle packets cannot
be connected to the packet switched network. A terminal
that cannot handle packets is called an NPT (Nonpacket
modeterminal).

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Dinesh Thakur is a Technology Columinist and founder of Computer Notes and Technology Motivation. Mail Me At
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