En 1994 Workshop Eurocodes Background and Applications

EUROCODES
Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop
18-20 February 2008
Brussels
EN 1994
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of
CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Wednesday, February 20 Palais des Acadmies

EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
Prigogine room
9:00-9:20
General presentation of EN1994
J. Raoul
SETRA
9:20-10:40
Structural analysis and ultimate limit

state
U. Kuhlmann
Universitt Stuttgart
10:40-11:00
Coffee
11:00-12:00
Serviceability limit state
12:00-13:30
Lunch
13:30-14:30
Composite columns
G. Hanswille
Bergische Universitt Wuppertal
14:30-15:40
Composite slabs
S. Hicks
Steel Construction Institute
15:40-16:00
Coffee
16:00-17:30
Composite bridges
All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
G. Hanswille
L. Davaine & J. Raoul

SETRA
GENERAL PRESENTATION OF EN1994

J. Raoul
SETRA
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
EUROCODE 4
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
EUROCODE 4 :
Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
General presentation of Eurocode 4

Jol RAOUL
EN 1994-1-1 : general rules and rules for buildings

EN 1994-1-2 : structural fire design
EN 1994-2 :
general rules and rules for bridges
The general rules valid for bridges from part 1-1 are repeated
in part 2 to get a self sufficient document.
EN 1994-1-1
EUROCODES
Forward
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Annex A
Annex B
Annex C
Forward
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Annex C
General
Common to all EC
Basis of design
Material
Durability
Layout
Structural analysis
common to all EC
ULS
SLS
Composite joints in frames for buildings
Composite slabs for buildings
(informative) Stiffness of joint in buildings
(informative) Standard tests
(informative) Shrinkage of concrete for buildings
EUROCODES
EN 1994-2
EUROCODES
Rules for drafting
General
Basis of design
Material
Durability
Structural analysis
ULS
SLS
Precast concrete slabs in bridges
Composite plates in bridges
Headed studs that cause splitting in the slab
thickness
EUROCODES
The paragraphs specific to buildings are put at the end

to be easily modified.
EN 1994-1-1
Rules for drafting
The paragraphs specific to bridges are added at the end

of the clauses.
EN 1994-2
EUROCODES
Rules for drafting
Scope of EN 1994-1-1
EUROCODES
Avoid cascades of references
Composite members
Composite beams
Composite columns
Composite slabs
Composite joints
EUROCODES
Composite beams
EUROCODES
Composite columns
10
Solid slab
Concrete
encased
Partially encased
Partially encased
Composite
slab
Concrete filled
EUROCODES
Composite slabs
EUROCODES
11
Composite joints
12
EUROCODES
Scope of EN 1994-2
Composite bridges
EUROCODES
13
14
Composite bridges
I girders
Box sections
Cable stayed bridges not fully covered
Composite members
Filler beam decks
Tension members
Composite plates
EUROCODES
Composite members
Filler beam decks
EUROCODES
15
16
transversal
longitudinal
EUROCODES
Tension members
EUROCODES
17
Composite plates
18
EUROCODES
Coordination EC4-EC3 : materials
19
EC4
S 235 S 460
S 235 S 460
+ EN 1993-1-12 (S 690)
Coefficient of
expansion
10 10-6
12 10-6
Concrete
strength
shrinkage
20
Modulus of
elasticity
Coordination EC4-EC3 : design rules
EUROCODES
21
EC4
EC3
Slab : EC4 (same at SLS/ULS)

steel flange : EN 1993-1-5
EN 1993-1-5
(SLS ULS)
EC4
EC2
C20 C60
C12 C90
As in EC2 or annex C
(3,25x10-4 in dry environment)
equal for steel and

concrete
Effective width
EC3
Grade of steel
EUROCODES
Coordination EC4-EC2 : materials
EUROCODES
210 000 (as in EC3)
200 000
equal for steel and reinforcement
Coordination EC4-EC2 : design rules
Design
value
22
EC4
EC2
fcd = fck / C
fcd = cc fck / C
0.85 is a calibration factor of Mpl,Rd
Effective
width
Shear
Vertical shear resistance of the cracked slab in EC2 has been modified
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND ULTIMATE

LIMIT STATE
U. Kuhlmann
Institute of Structural Design


Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann
A short introduction
Design of composite beams
according to Eurocode 4-1-1
Main Fields: Steel, Timber and Composite
Lecture:
Pfaffenwaldring 7
70569 Stuttgart
Germany
Ultimate Limit States
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann
Phone
+49 711 685 66245
fax
+49 711 685 66236
Email
sekretariat@ke.uni-stuttgart.de
http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/ke/
Germany


Design of composite beams according to Eurocode 4-1-1

Contents
1 - SCOPE
2 - SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Car park,
Messe Stuttgart
3 - METHODS OF GLOBAL ANALYSIS
Part 1:
SCOPE
4 - VERIFICATION FOR BENDING AND SHEAR FOR ULS

5 - SHEAR CONNECTION


Definitions according EN 1994-1-1 [1.5.2]

COMPOSITE BEHAVIOUR
COMPOSITE MEMBER
composite beam
a structural member with components of concrete and of structural or cold-formed
steel beam with concrete slab
steel, interconnected by shear connection so as to limit the longitudinal slip between

concrete and steel and the separation of one component from the other
SHEAR CONNECTION
an interconnection between the concrete and steel components of a composite
member that has sufficient strength and stiffness to enable the two components to be
designed as parts of a single structural member
COMPOSITE BEAM
a composite member subjected mainly to bending
1 Scope
1 Scope
composite behaviour
no composite behaviour
acting as one section
acting as two individual sections


Materials according EN 1994-1-1 [ 3]

TYPICAL COMPOSITE BEAMS
concrete
CONCRETE
> C 20/25; LC 20/25
reinforcement
< C 60/75; LC 60/75

REINFORCEMENT
Acc. EN 1992-1-1 3.2
Seite 4 von Hanswille einfgen
strength: 400 N/mm2 fy,k 600 N/mm2

ductility: 1,05 (ft/fy)k 1,35
structural steel
STRUCTURAL STEEL
fy 460
N/mm2
connecting devices
CONNECTING DEVICES
[Source: Hanswille]
Headed stud shear connector acc. EN 13918

1 Scope
1 Scope


Characteristics
Non-linear material behaviour

Influence of erection and load history
Part 2:
source:[ESDEP]
source:[ESDEP]
Influence of creep and shrinkage
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
Influence of composite interaction
OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
2 Specific characteristics of structural analysis



Cross-section
Cross-section
at support
in span
at support
in span
q4
q4
q3
q3
q2
q2
M
q1
w
w
w1
w2
w3
w4
M
q1
w
w
M-pl,Rd
M+pl,Rd
w1
q1
w2
w3
w4
first cracking (concrete slab) at support
w
M-pl,Rd
M+pl,Rd



Cross-section
Cross-section
at support
in span
at support
in span
q4
q4
q3
q3
q2
q2
M
q1
w
w1
q2
w2
w3
q1
w
w
M-pl,Rd
w4
w3
w4
M+pl,Rd
first plastic hinge M-pl.Rd at support
q3

w2
w1
M+pl,Rd
first yielding (steel section) at support
w
M-pl,Rd


Cross-section
at support
in span
Dcfcd
q4
q4
q3
M+
Cross-section in span
pl,Rd
q2
Cross-section at support
q3
fyd
M-pl,Rd
M+pl,Rd
q2
fsd
q1
w
w
w1
w2
w3
q1
+
N
M-pl,Rd
w4
M+pl,Rd
fyd
M-pl,Rd
fyd
q4
last plastic hinge M+pl.Rd in span


ql2
q=
Mpl,F
12,0
q4 = qpl
10,0
load level q3
'q
8,0
Mpl,St
6,0
load level q4= qpl
4,0
q3
2,0
Mpl,St
Kpl =
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Mpl,St
Mpl,F
Mpl,F
1,0
High efficiency of plastic hinge theory due to difference of plastic bending moment in span
[Source: Hanswille]
and at support - requires rotation capacity of section with first plastic hinge (at support)


Classes 1 and 2
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Class 3
Classification with partial concrete

encasement
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
Reinforcement in tension flanges

3 spans
R = 900 m
Example:
Bridge Arminiusstrae in Dortmund
- erection steel structure
[Source: Hanswille]



Raising at inner supports
Example:
Bridge Arminiusstrae in Dortmund
- raising at inner supports
- scaffolding hanging at steel structure
- concreting and hardening of concrete
- lowering at inner supports
- finalizing (pavement etc.)
- traffic opening
[Source: Hanswille]


The bending capacity Mpl,Rd is

independent of the loading
A
unpropped construction
history in case of Class 1 or

Class 2 cross sections
propped construction
Using Class 3 or Class 4 cross

sections the elastic behaviour of
propped construction +
the loading history has to be
jacking of props
taken into account in ULS
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
Due to creep and shrinkage:
The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete result in internal forces in cross sections, and
curvatures and longitudinal strains in members
For statically determinate structures:
only external deformations
For Class 1 and 2 sections
bending capacity independent of creep and shrinkage
For Class 3 and 4 sections
creep and shrinkage has to be considered
[Source: Hanswille]


e
MR
Ncf
normal force in the concrete slab
Nc=0
due to Mpl,Rd
A
C
Mpl,Rd
MRd MEd
B
B
[Source: Hanswille]
Mpl,a,Rd
In statically indeterminate structures the primary effects of shrinkage and creep are
associated with additional action effects, such that the total effects are compatible;
hi
These shall be classified as secondary effects and shall be considered as indirect
1,0
h=
Nc
Ncf
actions in any case
K...degree of shear connections
[Source: Hanswille]


e
MR
Ncf
normal force in the concrete slab
A
C
Mpl,Rd
Bridge crossing Mosel

at Bernkastel-Kues
Nc=0
due to Mpl,Rd
K= 0
no shear connection acting as 2

independent sections
partial shear connection acting as
MRd MEd
0 < K< 1 one section with slip at interface

bending resistance depending on
shear connection
Mpl,a,Rd
Part 3:
K= 1 full shear connection acting as

one section without slip full
A
hi
1,0
h=
Nc
METHODS OF GLOBAL ANALYSIS
plastic resistance Mpl,Rd
Ncf


Structural stability
Bridge crossing Mosel
at Bernkastel-Kues
Portal frames w/ shallow roof

slopes
Beam-and-column type plane
frames
General case
cr
F cr
F Ed
t 10
undeformed
geometry
D cr
5.2.1(3)
deformed geometry
based on elastic theory

Rigid plastic analysis
Stresses based on elastic theory
3 Methods of global analysis
t 10
5.2.1(4)B
Calculation of action effects
H Ed h
V

Ed G H ,Ed
3 alternatives of
verification


3 alternatives of verification
Second-order analysis
of whole system
Global second-order analysis +

individual stability check of
members
EN 1994-1-1 5.2.2 (3)

EN 1994-1-1 6.7.3.6 / 7
EN 1994-1-1
5.2.2 (6) b)
and 5.2.2 (6) c)
Equivalent column method
of whole system
w0
Only for steel columns:

EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2 (3) c)
5.2.2 (8)
accounting for
global and local
imperfections
w0
I0



members
including global imperfections
neither global nor local

imperfections
Individual stability check of

members acc. to EN 1994-1-1
6.7.3.4 or 6.7.3.5
Equivalent column
method for member acc.
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1/2/3
Buckling length = system length
Buckling length by global

eigenvalue determination


Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory
of whole system
accounting for
global and local
imperfections

members
including global imperfections
neither global nor local

imperfections
Individual stability check of

members acc. to EN1994-1-1
6.7.3.4 or 6.7.3.5
Equivalent column
method for member acc.
EN 1993-1-1 6.3.1/2/3
Buckling length = member length
Buckling length by global

eigenvalue determination
[Source: Hanswille]

Calculation of action effects based on elastic theory - General method

[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Relation
Classification - method of global analysis - resistance
[Source: Hanswille]

Rigid plastic global analysis may be used for ultimate limit
[Source: Hanswille]

Limitation of span ratio:
Beam with single load and

rotation requirements at span:
state verifications other than fatigue, where second-order
zpl
effects do not have to be considered and provided that all the

members and joints of the frame are steel or composite, the
Le
Li
steel material satisfies ductility requirements EN 1993-1-1,

the cross-sections of steel members have sufficient
rotation capacity and the joints are able to sustain their
h
Lmax
0pl,Rd
Lmin
plastic resistance moments for a sufficient rotation capacity.
exterior span:
Fd
Le < 1,15 Li
qd
interior span: Lmax/Lmin 1,50

L
zpl
h
[Source: Hanswille]
0,15
if
Fd
Fd + qd L
> 0,5


Where rigid-plastic global analysis is used, at each plastic hinge location:
For composite beams in buildings, the rotation capacity may be assumed to be sufficient where:
a)
a)
the grade of structural steel does not exceed S355,
b)
the contribution of any reinforced concrete encasement in compression is neglected when calculating
the design resistance moment,
c)
all effective cross-sections at plastic hinge locations are in Class1; and all other effective crosssections are in Class1 or Class2,
d)
each beam-to-column joint has been shown to have sufficient design rotation capacity, or to have a
design resistance moment at least 1,2 times the design plastic resistance moment of the connected
beam,
the cross-section of the structural steel section shall be symmetrical about a plane parallel to the
plane of the web or webs,
b)
the proportions and restraints of steel components shall be such that lateral-torsional buckling
does not occur,
c)
lateral restraint to the compression flange shall be provided a tall hinge locations at which plastic
rotation may occur under any load case,
d)
the rotation capacity shall be sufficient, when account is taken of any axial compression in the
member or joint, to enable the required hinge rotation to develop and
e)
where rotation requirements are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have
effective cross-sections of Class 1 at plastic hinge locations.

e)
adjacent spans do not differ in length by more than 50% of the shorter span,
f)
end spans do not exceed 115% of the length of the adjacent span,
g)
in any span in which more than half of the total design load for that span is concentrated within a length
of one-fifth of the span, then at any hinge location where the concrete slab is in compression, not more
than 15% of the overall depth of the member should be in compression; this does not apply where it
can be shown that the hinge will be the last to form in that span,
h)
the steel compression flange at a plastic hinge location is laterally restrained.

[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]


Modular ratios taking into account effects of creep
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]



Elastic cross section properties taking into account creep
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Primary effects due to shrinkage
Primary effects due to shrinkage
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
Part 4:
VERIFICATION FOR BENDING AND SHEAR
FOR ULTIMATE LIMITE STATE

General
Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections
Lateral torsional buckling
4 Verification for bending and shear for ULS

General - Basis of design
Ultimate limit
state:
Serviceabilitliy
limit state:

Ed Rd
Partial safety factor for concrete

JC according to EN 1992-1-1 e.g. JC = 1.5
Ed Cd
Partial safety factor for reinforcement steel

JS according to EN 1992-1-1 e.g. JS= 1.15
Rd=Mpl,Rd
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]

Partial safety factor for structural steel

J0a according to EN 1993-1-1 e.g. JM0 = 1.0

General - Required verifications for composite beams
[Source: Hanswille]

General - Required verifications for composite beams

General Critical cross section
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]

General Effective width

General Effective width of concrete flanges
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
General Non-linear bending resistance

[Source: Hanswille]
Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - classification

Reduction of plastic bending resistance
[Source: Hanswille]
Classification girders
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Reduction of plastic bending resistance

1,0
0,5
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - Full and partial shear connection

Resistance of class 1 and 2 sections - Partial shear connection - general
design resistance of studs

[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Partial shear connection determination of moment resistance
Partial shear connection determination of moment resistance
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]


Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections - class 4
Resistance of class 3 and 4 sections - class 3
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]


Class 4 Determination of stresses
Cross section: class 4 bending resistance (method I)
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]

Resistance to vertical shear
Resistance to vertical shear
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]


Lateral torsional buckling

Method I Interaction of bending and shear
[Source: Hanswille]

[Source: Hanswille]
Lateral torsional buckling reduction factor

Lateral torsional buckling elastic critical bending moment
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]

Lateral torsional buckling simplified verification

Lateral torsional buckling stabilizing forces on lateral frames
[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]


Lateral torsional buckling without direct calculation
Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]

Longitudinal shear forces

Determination of longitudinal shear forces
Full and partial shear connection
Requirements for shear connectors
Headed studs
Headed studs
Head studs as shear connector
Horizontally lying studs
Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting
Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab
Part 5:
Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
SHEAR CONNECTION
5 Shear connection

5 Shear connection

Determination of longitudinal shear forces - general
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

Determination of longitudinal shear forces - by simplified method for Nc

Partial shear connection determination of longitudinal shear forces
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

Requirements for shear connection uniformly distribution

M
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

Requirements for shear connection minimum degree
qd
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
Requirements for shear connection ductility


Headed studs
Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Headed studs

Headed studs typical load-slip behaviour
Pw
PZ
PB
PR
flash
flash
stud inclination
stud bending
friction
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Headed studs typical load-slip behaviour

Headed studs design shear resistance

d
fu
fck
Ecm
a
JV
[Source: Hanswille]
diameter of stud shank 16 d 25mm

specified ultimate tensile strength of the stud
material fu 500 N/mm
cylinder strength of concrete
secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
=0.2 [(h/d)+1]
for 3 h/d 4
=1.0
for h/d > 4
=1.5 partial safety factor concrete failure
=1.25 partial safety factor steel failure
[Source:
EC4-1
& Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Headed studs detailing

Headed studs uplift forces

[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection


Horizontally lying studs examples
Horizontally lying studs examples
cast-in-place concrete
prefabricated
concrete slab
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection


Horizontally lying studs failure modes and position
Horizontally lying studs load resistance for longitudinal shear

middle position
Longitudinal shear
due to beam bending
Concrete edge
failure
Longitudinal
shear
section A-A
edge position
Vertical shear
due to vertical beam support
Splitting
failure
PRd ,L
Middle position
0 .4
a / s 0.3
stirrups
Jv
Td
0.3 PRd ,L
19 d 25 mm
ar
effective edge distance
d diameter of the stud shank

h overall height of the stud
h/d 4
kv
ar = ar cv - s/2 50 mm
factor for position of shear connection
s spacing of stirrups
a/2 s a
Vertical shear
Edge position
1.4 kv fck d a'r
Jv
kv = 1
edge position
kv = 1.4
middle position
partial factor 1.25
s/ar 3
s diameter of stirrups
s 8 mm
l diameter of longitudinal reinforment l 10 mm
[Source: EN1994-2]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Horizontally lying studs load resistance for vertical shear

middle position
section A-A
0.012 fck l
PRd ,V
0.5 d a / s 0.4 s0.3 a'r ,o 0.7 kv

Jv


edge position
a spacing of studs
110 a 440 mm
h overall height of the stud
h 100 mm
Interaction:
Fd ,L
P
Rd ,L
1 .2
F
d ,V
PRd ,V
1 .2
d1
s diameter of stirrups
s 12 mm
l diameter of longitudinal reinforment
l 16 mm
[Source: EN1994-2]
5 Shear connection
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection

Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting load-slip behaviour

Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting load resistance

[Source: Hanswille]
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Headed studs used with profiled steel sheeting load resistance


Headed studs

Part 5:
SHEAR CONNECTION
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
5 Shear connection

Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab - determination

Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab strut-and-tie model
Slab in compression
Slab in tension
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection


Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab shear plane
Acknowledgement
and many thanks to
section a-a:
Acv= hc av
section b-b, c-c, d-d:
Acv = Lv av
with Lv = Lb-b, Lc-c, Ld-d

section
My co-workers
Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Dipl.-Ing. Gunter Hauf
Gerhard Hanswille
Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Konrad

Dipl.-Ing. Ana Obolt
for allowance
Dipl.-Ing. Lars Rlle
to base on his ppt - presentation
Dipl.-Ing. Markus Rybinski
prepared for lectures in Riga
for their support
in 2006
[Source: Hanswille]
5 Shear connection


Literature
Thank you very much

for your kind attention !
Bode, H.: Euro-Verbundbau, Konstruktion und Berechnung, publisher Werner Verlag, Dsseldorf, 1998
Deutsches Institut fr Bautechnik: Slim-Floor Trger mit UPE-Profilen, Allgemeine bauaufsichtliche Zulassung
Nr. Z-26.2-48, Technical Approval, 2005.
DIN 18800-5: Steel structures Part 5: Composite structures of steel and concrete Design and Construction, German
Standard, 2006.
DIN EN 1994-1-1: Design of composite steel and concrete structures: General rules and rules for buildings, European
Standard, 2002
Hanswille, G., Schfer, M., Verbundtragwerke aus Stahl und Beton, Bemessung und Konstruktion - Kommentar zu DIN V
188000 Teil 5 Ausgabe November 2004, Stahlbaukalender 2005, editor Ulrike Kuhlmann, publisher Verlag Ernst &
Sohn, Berlin
Institute for Structural Design
Steel, Timber and Composite Structures

Pfaffenwaldring 7
70569 Stuttgart
Phone
Fax
Email

Hanswille G.: The new German design code for composite bridges,
Engineering Foundation Conferences Composite Construction V, South Africa, Juli 2004
Hanswille G., Bergmann R.: New design methods for composite columns including high strength steel,
Hanswille G., Piel W.: Composite shear head systems for improved punshing shear resistance of flat slabs,
+49 711 685 66245

+49 711 685 66236
sekretariat@ke.uni-stuttgart.de
Literature
Breuninger, U.; Kuhlmann, U.: Tragverhalten und Tragfhigkeit liegender Kopfbolzendbel unter
Lngsschubbeanspruchung, Stahlbau 70, p. 835-845, 2001.
Breuninger, U.: Zum Tragverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendbel unter Lngsschubbeanspruchung, PhD-Thesis, Universitt
Stuttgart, Mitteilung Nr. 2000-1, 2000.
Kuhlmann, U.; Breuninger, U.: Behaviour of horizontally lying studs with longitudinal shear force, In: Hajjar, J.F., Hosain, M.,
Easterling, W.S. and Shahrooz, B.M. (eds), Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete IV, American Society of
Civil Engineers, p.438-449, 2002.
Kuhlmann, U.; Krschner, K.: Structural behaviour of horizontally lying shear studs, In: Leon, R.T. and Lange, J. (eds),
Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete V, American Society of Civil Engineers, p.534-543, 2006.
Kuhlmann, U.; Rieg, A.; Hauf, G.; Effective Width Of Composite Girders With Reduced Height, Prof. Aribert - Symposium, July
2006, Institut National des Sciences Appliques (Rennes), France, 2006.
Krschner, K.; Kuhlmann, U.: Trag- und Ermdungsverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendbel unter Quer- und Lngsschub,
Stahlbau 73, p.505-516, 2004.
Krschner, K.: Trag- und Ermdungsverhalten liegender Kopfbolzendbel im Verbundbau, PhD-Thesis, Universitt Stuttgart,
Mitteilung Nr. 2003-4, 2003.
Raichle, J.: Fatigue behaviour and application of horizontally lying shear studs, In: 6th International PhD Symposium in Civil
Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006.
Rybinski, M.: Structural behaviour of steel to concrete joints on basis of the component method, In: 6th International PhD
Symposium in Civil Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 2006.
Hanswille G., Porsch M.: Load introduction in composite columns with concrete filled hollow sections,
Roik, K., Bergmann, R., Haensel, J., Hanswille, G. Verbundkonstruktionen: Bemessung auf der Grundlage des Eurocode 4
Teil 1, Betonkalender 1993, publisher Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
G. Hanswille
Contents
Eurocodes
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4
Serviceability limit states of
composite beams
Part 1:
Introduction
Part 2:
Global analysis for serviceability limit states
Part 3:
Crack width control
Part 4:
Deformations
Part 5:
Limitation of stresses
Part 6:
Vibrations
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal
Germany
1
Serviceability limit states
G. Hanswille
characteristic combination:
Ed = E Gk, j + Pk + Qk,1 + 0,i Qk,i
frequent combination:
Ed = E Gk, j + Pk + 1,1 Qk,1 + 2,i Qk,i
quasi-permanent combination:
Ed = E Gk, j + Pk + 2,i Qk,i
Limitation of deflections
G. Hanswille
{
{
serviceability limit states

Ed Cd:
- deformation
- crack width
- excessive compressive stresses in concrete
crack width control
Cd=
vibrations
web breathing
3
G. Hanswille
- excessive slip in the interface between steel

and concrete
- excessive creep deformation
- web breathing
- vibrations
Global analysis - General
G. Hanswille
Calculation of internal forces, deformations and stresses at

serviceability limit state shall take into account the following
effects:
Part 2:
Global analysis for serviceability limit states
shear lag;
inelastic behaviour of steel and reinforcement, if any;
creep and shrinkage of concrete;

cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete;
sequence of construction;
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete
interaction due to slip of shear connection;
torsional and distorsional warping, if any.
G. Hanswille
Shear lag- effective width

shear lag
real stress distribution
bei
< 0,2
bi
bei
m ax
(y)
y
( y ) = max 1
bi
max
m ax
Le=0,25 (L1 + L2) for beff,2

4
G. Hanswille
Effective width of concrete flanges
Le=0,85 L1 for beff,1
be,1 bo be,2
Le=2L3 for beff,2
Le=0,70 L2 for beff,1
b1
bo
b2
5 bei
be
stresses taking into

account the effective
width
y
bei
max
The flexibility of steel or

concrete flanges affected by
shear in their plane (shear
lag) shall be used either by
rigorous analysis, or by using
an effective width be
L1
bi
(y)
L1/4
bei
0,2
bi
L1/4
L2/4
L2/2
L2/4
midspan regions and

internal supports:
beff,2
beff,1
y
( y ) = R + [max R ] 1
bi
bi
L1/2
beff,0
R = 1,25 ei 0,2 max

bi
L3
L2
beff,1
beff,2
end supports:
beff = b0 + be,1+be,2
beff = b0 + 1 be,1+2 be,2
be,i= Le/8
i = (0,55+0,025 Le/bi) 1,0
Le equivalent length
G. Hanswille
Effects of creep of concrete
Mc,o
-zi,c
-Nc,o
Nc,r
ML
zi,st
Mst,o
Mst,r
Nst,o
-Nst,r
L=PT
time-dependent action effects developing affine to the creep coefficient
L=S
action effects caused by shrinkage of concrete
L=D
action effects due to prestressing by imposed deformations (e.g. jacking of

supports)
time dependent action
effects ML=MPT:
MPT(t)
MPT (t=)
The effects of shrinkage and creep of concrete and non-uniform changes of

temperature result in internal forces in cross sections, and curvatures and
longitudinal strains in members; the effects that occur in statically determinate
structures, and in statically indeterminate structures when compatibility of the
deformations is not considered, shall be classified as primary effects.
MD
(ti,to) (t,to)
(t,to)
ML=MD
ast
-zic,L
zc
zist,L
zi,L
Elastic cross-section properties of the

composite section taking into account creep
effects
G. Hanswille
zst
Modular ratios:
-zis,L
centroidal axis of the transformed

composite section
action
short term loading
no =
-zic,L
ast
centroidal axis of the steel section

(structural steel and reinforcement)
nL = no [ 1+ L ( t, t o ) ]
zist,L
zc
zi,L
zst
Ea
Ecm
+
10
centroidal axis of the concrete section
zis,L
action effects caused by

prestressing due to imposed
deformation ML=MD:
MPT(ti)
9
Modular ratios taking into account

effects of creep
G. Hanswille
In the following the different types of loading and action effects are distinguished by a
subscript L :
L=P
for permanent action effects not changing with time
-Mc,r
ast
Effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete
Types of loading and action effects:
redistribution of the sectional

forces due to creep
Initial sectional
forces
primary effects
centroidal axis of the

concrete section
composite section
steel section
G. Hanswille
Modular ratio taking into

account creep effect:
nL =n0 (1+ L ( t, t0 ) )
no =
Est
Ecm ( to )
Transformed cross-section properties of Distance between the centroidal axes of

the concrete and the composite section:
the concrete section:
creep multiplier
A c,L = A c / nL
=0
permanent action not changing in time
P=1,10
shrinkage
S=0,55
prestressing by controlled imposed deformations
D=1,50
time-dependent action effects
PT=0,55
Jc,L = Jc / nL
Transformed cross-section area of the

composite section:
A i,L =A St +A c,L
11
zic,L = A st ast /A i,L
Second moment of area of the

composite section:
J i,L = Jst + Jc,L + A st A c,L a2st / A i,L
12
G. Hanswille
Effects of cracking of concrete and tension

stiffening of concrete between cracks
Ns
mean strain sm=s,2- s,r
c(x)
fct,eff
s Es
s =
c(x)
s(x)
= 0,4
Nsy
s = s,r
sr,1
sr,2
s(x)
fully
cracked
section
s,r
sm,y
Ns
sy
sm
uncracked section
initial crack formation
stabilised crack formation
Na
Na = Ns
compatibility:
sm = a + a
sm +
s,r
c(x)
s= s,r
s,2
s,m
s(x)
fct
Ec
Ma = M Ns a
mean strain in the concrete slab:
Ns
s,2 = s2
Es
stage A:
stage B:
stage C:
za
equilibrium:
Ma
Nsm
Ns,cr
s,2
Ms0
c(x)
s = A s / A c
sm
Ns
zs
G. Hanswille
Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on

stresses in reinforcement
Ns a2 M a
Ns
+
=
Ea A a Ea A a Ea Ja
mean strain in the concrete

slab:
s
sm = s2 sr =
fct,eff
Ns
Es A s
s Es
13
14
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Stresses taking into account tension stiffening of
concrete
Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension
stiffening
tension stiffening
fully cracked section
-zst,s
-Ms,2
zst,a
z2=zst
A J
st = st st
A a Ja
-Ma,2
f
A
Nts = ct,eff s
s st
Ns
-Nts
Ns = Ns2 + Nts = MEd
J
Ms = MEd s
Jst
Ns
Ns,2
Na = Na2 Nts = MEd
MEd
zst
Jst
A a z st,a
Jst
Nts
Ja
+ Nts a
Jst
s =
-Ms
a
zst
-Ma
-Na
-M
Est J1
EstJ1
EstJ2
MR
-Na,2
MRn
-MEd
-Ma
-Nts
-Na
structural steel:
fctm
s st
a = a,2
MEd
f
z st,s + ctm
Jst
s st
a =
Nts
Nts a
+
za
Aa
Ja
MEd
Nts
Nts a
z st
+
za
Jst
Aa
Ja
st =
A st Jst
A a Ja
Nts =
fctm A s
s st
16
G. Hanswille
Effects of cracking of concrete - General
method according to EN 1994-1-1
EaJ1
EaJ2
M
Ma
M Ns a
=
=
Est I2,ts Est Ja
Est Ja
cracked flexural stiffness
L1
Effective flexural
stiffness:
Ea Ja
(N Ns, ) a
1 s
M
Determination of internal forces by uncracked analysis for the characteristic

combination.
un-cracked flexural stiffness
EaJ1
L1,cr
L2,cr
EaJ2
L2
EaJ1
M
Est J2,ts
EstJ2
EstJ2,ts
Curvature:
Est J2,ts =
EJ
Nts a
15
G. Hanswille
-Ma,2
reinforcement:
s = s,2 +
Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness
sm
zst,a
za
+ Nts
-Ms
-Na
Ma = Ma2 + Nts a = MEd
Ns
Ns
Nts
-Ms,2
-zst,s
-MEd
Jst = J2
A s z st,s
tension stiffening
Ns,2
-Ma
Sectional forces:
Nts
Ns
-Ms
Nts a
-Na,2
Ns
fully cracked
Nts
Ns,2
EstJ1 uncracked section

EstJ2 fully cracked section
EstJ2,ts effective flexural
stiffness taking into
account tension
stiffening of concrete
Determination of the cracked regions

with the extreme fibre concrete tensile
stress c,max= 2,0 fct,m.
Reduction of flexural stiffness to EaJ2 in
the cracked regions.
New structural analysis for the new
distribution of flexural stiffness.
M Redistribution of
bending moments due to
cracking of concrete
un-cracked analysis
cracked analysis
17
18
G. Hanswille
Effects of cracking of concrete

simplified method
L1
EaJ1
L2
0,15 L1
0,15 L2
EaJ2
MII
Lmin / Lmax 0,6
G. Hanswille
For continuous composite beams with

the concrete flanges above the steel
section and not pre-stressed, including
beams in frames that resist horizontal
forces by bracing, a simplified method
may be used. Where all the ratios of
the length of adjacent continuous
spans (shorter/longer) between
supports are at least 0,6, the effect of
cracking may be taken into account by
using the flexural stiffness Ea J2 over
15% of the span on each side of each
internal support, and as the uncracked values Ea J1 elsewhere.
Part 3:
Limitation of crack width
19
20
G. Hanswille
Control of cracking
General considerations
Exposure
class
minimum reinforcement
If crack width control is required, a minimum amount of bonded
reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension due to
restraint and or direct loading is expected. The amount may be estimated
from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and the tensile force in the reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if
necessary to limit the crack width. According to Eurocode 4-1-1 the
minimum reinforcement should be placed, where under the characteristic
combination of actions, stresses in concrete are tensile.
Exposure classes according to EN 1992-1-1

(risk of corrosion of reinforcement)
Class
Description of environment
for concrete without reinforcement, for
concrete with reinforcement : very dry
prestressed members with

bonded tendons
quasi - permanent
load combination
frequent load combination
0,4 mm (1)
XC2, XC3,XC4
0,3 mm
decompression
(1) For XO and XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on
durability and this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In
absence of appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
(2) For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be
checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
21
22
G. Hanswille
Cracking of concrete (initial crack formation)
Ns
Ns
concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity
Corrosion induced by carbonation
dry or permanently wet
concrete inside buildings with low air humidity
XC2
wet, rarely dry
concrete surfaces subjected to long term water contact, foundations
XC3
moderate humidity
external concrete sheltered from rain
XC4
cyclic wet and dry
s
c
Les
concrete surfaces subject to water contact not within class XC2
Corrosion induced by chlorides
XD1
moderate humidity
concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides
XD2
wet, rarely dry
swimming pools, members exposed to industrial waters containing

chlorides
XD3
cyclic wet and dry
car park slabs, pavements, parts of bridges exposed to spray containing
c,1
exposed to airborne salt
structures near to or on the coast
XS2
permanently submerged
parts of marine structures
XS3
tidal, splash and spray zones
parts of marine structures
Les
s
c,1
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
XS1
G. Hanswille
Examples
XC1
0,2 mm
0,2 mm (2)
XD1,XD2,XS1,
XS2,XS3
no risk of corrosion or attack
XO
reinforced members, prestressed

members with unbonded tendons
and members prestressed by
controlled imposed deformations
XO, XC1
control of cracking due to direct loading

Where at least the minimum reinforcement is provided, the limitation of
crack width for direct loading may generally be achieved by limiting bar
spacing or bar diameters. Maximum bar spacing and maximum bar
diameter depend on the stress s in the reinforcement and the design
crack width.
G. Hanswille
Recommended values for wmax
Les
s,1
Les
s =
23
Les
s A s = s,1 A s + c,1 A c
Compatibility at the end of the introduction
length:
s,1 = c,1 s,1 = c,1

Es
Ec
E
n
no = s
s,1 = s s o
Ec
1+ s no
Change of stresses in reinforcement
due to cracking:
s
s = s s,1 =
1+ s n o
Ns,r = fctm A c (1+ s no )
s,2
s,1
Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
As
Ac
As cross-section area of reinforcement

s reinforcement ratio
fctm mean value of tensile strength of concrete
24
Cracking of concrete introduction length
Determination of the mean strains of

G. Hanswille
reinforcement and concrete in the stage of initial
crack formation
G. Hanswille
Ns
Ns
s = s s,1 =
s
c
Les
Les
c,1
Les
s,m =
L es =
Les
s,m
s =
As
Ac
s ds
1
4 sm 1+ no s
cr
Les
s ( x ) =
4 x
s ( x ) dx
Us 0
Mean strains in reinforcement and concrete:

s,1
c,1
Les
Les
1 Les
s( x) dx
Les 0
s sm
s
s(x)
Mean stress in the reinforcement:
sm =
s,m
1 LEs
s ( x ) dx 1,8 fctm
L es o
s,m = s s =
w = 2 Les (sm cm )
s,m = s,2 s,cr

c,m = cr
25
G. Hanswille
Determination of initial crack width
s,cr
c(x)
Les
E
no = s
Ec
crack width
-perimeter of the bar

-cross-section area
-reinforcement ratio
-mean bond strength
s(x)
c,m
introduction length LEs
s,1
sm s,2 Us
As
s
sm
s,1
Ns
s
1+ s no
L es Us sm = s A s
d2s
L es ds sm = s
4
Mean bond strength:
Ns
Equilibrium in longitudinal direction
Les
c,1
Change of stresses in reinforcement

due to cracking:
26
G. Hanswille
Maximum bar diameters acc. to EC4
w
Ns
crack width
Ns
s,m s(x)
w = 2 L es (sm cm )
s,2
s,cr
c(x)
c,m
s
[N/mm2]
s,m cm = (1 ) s,2
cr
L es =
Les
Les
s
s ds
1
4 sm 1+ no s
sm 1,8 fctm
s s
s,m
s,1
c,1
Les
Les
w=
(1 ) 2s ds
1
2 sm Es 1+ no s
32
25
32
25
16
240
20
16
12
280
16
12
320
12
10
360
10
400
450
for long term loading and

repeated loading
(1 ) 2s ds
1
2 sm E s 1+ no s
2s ds
6 fct,m E s
Maximum bar diameter for a

required crack width w:
ds = w
2 sm Es ( 1+ no s )
2s (1 )
With sm= 1,8 fct,mo and the reference

value for the mean tensile strength of
concrete fctm,o= 2,9 N/mm2 follows:
d*s = w k
d*s 6
3,6 fctm,o Es ( 1+ no s )
2s (1 )
w k fctm,o E s
2s
Crack width for stabilised crack formation
The maximum crack spacing sr,max in the

stage of stabilised crack formation is twice
the introduction length Les.
s,2 = s
Es
s(x)
A f
f
s,m = s,2 c ctm = s,2 ctm
Es A s
E s s
fct
Ec
f
cm = ctm
Ec
sr,min= Les
for short term loading
sm cm =
G. Hanswille
w
Ns
s,m = s,2 s
s(x)- c(x)
c(x)
= 0,6
40
200
w=
28
Mean strain of reinforcement and

concrete:
s2
Es
sr,max= 2 Les
160
G. Hanswille
w = sr,max ( sm cm )
s(x)
fct
Ec
wk= 0,2
Crack width for high bond bars
w
Ns
s,2 =
wk= 0,3
Crack width w:
27
Crack width for stabilised crack formation
wk= 0,4
= 0,4
with = 0,6 for short term loading und

= 0,4 for long term loading
maximum bar diameter ds for
s(x)- c(x)
c(x)
fctm ds
f
A
Les = ctm c =
Us sm s 4 sm
maximum crack width for sr= sr,max
sr,max= 2 Les
s
f
ctm (1 + no s )
Es
E s s
= 0,4 for long term loading and

repeated loading
29
sr,min= Les
= 0,6
= 0,4
for long term loading and

repeated loading
f d
f
w = ctm s s ctm (1 + no s )
2 sm s Es
s E s
30
Determination of the cracking moment Mcr and

the normal force of the concrete slab in the
stage of initial cracking
G. Hanswille
Crack width and crack spacing according

Eurocode 2
Crack width
= 0,6
= 0,4

for long term loading and repeated loading
sr,max = 3,4 c + k1 k 2 0,425
ds
s
zio zi,st
k2
Mc,
Nc,
c- concrete cover
]z
]z
ic,o (1+ hc
no Jio
no Jio
Ncr =
A c ( fct,eff c, ) (1+ s no )
1+ hc /( 2 z o )
G. Hanswille
zo
hc
zo
Mcr
Nc+s
Ncr A c fctm k s k k c
zi,st
32
G. Hanswille
Mc,
Nc
Mcr
cracking
moment
zi,o
A c c, (1+ s no )
1+ hc /(2 z o )
A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 )
Determination of minimum reinforcement
simplified solution for the normal

force in the concrete slab:
+ Nc + s,
kc, 0,3
Nc + s,
Mc
Mc+s
/( 2 z o )
A co z o + A s zis
+ Nc + s,
Jio
Ncr = Mcr
kc
1
Ncr = A c fct,eff (1 + s n0 )
1 + hc /( 2 z o )
coefficient which takes into account the distribution

of strains (1,0 for pur tension and 0,5 for bending)
cracking moment Mcr
+ hc / 2
sectional normal force of the concrete

slab:
primary effects due to shrinkage
31
hc
Mcr = fct,eff c,
ds-diameter of the bar
Simplified solution for the cracking moment

and the normal force in the concrete slab
Mcr = fct,eff c,
ast
coefficient taking into account bond properties of

the reinforcement with k1=o,8 for high bond bars
k1
Mcr
Nc+s
zo
c + c, = fct,eff = k1 fctm
Mc+s
hc
In Eurocode 2 for the maximum crack spacing a semiempirical equation based on test results is given
Crack spacing
cracking moment Mcr:
cracking moment Mcr
sm cm = s ctm (1+ no s ) 0,6 s

Es
Es s
Es
G. Hanswille
Nc,
shrinkage
Ma,
Na,
k = 0,8
primary effects due to shrinkage

Mc+s,
ks= 0,9
coefficient taking into account the effect of

non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses
coefficient taking into account the slip
effects of shear connection
kc =
Nc+s,
1
h
1+ c
2 zo
A f
A s c ct,eff k k s k c
s
k = 0,8
ks = 0,9
kc
+ 0,3 1,0
ds
cracking moment
shrinkage
33
ds
s
fct,eff
G. Hanswille
Control of cracking due to direct loading

Verification by limiting bar spacing or bar diameter
fully cracked
Ac
tension stiffening
Ns,2
As
-zst,s
za
The calculation of stresses is

based on the mean strain in the
concrete slab. The factor
results from the mean value of
crack spacing. With srm 2/3
sr,max results 2/3 0,6 = 0,4
-Ma,2
-Na,2
Ns
Nts a
-MEd
-Nts
f
1
+ 0,3 1,0 ds = ds ct,eff
1+ hc z o
fct,o
34
Maximum bar diameters and maximum bar

spacing for high bond bars acc. to EC4
-Ma
-Na
stresses in reinforcement =
s,2 + ts
taking into account tension s
f
MEd
stiffening for the bending
s =
z st,s + ct,eff
moment MEd of the quasi
J2
s st
permanent combination:
A J
A
st = 2 2
s = s
= 0,4
A a Ja
Ac
s
[N/mm2]
fcto= 2,9 N/mm2
Influence of non linear residual stresses due to shrinkage and temperature effects
flexibility of shear connection
Influence of distribution of tensile stresses in concrete immediately prior to
cracking
maximum bar diameter
modified bar diameter for other concrete strength classes
stress in reinforcement acc. to Table 1
effective concrete tensile strength
Table 1: Maximum bar diameter
-Ms
zst zst,a
Aa
Nts
-Ms,2
kc =
maximum bar diameter ds for
wk= 0,4
wk= 0,3
wk= 0,2
160
40
32
25
200
32
25
16
240
20
16
12
280
16
12
320
12
10
360
10
400
450
G. Hanswille
Table 2: Maximum bar spacing

s
[N/mm2]
maximum bar spacing in [mm]

for
wk= 0,4
wk= 0,3
wk= 0,2
160
300
300
200
200
300
250
150
240
250
200
100
280
200
150
50
320
150
100
360
100
50
The bar diameter or the bar spacing has to be limited

35
36
G. Hanswille
Direct calculation of crack width w for

composite sections based on EN 1992-2
-Ms
As
Stresses in reinforcement in case of bonded

tendons initial crack formation
Ap, dp
s,
Ns
G. Hanswille
Equilibrium at the crack:
As, ds
s A s + p A p = N = fct,eff A c ( 1 + no tot )
-zst,s
-Ma
MEd
zst
-Na
s=s1+s
s A s = ds sm L e,s
p A p = dp pm L ep
N
crack width for high bond bars:
s =
f
MEd
zst,s + ct,eff
Jst
s st
st =
A st Jst
A a Ja
s =
As
Ac
p=po+p1+p
w = sr,max (sm cm )
= 0,4
sm cm = s
Es
fctm
(1 + no s ) 0,6
Es s
s
Es
Compatibility at the crack:

p p1
s s1
L es =
L ep
Es
Ep
With EsEp and s1=p1=0 results:
s = p
p
s,1
Stresses:
p1
s =
Les
d
sr,max = 3,4 c + 0,34 s
s
Lep
pm
sm
1 =
c - concrete cover of reinforcement

37
G. Hanswille
Stresses in reinforcement for final crack

formation
Ap, dp
Equilibrium at the crack:
As
s,p
Maximum crack spacing:

s
fct A c =
p2
sr,max =
s2
-zst,s
MEd
zst
ds fct,eff A c
s
U
s2 s1 = r,max s sm
2 As
p1
c=fct,eff
sr,max
Stresses *s in reinforcement
at the crack location
neglecting different bond
behaviour of reinforcement
and tendons:
MEd
f
z st,s + ctm
Jst
tot st
st =
Up
s
p2 p1 = r,max
pm
2 Ap
Compatibility at the crack:
s1
38
G. Hanswille
*s =
2 sm ( A s + A p )
2
p2
sr,max
sm ns ds + pm np dp
2
( s2 s1) p,2 ( p2 p1)

s = p = s2
=
Es
Ep
mean crack spacing: sr,m2/3 sr,max
Stresses in reinforcement taking into account the

different bond behaviour:
A st Jst
A a Ja
1
Ac
Ac
1
= *s + 0,4 fct,eff
s = *s + 0,4 fct,eff
2
A s + Ap
eff tot
A s + 1 A p
A
12 A c
c
p = *s 0,4 fct,eff
A s + A p A s + 12 A p
1 N
A s + 1 A p
pm ds
sm dv
Determination of stresses in composite

sections with bonded tendons
Ap
N Po = s2 A s + p2 A p
As, ds
p =
A s + 1 A p
1
2
= *s 0,4 fct,eff
1
tot eff
= 0,4
tot =
eff =
A s + Ap
Ac
A s + 12 A p
Ac
39
G. Hanswille
40
G. Hanswille
Deflections
Effects of cracking of concrete

L1
L2
0,15 L1
0,15 L2
EaJ2
Part 4:
EaJ1
M
Deformations
Deflections due to loading applied to the

composite member should be calculated
using elastic analysis taking into account
effects from
- cracking of concrete,
- creep and shrinkage,
- sequence of construction,
Sequence of construction
gc
- influence of local yielding of

structural steel at internal supports,
- influence of incomplete interaction.
F
F
41
steel member
composite member
42
G. Hanswille
Deformations and pre-cambering
combination
limitation
general
quasi permanent
max L / 250
risk of damage of adjacent

parts of the structure (e.g.
finish or service work)
quasi
permanent
(better frequent)
1
2
w L / 500
3
4
1 deflection of the steel girder
For the calculation of deflection of un-propped beams, account may

be taken of the influence of local yielding of structural steel over a
support.
c deflection of the composite

girder
Pre-cambering of the steel
girder:
For beams with critical sections in Classes 1 and 2 the effect may be
taken into account by multiplying the bending moment at the support
with an additional reduction factor f2 and corresponding increases are
made to the bending moments in adjacent spans.
p = 1+ 2+ 3 +2 4
max maximum deflection

w
effective deflection for finish

and service work
max
G. Hanswille
Effects of local yielding on deflections
f2 = 0,5 if fy is reached before the concrete slab has

hardened;
f2 = 0,7 if fy is reached after concrete has hardened.
This applies for the determination of the maximum deflection but not
for pre-camber.
1 self weight of the structure

2 loads from finish and service work
3 creep and shrinkage
4 variable loads and temperature effects
43
44
G. Hanswille
More accurate method for the determination of

the effects of local yielding on deflections
G. Hanswille
Effects of incomplete interaction on deformations
The effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored

provided that:
L1
lcr
L2
lcr
+
z2
Mel,Rk
a=fyk
EaJ1
fyk
either not less shear connectors are used than half

the number for full shear connection, or the forces
resulting from an elastic behaviour and which act on
the shear connectors in the serviceability limit state
do not exceed PRd and
in case of a ribbed slab with ribs transverse to the

beam, the height of the ribs does not exceed 80 mm.
(EJ)eff
PRd
EaJ2
The design of the shear connection is in accordance

with clause 6.6 of Eurocode 4,
Mpl,Rk
EaJ2
EaJeff
EaJeff
cD
s
Mel,Rk
MEd
su
Mpl,Rk
45
Differential equations in case of incomplete

interaction
46
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interaction for

single span beams
G. Hanswille
concrete section
Mc
Ec, Ac, Jc
vL
ac N
c
a
zc
Ea, Aa, Ja
sv = ua uc + w a
vL
Ma
Na
za (w)
Slip:
aa
Vc+dVc
Vc
Nc+dNc
Ma+ dMa
Na+dNa
Va
uc , uc = c
Aco=Ac/no, Jco= Jc/no
w
L
ua , ua = a
w=
Va+dVa
F L3
48 E a Ii,o
dx
Nc = E c A c uc
Mc = Ec Jc w
Na = E a A a ua
Ma = Ea Ja w Va = Ea Ja w
steel section

sinh 2 ( )
12
48
2
1 +
2
3
sinh(
)
Aa, Ja
no=Ea/Ec
2 =
Ec A c uc + c s (ua uc + w a) = 0
Ea A a uc c s (ua uc + w a ) = 0
(Ec Jc + Ea Ja ) w c s a (ua uc + w a) = q
composite section
Mc+ dMc
Vc = Ec Jc w 0
47
4
cosh( ) 1
5 q L
48 1
384 1
2
w=
1 +
384 E a Ji,o
5 2
5 4 cosh( )
2
Aio, Jio
1+
E a A c,o A a
A i,o c s L
1
Ji,o
Ja + Jc,o
1
48
G. Hanswille
Mean values of stiffness of headed studs
CD =
spring constant per stud:
cs
type of shear connection
P
PRd
P
P
s
su
nt=2
eL
L
=
CD [kN / cm]
headed stud 19mm

in solid slabs
2500
headed stud 22mm

in solid slabs
3000
headed studs 25mm

in solid slab
3500
headed stud 19mm

with Holorib-sheeting and
one stud per rib
1250
headed stud 22mm

with Holorib-sheeting and
one stud per rib
1500
The influence of the flexibility of the shear connection is

taken into account by a reduced value for the modular
ratio.
wo = q
x
L
Ec, Ac, Jc
zc
EcmJc + Ea Ja +
Mc
Nc
Ea, Aa, Ja
Ea A a + o Ecm A c
A c,eff =
za
1
o Ecm A c Ea A a
Jio,eff = Jc,o + Ja +
Ma
=q
a2
L4
1
4 Ea Jio,eff
A c,eff A a 2
a
A c,eff + A a
Ac
no,eff
effective modular ratio for the

concrete slab
Na
s =
no,eff = no ( 1 + s )
2 Ecm A c
L2 c s
49
1,5
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interactioncomparison with test results
w/wc
cD = 1000 KN/cm
1,4
1,3
load case 1
1875
1875
=0,4
L
w
50
G. Hanswille
Comparison of the exact method with the

simplified method
F/2
load case 2
F/2
1,2
=0,8
1,1
L [m]
1,0
5,0
10,0
200
1875
3750
150
load case 2
cD = 2000 KN/cm
1,2
degree of shear connection
1875
7500
1,25
=0,4
1,15
50
1,1
=0,8
1,05
L [m]
1,0
5,0
100
1500
50
175
wo- deflection in case of

neglecting effects from slip
of shear connection
Deflection at
midspan
F [kN]
20,0
exact solution
simplified solution with no,eff
w/wc
450 mm
15,0
10,0
15,0
IPE 270
20,0
load case 1
445
beff
Ecm = 3350 KN/cm
99
51
L4
4
270
cD
q( ) = q sin
su
PRd
C n
cs = D t
eL
spring constant of the shear

connection:
G. Hanswille
Simplified solution for the calculation of

deflections in case of incomplete interaction
20
40
60
[mm]
51
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interactionComparison with test results
52
G. Hanswille
F
160
780
push-out test
120
80
40
10
125 50
Part 5:
s[mm]
20
30
40
second moment
of area
cm4
Load case 1
F= 60 kN
Load case 2
F=145 kN
Test
11,0 (100%)
20,0 (100 %)
Theoretical value, neglecting flexibility

of shear connection
Jio= 32.387,0
7,8 (71%)
12,9 (65%)
Theoretical value, taking into account

flexibility of shear connection
Jio,eff= 21.486,0
11,7 (106%)
19,4 (97%)
Deflection at midspan in mm
53
54
G. Hanswille
Limitation of Stresses
composite section
MEd
a
+
steel section
Stress limitation is not required for beams if

in the ultimate limit state,
- +
no+ verification of fatigue is required and
no prestressing by tendons and /or
structural steel
stress limit
characteristic
Ed ks fsk
ks = 0,80
concrete
characteristic
Ed kc fck
kc= 0,60
headed studs
characteristic
PEd ks PRd
ks = 0,75
Ac,eff
Concentrated longitudinal shear force at

sudden change of cross-section
VEd(x)
VEd
Lv=beff
ka = 1,00
reinforcement
zio
z
MEd
MEd(x)
recommended
values ki
Ed ka fyk
characteristic
beff
combination
bc
gc
- - no prestressing by controlled imposed

deformations is provided.
MEd
G. Hanswille
Local effects of concentrated longitudinal

shear forces
v L,Ed,max =
Nc
longitudinal shear forces
2 MEd A c,eff zio

E a / Ec Jio b eff
vL,Ed,max
+
55
G. Hanswille
Local effects of concentrated longitudinal

shear forces
56
Ultimate limit state - longitudinal shear forces
gc,d
system
G. Hanswille
EN 1994-2
ULS
x [cm]
L = 40 m
FE-Model
FE-Model:
cD
cross-section
bc=10 m
300
500x20
shear connectors
FE-Model
P
14x2000
800x60
L = 40 m
CD = 3000 kN/cm
per stud
cD
x
57
G. Hanswille
Serviceability limit state - longitudinal

shear forces
vL,Ed[kN/m]
SLS
500
58
G. Hanswille
EN 1994-2
x [cm]
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
-500
-1000
cD
-1500
Part 6:
FE-Model:
Vibrations
-2000
-2500
FE-Model
P
-3000
L = 40 m
-3500
cD
x
-4000
59
60
10
G. Hanswille
Vibration- General
The dynamic properties of floor beams should satisfy

the criteria in EN 1990,A.1.4.4
EN 1994-1-1:
G. Hanswille
Vibration - General
EN 1990-A1.4.4:
For serviceability limit state of a structure or a structural member not to

be exceeded when subjected to vibrations, the natural frequency of
vibrations of the structure or structural member should be kept
above appropriate values which depend upon the function of the
building and the source of the vibration, and agreed with the client
and/or the relevant authority.
EN 1990, A1.4.4: To achieve satisfactory vibration behaviour of

buildings and their structural members under
serviceability conditions, the following aspects,
among others, should be considered:
the comfort of the user
Possible sources of vibration that should be considered include walking,

synchronised movements of people, machinery, ground borne vibrations
from traffic and wind actions. These, and other sources, should be
specified for each project and agreed with the client.
the functioning of the structure or its structural

members
Other aspects should be considered for each project
and agreed with the client
Note in EN 1990-A.1.4.4: Further information is given in ISO 10137.
61
G. Hanswille
Vibration Example vertical vibration due

to walking persons
F(x,t)
pacing
rate
fs [Hz]
forward
speed
vs = fs ls
[m/s]
stride
length
ls
[m]
slow walk
1,7
1,1
0,6
normal walk
2,0
1,5
0,75
fast walk
2,3
2,2
1,00
slow running
(jog)
2,5
3,3
1,30
fast running
(sprint)
> 3,2
5,5
1,75
ls
time t
xk
tk
ts
xk
ls
Vibration vertical vibrations due to

walking of one person
The pacing rate fs dominates the dynamic

effects and the resulting dynamic loads. The
speed of pedestrian propagation vs is a
function of the pacing rate fs and the stride
length ls.
Span
length
F(x,t)
62
Fi(t)
left foot
1. step
Mgen
w(t)
Fn(t)
m
w(xk,t)
L/2
ka Fn(t)
w(t)
L
t=
fE
Fn
vs
ka
Mgen
Mgen
Go
n
n
fs
n
weight of the person (800 N)

coefficient for the load component of n-th harmonic
number of the n-th harmonic
pacing rate
phase angle oh the n-th harmonic
Fouriercoefficients and
phase angles:
Logarithmic damping decrement
Damping
ratio [%]
a
v max =
2 fE
with finishes
without finishes
6
5
4
natural frequency
load component of n-th harmonic
logarithmic damping decrement
forward speed of the person
factor taking into account the different
positions xk during walking along the beam
generated mass of the system
(single span beam: Mgen=0,5 m L)
65
= 2
3
2=0,1-0,25 2=/2
3=0,1-0,15 3=/2
G. Hanswille
For the determination of the maximum

acceleration the damping coefficient or
the logarithmic damping decrement
must be determined. Values for composite
beams are given in the literature. The
logarithmic damping decrement is a
function of the used materials, the
damping of joints and bearings or support
conditions and the natural frequency.
For typical composite floor beams in
buildings with natural frequencies
between 3 and 6 Hz the following values
for the logarithmic damping decrement
can be assumed:
1=0,4-0,5 1=0
64
results of measurements in buildings
L
vs
maximum acceleration a, vertical deflection w and

maximum velocity v
a
w max =
Fn
( 2 fE )2
a
=k
1 e fE L / v s
max
xk
2. step 3. step
ts=1/fs
G. Hanswille
Fn
sin ( 2 fE t ) 1 e fE t
Mgen
( t ) = k a
w
both feet
Vibration vertical vibrations due to walking

of persons
acceleration
n sin (2 n fs t n )
F( t ) = Go 1 +
n =1
time t
63
F(t)
During walking, one of the feet is always in

contact with the ground. The load-time function
can be described by a Fourier series taking into
account the 1st, 2nd and 3rd harmonic.
right foot
F(t)
G. Hanswille
=0,10 floor beams without not loadbearing inner walls
9
fE [Hz]
12
=0,15 floor beams with not loadbearing inner walls
66
11
Vibration vertical vibrations due to walking of

persons
F( t ) = Go +
Fn sin (2 n fs t n )
n =1
F(t)/Go
fs=1,5-2,5 Hz
0,4
2fs=3,0-5,0 Hz
G. Hanswille
People in office buildings sitting or standing many

hours are very sensitive to building vibrations.
Therefore the effects of the second and third
harmonic of dynamic load-time function should be
considered, especially for structure with small
mass and damping. In case of walking the pacing
rate is in the rage of 1.7 to 2.4 Hz. The verification
can be performed by frequency tuning or by
limiting the maximum acceleration.
In case of frequency tuning for composite

structures in office buildings the natural frequency
3fs=4,5-7,5 Hz
normally should exceed 7,5 Hz if the first, second
and third harmonic of the dynamic load-time
function can cause significant acceleration.
0,2
0,1
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
Otherwise the maximum acceleration or

velocity should be determined and limited to
acceptable values in accordance with
ISO 10137
Limitation of acceleration-recommended
values acc. to ISO 10137
G. Hanswille
acceleration [m/s2]
natural frequency of
typical composite
beams
0,1
0,05
Multiplying factors Ka for the basic curve

Residential (flats, hospitals)
Quiet office
General office (e. g. schools)
0,01
0,005
basic curve ao
Ka=1,0
Ka=2-4
Ka=4
a ao K a
1
10
50 100
frequency [Hz]
67
68
12
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Contents
Eurocodes
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4
Part 1: Introduction
Composite Columns
Part 2: General method of design

Part 3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve
Part 4: Simplified design method
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille
Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures

University of Wuppertal
Germany
Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear

1
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Composite columns
concrete encased
sections
concrete
filled hollow
sections
Part 1: Introduction
partially concrete
encased sections
3
G. Hanswille
Special Cross-Sections
G. Hanswille
Concrete encased sections
advantages:
hollow sections with

additional inner
profiles
high bearing resistance

high fire resistance
economical solution with regard to
material costs
disadvantages:
partially concrete
encased sections
high costs for formwork
difficulties in case of later

strengthening of the column
in special case edge protection is

necessary
difficult solutions for connections

with beams
Partially concrete encased sections
G. Hanswille
Casting of partially concrete encased sections
G. Hanswille
reinforcing pocket 1
advantages:
high bearing resistance, especially in case

of welded steel sections
no formwork
easy solution for later strengthening and

additional later joints
no edge protection
casting pocket 1
simple solution for joints and load

introduction
turning the steel profile
reinforcing pocket 2
disadvantages:
lower fire resistance in comparison with

concrete encased sections.
casting pocket 2
Concrete filled hollow sections
G. Hanswille
Casting of concrete in case of concrete filled

hollow sections
G. Hanswille
hole for vent

hole for vent
pumping in inclined position
advantages:
high resistance and slender columns

advantages in case of biaxial bending
Outside compactor
e 5m
no edge protection
H 0,2L
Opening for casting
disadvantages :
high material costs for profiles

difficult casting
Casting from
the top
additional reinforcement is needed for fire

resistance
Pumping in
vertical
direction
Concrete filled hollow sections with

additional inner profiles
G. Hanswille
10
G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections Institute
for Steel and
and additional inner core-profiles
advantages:
extreme high bearing resistance in

combination with slender columns
constant cross section for all stories is

possible in high rise buildings
high fire resistance and no additional

reinforcement
no edge protection
disadvantages:
high material costs

difficult casting
Commerzbank
Frankfurt
11
12
G. Hanswille
Design of composite columns

according to EN 1994-1-1
G. Hanswille
Methods of verification in accordance

with EN 1994-1-1
Methods of verification
Verifications for composite columns

Resistance of the member for
structural stability
general method:
any type of cross-section and any
combination of materials
General method
Simplified method
simplified method:
Resistance to local Buckling
double-symmetric cross-section
uniform cross-section over the member length
Introduction of loads
limited steel contribution factor

related Slenderness smaller than 2,0
Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load

introduction
limited reinforcement ratio

limitation of b/t-values
13
G. Hanswille
Resistance to lokal buckling

bc
b
cy
concrete encased cross-sections

Verification is not necessary where
14
G. Hanswille
cy
cz
40 mm
cz
b/6
hc
cz
concrete filled hollow section
d
max = 90 2
t
t
d
max = 52
t
Part 2:
General design method
partially encased I sections
fyk,o
d
max = 44
t
fyk
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
b
15
General method
G. Hanswille
geometrical
imperfection
wo =
wo
L
1000
E
+ residual
stresses due
to rolling or
welding
G. Hanswille
General method of design
F e
Design for structural stability shall take account of
16
second-order effects including residual stresses,

geometrical imperfections,
local instability,
cracking of concrete,
creep and shrinkage of concrete
yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement.
0,4 fc
w
cracked concrete
The design shall ensure that instability does not occur for the
most unfavourable combination of actions at the ultimate limit
state and that the resistance of individual cross-sections
subjected to bending, longitudinal force and shear is not
exceeded. Second-order effects shall be considered in any
direction in which failure might occur, if they affect the structural
stability significantly. Internal forces shall be determined by
elasto-plastic analysis. Plane sections may be assumed to
remain plane. Full composite action up to failure may be
assumed between the steel and concrete components of the
member. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected.
The influence of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks
on the flexural stiffness may be taken into account.
17
fy
plastic zones in structural steel
stresses in structural steel section
stresses in concrete and reinforcement
c
c1u
Es
fs
fc
c1
fct
ftm
concrete
Ecm
fsm
fcm
reinforcement
fu
fy
- Ea
Ev
structural
steel
a
18
elasto-plastic
fcm
fsm
full plastic
fsm
fy
NRu
NRu
II
MRu,N
Mpl,R
MR
Mpl,R
1,0
Case I: ultimate load of the system is

reached due to elasto-plastic failure of
the critical cross-section
c1
fct
fu
fy
Es
c1u c
reinforcement
s
Ea
v
R =
geometrical
Imperfection
u Ed
Ed
concrete filled hollow section:

cross-section with high ductility
and rotation capacity. Fracture
of the steel profile in the tension
zone at high deformations and
local buckling in the
compression zone of the
structural steel section.
20
40
60
80
100
wo=L/1000
wu
800
550
t=25mm
S235
structural
steel
a
t=50mm
Rpl,d
S355
buckling curve a
Rpl,m
1,0
buckling curve b
Residual
stresses
buckling curve c
+-
Rpl,d
20
G. Hanswille
Composite columns for the

central station in Berlin
buckling curve d
0,5
+
Ed
MEd
e=130mm
Ev
Verification u R
NEd
G. Hanswille
u : amplification factor for ultimate

system capacity
Rpl,m
Deflection w [mm]
ftm
fsm
concrete
Ecm
concrete encased section and

bending about the weak axis :
Failure due to exceeding the
ultimate strain in concrete.
400
Case II: stability failure before reaching

the elasto-plastic resistance of the
cross-section.
19
fcm
0,4 fc
w
B
General Method Safety concept based

on DIN 18800-5 (2004) and German
national Annex for EN 1994-1-1
c
bending about the strong axis:

Failure due to exceeding the
ultimate strain in concrete, buckling
of longitudinal reinforcement and
spalling of concrete.
e=160mm
800
w+wo
A concrete encased section and

F
e=100mm
1200
Mpl,u,,N
M=F (w+wo)
NRu
Npl,R
1600
fsm
1,0
MRu,N
NR
Npl,R
F [kN]
fy
G. Hanswille
Typical load-deformation behaviour of

composite columns in tests
700
G. Hanswille
1200
elasto - plastic resistance of the cross-section
Residual stresses
wo
+
0,5
21
G. Hanswille
1,5
1,0
fcd
Npla,Rd
y
z
Npls,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd
Characteristic value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces:
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + A c fck
Increase of concrete
strength due to better
curing conditions in case
of concrete filled hollow
sections:
23
fsd
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A c fcd + A s fsd
Design strength:
Plastic resistance of cross-sections and

interaction curve
Nplc,Rd
Design value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces:
Part IV-3:
22
G. Hanswille
Resistance of cross-sections
fyd
2,0
fyd =
fyk
a
fsd =
= 1,0
fsk
s
fcd =
fck
c
= 0,85
24
G. Hanswille
Confinement effects in case of concrete

filled tubes
fck ,c
fck
structural steel
concrete
2
a2,Rd + a2, a,Rd a2, = fyd
c,r
2.0
a,Rd = a fyd
c,r
a fyd
c,r
a
d
d-2t
c ,r
fck
fck ,c = 1 fck + 2 c ,r
0
0
Basic values for stocky columns

centrically loaded:
influence of
slenderness for
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0.05 0.10
d
z
1.0
0.5
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces

taking into account the confinement effect:
t fyk
Npl,Rd = a fyd A a + A c fcd 1 + c

d fck
fck,c
1=1,125
2= 2,5
1=1,00
2= 5,0
1.5
1.25
G. Hanswille
Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1
co = 4,9
e=
MEd
MEd
NEd
NEd
a, = ao + 0,5 K 1,0
c, = co 18,5 K (1 0,92 K
0,5
For concrete stresses c>o,8 fck the Poissons ratio of concrete is higher than the
Poissons ratio of structural steel. The confinement of the circular tube causes radial
compressive stresses c,r. This leads to an increased strength and higher ultimate
strains of the concrete. In addition the radial stresses cause friction in the interface
between the steel tube and the concrete and therefore to an increase of the
longitudinal shear resistance.
ao = 0,25
influence of load
eccentricity :
a = a, + 10 (1 ao )
) 0
fc
c = c, 1 10
d
e
d
fy
e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0
25
G. Hanswille
Plastic resistance to combined bending and

compression
N
Npl,Rd
NEd
Mpl,Rd
fyd 0,85 f
cd
zpl
y
fsd
NEd
VEd
(1-) fyd
Vc,Ed
fyd
zpl
Va,Ed 0,5 Vpla,Rd = 0
Mpl,N Rd
Va,Ed > 0,5 Vpla,Rd
2 V
= a,Ed 1
Vpla,Rd
fsd
fyd
VEd
MRd= Ma + Mc+s
-
NEd
fsd
Ma
fsd
Na
Mc,+s
Nc+s
fsd
Verification for vertical

shear:
Unless a more accurate analysis is

used, VEd may be distributed into
Va,Ed acting on the structural steel
and Vc,Ed acting on the reinforced
concrete section by :
NEd = Na +Nc+s
zpl fyd
MRd
The influence of transverse shear forces on the

resistance to bending and normal force should be
considered when determining the interaction curve, if
the shear force Va,Ed on the steel section exceeds 50%
of the design shear resistance Vpl,a,Rd of the steel
section. The influence of the transverse shear on the
resistance in combined bending and compression
should be taken into account by a reduced design
steel strength (1 - ) fyd in the shear area Av.
The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed

the resistance to shear of the steel section.
The resistance to shear Vc,Ed of the
reinforced concrete part should be verified
in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.
0,85fcd
The tensile strength of the concrete should be

neglected.
Mpl,N,Rd= Mpl,Rd
G. Hanswille
Influence of vertical shear
Va,Ed
The resistance of a cross-section to combined

compression and bending and the corresponding
interaction curve may be calculated assuming
rectangular stress blocks.
interaction curve
26
Va,Ed Vpla,Rd
Vc,Ed Vc,Rd
Mpla,Rd
Ma
MRd Mpl,Rd
Vc,Ed = VEd Va,Ed
Va,Ed = VEd
Mpl,a,Rd
is the plastic resistance

moment of the steel section.
Mpl,Rd
is the plastic resistance moment

of the composite section.
27
G. Hanswille
Determination of the resistance to normal

forces and bending (example)
b
fyd
tf
As
Naf
0,85fcd
Naw,c
y
hw
zpl
- zaw,c
tw
zaw,t
(1-) fyd
Naw,t
Ni
G. Hanswille
Simplified determination of the interaction curve
VEd
Nc
zc
fsd
zs
A
Mpl,N,Rd
Npl,Rd
(b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 ) fyd t w (h w zpl ) (1 ) fyd = NEd
zpl =
(b t w ) 0,85 fcd + 2 t w (1 ) fyd
Naw ,c = zpl t w (1 ) fyd

Naw ,t = (h w zpl ) t w (1 ) fyd
Mpl,N,Rd = Nc zc + Naw,c zaw,c + Naw,t zaw,t + Naf (hw + t f ) + 2 Ns zs
Nc = (b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd

Ns = 2A s fsd
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd
hn
0,85fcd
M
As a simplification, the interaction

curve may be replaced by a polygonal
diagram given by the points A to D.
Naf = b t f fyd
zpl
0,85fcd
D
fyd
-
NEd + h w t w (1 ) fyd
Plastic resistance to bending Mpl,N,Rd in case of the

simultaneously acting compression force NEd and the
vertical shear VEd:
zpl
zpl
fsd
2hn
fsd
Npl,Rd
= NEd
Nc + Naw ,c Naw ,t = NEd
Npm,Rd
fyd
0,85fcd fsd
Npm,Rd
Ns
NEd
zs
fsd
0,85fcd
N
Ns
Naf
Position of the plastic neutral axis:
28
fyd
-
MB,Rd = Mpl,Rd
+
fyd
MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd
+ Npm,Rd
fyd
fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd
- fyd
+
0,5 Npm,Rd
29
30
G. Hanswille
Resistance at points A and D
Point A
Npls,Rd
Nplc,Rd
0,85fcd
- 0,85fcd
Npla,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd
fsd
fcd
Point D
bc
-
hc
fsd
zsi
MD,Rd = Mmax, Rd
b h2
c c
Mplc,Rd = Wpl,c 0,85 fcd =
Wpl,a Wpl,s 0,85 fcd
4
0,85fcd
fsd
+
fyd
2hn
2 fsd
2hn
fsd
+
2fyd
-
fyd
hn Mpl,Rd
2hn
Mpln,Rd
Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd Mp ln,Rd

zpl
hn
hn
ND,Rd
Mpl,Rd
Point B
32
G. Hanswille
Determination of Mn,Rd
A
2 fsd
0,85 fcd
hn
2 fyd
The stress blocks acc. to A

and B give the same
bending moment Mn,Rd
Mn,Rd
ND,Rd= Npm,Rd
MC,Rd= Mpl,Rd
The depth hn results from

the equilibrium condition
Ni= Npm,Rd
h
h
Mn,Rd = (b t w ) hn 0,85 fcd n ( 2A s ) fcd z s + ( 2 fsd )(2A s ) z s + (2 f yd ) hn t w n

2
2
The normal force results from the

stress blocks in the zone 2hn.
NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd
B
2hn
fsd
0,85 fcd
hn
hn
Mn,Rd
fyd
-
(b t w ) hn 0,85 fcd
+ ( 2fsd fcd ) (2A s ) = Npm,Rd

+ ( t w hn )2f yd
+
h
h
Mn,Rd = (b t w ) hn 0,85 fcd n ( 2A s ) fcd z s + (2A s ) fsd 2 z s + fyd hn t w 2 n

2
2
Point C
fyd +
31
The bending resistance at point C

is the same as the bending
resistance at point B.
Point B
zpl
hn
MD,Rd
2hn
ND,Rd
zpl
G. Hanswille
0,85fcd
+
2fyd
Point D
Mpls,Rd = Wpl,s fsd = [ A si z si ] f ys
Plastic resistance moment at Point C
0,85 fcd
fyd
(h 2t ) t
f
w + b t (h t ) f
Mpla,Rd = Wpl,a f yd =
f
f yd
4
Wpl,a plastic section modulus of the

structural steel section
Wpl,s plastic section modulus of the crosssection of reinforcement
Wpl,c plastic section modulus of the concrete
section
hn
ND,Rd = 0,5 Nplc ,Rd
fyd
+
+
+
At point B is no resistance to
0,85
compression forces. Therefore
fcd
the resistance to compression
forces at point D results from the
additional cross-section zones in
compression. With ND,Rd the
+
depth hn and the position of the
plastic neutral axis at point B can
+
be determined. With the plastic
fsd bending moment M
n,Rd resulting
from the stress blocks within the
depth
h
the
plastic
resistance
+
n
moment Mpl,Rd at point B can be
calculated by:
hn
2 fsd
hh
Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd
tw
Mpla,Rd
zsi
0,85 fcd
tf
fsd
fyd
Mpls,Rd
0,5 Mplc,Rd
M A ,Rd = 0
G. Hanswille
Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd )
Wpl,c, W pl,s und W pl,a are

the plastic section moduli
of the cross-section within
the depth 2hn.
Mc,Rd
2hn
Mn,Rd
Nc,Rd
NC,Rd
Mpl,cn =
1
Wplc 0,85 fcd
2
+ Mpl,sn = Wpl,s fsd
Mpl,an = Wpl,a fyd
33
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete filled

rectangular hollow sections
34
G. Hanswille
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete filled

circular hollow sections
b
Mmax,Rd = Wpl,a f yd +
Depth hn and plastic section moduli

within the depth hn:
Npm,Rd A sn (2 fsd fcd )
2 b fcd + 4 t (2 fyd fcd )
n
Wpl,sn = A sni e zi
Wpl,cn = (b 2t ) hn2 Wpl,sn
1
Wpl,c 0,85 fcd + Wpl,s fsd
2
Mpl,Rd = Mmax,Rd Mn,Rd
ri
Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd +
ez
Npm,Rd = A c 0,85 fcd
1
Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd
2
y
ez
ey
ey
Depth hn and plastic section moduli

within the depth hn:
z
Plastic section moduli of the
composite section:
(b 2t ) (d 2t )2 2 3 2
d
ri ri ( 4 )( ra ) Wpl,s
4
3
2
hn =
Wpl,a =
bd2 2 3
d
ra ra2 ( 4 )( ra ) Wpl,c Wpl,s
4
3
2
Wpl,an = 2 t hn2
2 d fcd + 4 t ( 2 fyd fcd )
Wpl,c =
i =1
Wpl,sn = A sni e zi
(d 2t )3
Wpl,s
6
n
Wpl,s = A si e zi
i=1
Wpl,sn = A sni e zi
n
Wpl,s = A si ezi
i=1
Plastic section moduli of the

composite section:
Npm,Rd A sn ( 2 fsd fcd )
Wpl,c =
i =1
Wpl,an = 2 t hn2
ra
1
Mn,Rd = Wpl,an f yd + Wpl,cn 0,85 fcd + Wpl,sn fsd
2
hn =
1
2
G. Hanswille
Wpl,a =
d3
Wpl,c Wpl,s
6
i =1
35
36
G. Hanswille
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete

encased sections strong axis
1
2

1
2
Wpl,c =
bc
bc hc 2
Wpl,a Wpl,s
4
Plastic neutral axis outside the steel section: h/2 hn < hc/2
Npm,Rd A a (2 fyd 0,85 fcd ) A sn (2 fsd 0,85 fcd ) W
pl,an
2 bc 0,85 fcd
= Wpl,a
Plastic neutral axis in the web of the steel section: 2 hn h/2-tf

Npm,Rd A sn (2 fsd 0,85 fcd )
hn =
Wpl,an = t w hn2
2 b 0,85 f + 2 t (2 f 0,85 f )
tw
tf
cd
yd
cd
ey
hc
hn =
i =1
Plastic neutral axis in the flange of the steel section: h/2-tf < hn < h/2
Npm,Rd ( A a b h) ( 2 f yd 0,85 fcd ) A sn ( 2 fsd 0,85 fcd )

2 bc 0,85 fcd + 2 b ( 2 f yd 0,85 fcd )
Npm,Rd A sn (2 fsd 0,85 fcd )
ez
tf
b bc
Wpl,cn = hchn2 Wpl,an Wpl,sn

n
Wpl,sn = A sni e yi
Wpl,an = hhn2
2 hc 0,85 fcd + 2 h ( 2 f yd 0,85 fcd )
tw
Wpl,an = Wpl,a
i =1
Plastic neutral axis in the flange of the steel section : tw/2 < hn < b/2
Wpl,an = Wpl,a
b 2
(h 4hn2 )
4
hn =
Npm,Rd ( A a 2 t f h)(2 fyd 0,85 fcd ) A sn (2 fsd 0,85 fcd )

2 hc 0,85 fcd + 4 t f (2 f yd 0,85 fcd )
t
Wpl,an = Wpl,a f (b2 4hn2 )
2
38
37
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Simplified Method
Methods of verification acc. to the simplified method

Design based on the
European buckling curves
Axial
compression
Design based on second order
analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections
wo
Part 4:
Resistance
of member
in combined
compression
and bending
Simplified design method
Design based on second order

analysis with equivalent geometrical
bow imperfections
wo
39
Scope of the simplified method
G. Hanswille
double symmetrical cross-section

uniform cross-sections over the member length with rolled,
cold-formed or welded steel sections
steel contribution ratio
0,2 0,9
40
Load
F [kN]
F
Fu = 2022 kN
2000
short term test

wt
Fu = 1697 kN
A a fyd
Npl,Rd
1500
relative slenderness
Npl,Rk
=
2,0
Ncr
500
41
The horizontal deflection and

the second order bending
moments increase under
permanent loads due to creep of
concrete. This leads to a
reduction of the ultimate load.
30 cm
Fv = 534 kN
permanent
load
the ratio of the depth to the width of the composite crosssection should be within the limits 0,2 and 5,0
wo
long term test
1000
longitudinal reinforcement ratio
A
0,3 % s 6,0 % s = s
Ac
G. Hanswille
Effects of creep of concrete
L = 800 cm
hn =
1
2
plastic neutral axis in the web of the steel section : 2 hn tw/2
Wpl,cn = bc hn2 Wpl,an Wpl,sn

Wpl,sn = A sni e zi
h b 2
Wpl,c = c c Wpl,a Wpl,s
4
n
z
Wpl,s = A si e yi
i=1
ey
plastic neutral axis outside the steel section b/2 hn < bc/2
Npm,Rd A a (2 fyd 0,85 fcd ) A sn (2 fsd 0,85 fcd )
hn =
2 hc 0,85 fcd
hc
2
t b2
( h 2t f ) t w
+ f
4
2
Wpl,a =
30 cm
1
2
(h 2t f )2t w
Wpl,a =
+ b t f (h tf )
4
n
Wpl,s = A si e zi
y
i=1
ez
hn =
G. Hanswille
Determination of hn and Mpl,Rd for concrete

encased sections weak axis
20
40
60
e=3 cm
The effects of creep of

concrete are taken into
account in design by a
reduced flexural stiffness of
the composite cross-section.
80 100
deflection w [mm]
42
G. Hanswille
Effects of creep on the flexural stiffness
The effects of creep of concrete are

taken into account by an effective
modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ecm
Ec,eff =
1+
NG,Ed
NEd
( t, t o )
Ecm
Secant modulus of concrete
NEd
total design normal force
NG,Ed
part of the total normal force that is

permanent
(t,to)
creep coefficient as a function of the time at

loading to, the time t considered and the
notional size of the cross-section
notional size of the cross-section for

the determination of the creep
coefficient (t,to)
ho =
effective perimeter U of the crosssection

b
b
h
U = 2 (b + h)
buckling
curve
cross-section
buckling about
strong axis
= 0,85
In case of concrete filled hollow section the drying of the

concrete is significantly reduced by the steel section. A
good estimation of the creep coefficient can be
achieved, if 25% of that creep coefficient is used, which
results from a cross-section, where the notional size ho
is determined neglecting the steel hollow section.
2 Ac
U
G. Hanswille
Verification for axial compression with the

European buckling curves
NRd
Npl,Rd
0,8
=
0,6
buckling about
weak axis
= 0,85
s 3% = 1,00
0,4
b
b
= 1,00
= 0,85
Npl,Rk
Ncr
2,0
b
c
0,2
0,2
3% < s 6 %
= 1,00
t,eff = 0,25 (t,to)
1,0
0,6
1,0
=
1,4
Npl,k
Verification:
NEd
1,0
NRd
Design value of
resistance
NRd = Npl,Rd
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A s fsd + A c fcd
U 2 h + 0,5b
43
fck
c
relative slenderness:
=
= 0,85
44
G. Hanswille
relative slenderness
fcd =
Npl,Rk
2,0
Ncr
wo equivalent
geometrical bow
imperfection
NEd
M Mpl,Rd
Mpl,N,Rd
MRd
elastic critical normal force
fck
c
Ncr =
= 1,00
2 (EJ)eff
fyd
- buckling length factor
( L )2
(1-) fyd +
Ke=0,6
45
Favourable effects of the compression force on

the bending resistance of the cross-section
N
= 1,0
0,5 Npm,Rd
NEd,A
NEd,B
Case A
NEd,A
MEd,R=NEd e
G. Hanswille
MEd,R
NEd,B
MEd,max
Mpl,Rd
0,85fcd
-
effective flexural stiffness
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )
Verification
max MEd MRd = M Mpl,Rd
wo
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A c fck + A s fsk

fcd =
G. Hanswille
Verification for combined

compression and bending
Npl,Rd
characteristic value of the plastic

resistance to compressive forces
Npl,Rd
Ncr
1,8
Mpl,N Rd
NEd
fsd VEd
The factor M takes into account the

difference between the full plastic and the
elasto-plastic resistance of the cross-section
resulting from strain limitations for concrete.
Global analysis
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355

M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
bending moments taking into
account second order effects:
max MEd = NEd w o
Ncr =
1
NEd
Ncr
2 (E J)eff ,II
2L2
Effective flexural stiffness

(EI)eff ,II = K o (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + Es Js )
with
K e,II = 0,5
K o = 0,9
46
G. Hanswille
First-order analysis may be used if the increase of the relevant internal

forces or moments caused by the deformations given by first-order
analysis is less than 10%. This condition may be assumed to be fulfilled if
the following criterion is satisfied:
Case B
MEd,max
cr 10
d,max
d,A
d,B
1,0
d,max
M
Npl,Rd
where cr is the factor by which the design loading would have to be

increased to cause elastic instability.
Case A: Bending moment depends

directly on the action of the normal force
Case B: Bending moment and normal
force result from independent actions.
Values d greater than 1,0 should only be used where the bending moment MEd depends
directly on the action of the normal force NEd, for example where the moment MEd results from
an eccentricity of the normal force NEd. Otherwise an additional verification is necessary,
because an overestimation of the normal force leads to an increased bending resistance (see
normal forces NEd,A and NEd,B). For composite compression members subjected to bending
moments and normal forces resulting from independent actions, the partial factor F for those
internal forces that lead to an increase of resistance should be reduced by 20%.
47
Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated in the structural analysis to

cover the effects of imperfections, including residual stresses and
geometrical imperfections such as lack of verticality, lack of straightness,
and unavoidable minor eccentricities in joints of the unloaded structures.
The assumed shape of imperfections shall take account of the elastic
buckling mode of the structure or member in the plane of buckling
considered, in the most unfavourable direction and form.
48
G. Hanswille
Equivalent initial bow imperfections
Buckling curve
Global initial sway imperfection acc. to EN 1993-1-1:
sway imperfection
NEd,1
NEd,2
3% < s 6 %
= o m h
basic value with o = 1/200
reduction factor for the height h in [m]
2
2
but
h 1,0
h
3
h =
s 3%
equivalent forces
NEd,2
NEd,1 NEd,1
wo= L/150
wo= L/200
NEd,2
NEd,1
reduction factor for the number of columns in a row
m =
NEd,2
Member imperfection
wo= L/300
G. Hanswille
Imperfections for global analysis of frames
1
0,5 1+
m
is the number of columns in a row including only

those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not
less than 50% of the average value of the column
in a vertical plane considered.
49
Frames sensitive against second order effects
imperfections
NEd,1
> 0,5
L1
0,5
Npl,Rk
NEd,2
L2
0,5
NEd,1
NEd,1
NEd,2
NEd,2 2
NEd,1 1
equivalent
forces
NEd,1 1
q= 8
NEd,2 2
wo
NEd,2
L2
wo
=
Ncr =
NEd,2
L22
r=1,0
M Mmax
2,0
MR
1,0
MR
exact Solution
simplified solution
0,25
0,50
0,75
1,00
N
Ncr
Mo = ( q L2 + 8 N w o )
Mmax
Ncr
= L
Mmax = [0,5 M ( 1 + r ) + Mo ]
2 (EJ)eff
MR
L2i
NEd
(E J)eff ,II
dM
Maximum bending moment at the point M: d = 0
Npl,Rk
c=
MR
1+ c 2
M0
cos( 0,5 )
M (r 1)
1
M (1 + r ) + 2 Mo tan (0,5 )
M = 0,5 +
arctan c
52
G. Hanswille
Background of the member imperfections
k=
1+ c 2
Mmax = 0,5 MR ( 1 + r )
cos( 0,5 )
r 1
1
c=
1 + r tan (0,5 )
EJ
L
r sin (1 ) + sin
cos (0,5 )
M( ) = MR
1
+ Mo
sin
cos ( / 2)
M r cos (1 ) + cos
sin (0,5 )
1
Vz ( )= R
+ Mo
L
sin
cos ( / 2)
Exact solution:
r MR
r= - 0,5
r MR
51
r MR N
r=0
Bending moments including second order effects:
r MR
wo
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + 0,6 Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )
w
4 o NEd,2
L2
r=0,5
3,0
NEd,i
Simplified calculation of second order effects
4,0
Npl,Rk
G. Hanswille
Second order analysis
EJ
w0
Npl,Rk
G. Hanswille
Within a global analysis, member imperfections in

composite compression members may be
neglected where first-order analysis may be
used. Where second-order analysis should be
used, member imperfections may be neglected
within the global analysis if:
NEd,2
50
M = 0,5 +
arctan c
= L
NRd
(EJ)eff ,II
NEd=NRd
Bending moment based on second

order analysis:
M=
NRd
NEd
(E J)eff ,II
wo
Mpl,Rd
The initial bow imperfections were

recalculated from the resistance to
compression calculated with the
European buckling curves.
= 0,66 + 0,44 r
0,44
53
8 w o (EJ)eff ,II
1
cos( / 2) 1
L2
Resistance to axial compression

based on the European buckling
curves:
NRd = Npl,Rd
MRd Mpl,Rd
simplified solution:
Mmax
=
MR 1 NEd
Ncr
=L
G. Hanswille
Bending resistance:
MRd = M Mpl,Rd
Determination of the equivalent bow
imperfection:
wo =
M d Mpl,Rd L2
1
8 (EJ)eff ,II
1
1 cos ( / 2)
54
Geometrical bow imperfections

comparison with European buckling
curves for axial compression
j
NRd ( )
NRd ( w o )
C20/S235
C40/S355
C60/S355
500
1,2
400
j=
200
L
wo
1,1
1,0
300
wo= l/300
0,8
1,0
2,0
N
Npl,Rd
G. Hanswille
Resistance as a function of the

related slenderness
1,0
k = 0,50
Plastic cross-section
resistance
0,8
k = 1,00
Npl,Rk
k = 1,50
Ncr
k = 2,00
0,6
0,9
Comparison of the simplified method with nonlinear calculations for combined compression
and bending
G. Hanswille
0,4
The initial bow imperfection is a

function of the related slenderness
and the resistance of cross-sections.
In Eurocode 4 constant values for w0
are used.
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
0,4
general method
0,2
simplified method
The use of constant values for wo leads to

maximum differences of 5% in
comparison with the calculation based on
the European buckling curves.
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
M
Mpl,Rd
1,0
55
G. Hanswille
Resistance to combined compression

and biaxial bending
N
Npl,Rd
Interaction
Mz, N
z,Ed
Interaction
My, N
y,Ed
dy
dz
A
The resistance is given by a threedimensional interaction relation. For

simplification a linear interaction
between the points A and B is used.
NEd
Npl,Rd
Interaction
My, Mz, NEd
Approximation:
y,Ed
dy
z,Ed
1,0
dz
My
Mz
Mpl,z,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
Interaction
My, Mz
My,Ed
dy Mpl,y,Rd
Mz,Rd (NEd ) = dz Mpl,y,Rd
Mz,Ed = z,Ed My,Rd
My,Ed
dy Mpl,y,Rd
approximation for the

interaction curve:
My,Ed
N
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
Mz,Ed
M
dz Mpl,y,Rd
dy
My,Rd
Mz,Ed
1,0
dz Mpl,z,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
N
Npl,Rd
Mz,Ed
1,0
dz Mpl,y,Rd
Imperfections should be considered

only in the plane in which failure is
expected to occur. If it is not evident
which plane is the most critical,
checks should be made for both
planes.
+ z,Ed 1,0
dz
dy Mpl,y,Rd
G. Hanswille
Verification for the interaction of biaxial

bending.
My,Ed = y,Ed My,Rd
dy
Verification in case of compression an biaxial

bending
For both axis a separate verification
is necessary.
My,Rd (NEd ) = dy Mpl,y,Rd
y,Ed
56
NEd
Npl,Rd
dz
Mz,Rd
Mpl,z,Rd
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355

M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
58
57
G. Hanswille
Composite columns General Method
G. Hanswille
Commerzbank Frankfurt
Millennium Tower Vienna
Part 5:
New railway station in Berlin

(Lehrter Bahnhof)
Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles

Highlight Center
Munich
59
60
10
Composite columns with concrete filled

tubes and steel cores special effects
Resistance based on stress blocks (plastic
resistance)
tube
fy
core
M =
concrete
fy
fc
M
N
Non linear resistance with strain limitation for concrete

strains
fy
fy
G. Hanswille
fc
M
MRd
Mpl,Rd
distribution of yield strenght
ED [N/mm2]
fyk
300
Cross-sections with
massive inner cores have
a very high plastic shape
factor and the cores can
have very high residual
stresses. Therefore these
columns can not be
design with the simplified
method according to EN
1944-1-1.
fyk characteristic value

of the yield strenght
200
U = dk
A = dk2 / 4
150
100
50
load introduction
stresses in the tube
20
30
400 200 130
fyk
dk
r
= 0,95 + 0,1
rk
40
50
100
80
dK
dK [mm]
residual stresses:
ED
2r2
E (r ) = ED 1
rK2
r, rk
61
62
G. Hanswille
G. Hanswille
Influence of residual stresses - comparison of

resistance with the European buckling curves
initial bow imperfection
buckling curve d
(considering residual stresses)
concrete C30
E=fy
stresses in concrete
tube 406x6,3 - S235
buckling curve a
(no residual stresses)
1,0
cross-section
fy (r )
rk
U/A [1/m]
10
General method Finite Element Model
fy(r)
250
ED
G. Hanswille
Residual stresses and distribution of the

yield strength
core dK=300 mm
fy=265 N/mm2
0,5
NRd= Npl,Rd
dK
0,5
1,0
1,5
63
G. Hanswille
64
Load introduction and shear connection
G. Hanswille
Basic requirements
Provision shall be made in regions of load introduction for internal forces
and moments applied from members connected to the ends and for
loads applied within the length to be distributed between the steel and
concrete components, considering the shear resistance at the interface
between steel and concrete. A clearly defined load path shall be
provided that does not involve an amount of slip at this interface that
would invalidate the assumptions made in design.
Part 6:
Where composite columns and compression members are subjected to

significant transverse shear, as for example by local transverse loads
and by end moments, provision shall be made for the transfer of the
corresponding longitudinal shear stress at the interface between steel
and concrete. For axially loaded columns and compression members,
longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction need not to be
considered
Load introduction and

longitudinal shear
65
66
11
G. Hanswille
Load introduction over the steel section
NEd
sectional forces due to NEd

und MEd
load introduction by headed studs within the

load introduction length LE
d
2d
LE
L / 3
PD
LE < 2,0 d
G. Hanswille
Load introduction for combined comression and
bending
MEd
minimum transverse dimension of

the cross-section
member length of the column
Ns,Ed
Na,Ed
Aa
Npl,a
Na,Ed = NEd
Ns,Ed = NEd
Npl,Rd
Npl,s
Npl,Rd
Npl,Rd
Nc,Ed = NEd
Npl,c
Npl,Rd
Npl,a
VL,Ed = Nc,Ed + Ns,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd
Na,Ed
Ma,Ed
Nc,Ed +Ns,Ed
required number of studs n resulting from the

sectional forces NEd,c+ NEd,s:
Ac
fyd
NRd = Na,Rd + Nc + s,Rd

fsd
MRd
=
Nc+s,Rd
NRd
fsd
Ed Na,Ed Ma,Ed Nc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed

=
=
=
=
R d Na,Rd Ma,Rd Nc + s,Rd Mc + s,Rd
NRd
Npl,Rd
NEd
Npl,Rd
Mc,Ed +Ms,Ed
0,85fcd
Mc,+s,Rd
+ Na,Rd
1,0
As
Ma;Rd
zpl -
sectional forces of the cross-section :

Nc,Ed
sectional forces based on plastic theory

MRd = Ma,Rd + Mc + s,Rd
NEd
Rd
Ed
VL,Rd = n PRd
M
N
Rd = Ed + Ed
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
M
Mpl,Rd
MEd MRd 1,0

Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd
M
N
Ed = Rd + Rd
Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
PRd design resistance of studs

67
68
G. Hanswille
Load introduction Example
G. Hanswille
Load introduction by end plates
sectional forces of the steel and

concrete section of the column:
sectional forces based on stress blocks:
fyd
fsd fcd
Ma;Rd
zpl
-Ns,i
-Nc
Zs
zc
Na,Rd
+
Zs
N
M
M
c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed xi + c + s,Ed zi
2
n
r2
ri
PEd(N)
Ped,v
Ped,h
xi
ri
PEd(M)
Nc+s,Ed
-Nc+s,Rd
N
M
max PEd = c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed
n
eh 0,5 n
Mc+s,Ed
bcx
bcy
Nc+s,Ed
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded

to the web of partially encased I-Sections
Npl,a1
Na1,Ed = NEd
Npl,c1 + Npl,a1
NEd
Aa1
NEd,a
Ac1
bcx
Mc+s,Ed
sectional forces in Section I-I:
bcy
distribution with a
ratio 1:2,5
Section I-I
eh
Npl,a
Npl,Rd
Nc + sEd = NEd Na,Ed
shear forces of studs based on plastic theory
n number of
studs within the
load introduction
length
zi
Na,Ed = NEd
Mc + s,Rd = Nc zc + Nsi zsi
fsd Ns,i
shear forces of studs based on elastic theory
max PEd =
Nc + s,Rd = Nc + Nsi
Mc,+s,Rd
Nc1,Ed = NEd Na1,Ed
NEd, c+s
Npl,a1 = A a1 fyd
verification in Section I-I

Na1,Ed
Npl,a1
1,0
Nc1,Ed
Npl,c1
1,0
Npl,c1 = A c1 fcd
A c1
3 fcd A c1
Ac
Longitudinal shear force:

VL,Ed = (Nc + s,Ed Nc1,Ed ) VL,Rd
69
G. Hanswille
70

to the web of partially encased I-Sections
PRd
PRd PRd
PRd PRd
G. Hanswille
PRd
VLR,Rd/2
PRd
< 300
Dc
< 400
< 600
PRd / 2
PRd / 2
VL,Rd = PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a fully or

partially concrete encased steel I-section or a similar
section, account may be taken of the frictional forces that
develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the
concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance may
be added to the calculated resistance of the shear
connectors. The additional resistance may be assumed to
be on each flange and each horizontal row of studs, where
is the relevant coefficient of friction that may be assumed.
For steel sections without painting, may be taken as 0,5.
PRd is the resistance of a single stud.
VL,Rd = n PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
PRd= min
PRd,1 = 0,29 d2
fck Ecm
d2 1
PRd,2 = 0,8 fu
4 v
1
v
In absence of better information from tests, the clear distance between

the flanges should not exceed the values given above.
71
72
12
G. Hanswille

to the web of partially encased I-sections
F
F [kN]
NEd
NEd
3000
Zs Zs
LE
2000
test series S1
1500
Zs
D
c
test series S2
I
test S3/3
cy bc
w [mm]
0
10
12
14
VL,Rd,s = 4
cy
cot + tan
LE
=45o
As
fyd cot LE
sw
sw- spacing of stirrups
not directly connected concrete

area As1
16
c y 0,85 fcd
longitudinal shear resistance of the stirrups:
test S1/3
500
Longitudinal shear resistance of concrete struts:
VL,Rd,max = 4
= 0,6 (1 ( fck / 250 )) with fck in N / mm 2
I
I
1000
Dc
Dc
Longitudinal shear force in section I-I:
Npl,a A c1 0,85 fcd + A s1 fsd

VL,Ed = NEd 1
Npl,Rd A c 0,85 fcd + A s fsd
3500
2500
G. Hanswille
Load introduction longitudinal shear

forces in concrete
As- cross-section area of the stirrups
73
G. Hanswille
Load introduction longitudinal shear

forces in concrete test results
74
Load introduction Examples

(Airport Hannover)
G. Hanswille
F [kN]
2000
Fu = 1608 kN
1500
1000
test I/1
w
500
Load introduction with

gusset plates
w [mm]
0
10
Load introduction with partially loaded

end plates
12
14
75
G. Hanswille
76
Load introduction with distance plates for

columns with inner steel cores
G. Hanswille
distance plates
Post Tower Bonn
Load introduction with

partially loaded end plates
77
78
13
G. Hanswille
Composite columns with hollow sections

Load introduction
stiffeners and
end plates
gusset plate
Confinement effects in partiallly loaded areas
distance plates
G. Hanswille
The confinement by the tubes leads to a high

resistance in partially loaded areas.
Stiffener
Distance
plate
c,r
a,y
a,t
79
80
G. Hanswille
Typical load-deformation curves
G. Hanswille
Mechanical model
P [MN]
series SXIII
Pu
2.5
2.0
Pu,stat
PcR,m = fc A1
1.5
P [MN]
5.0
0.5
10
15
20
30
25
[mm]
4.0
35
3.0
t fy
1+ cL
d
fc
series SV
Pu
1.0
Ac
A1
c
A1
Pu,stat
Effect of partially
loaded area
2.0
1.0
10
Ac
c,r
[mm]
15
20
81
a,t
c,L = 3,5
G. Hanswille
Test evaluation according to EN 1990
Effect of
confinement by the
tube
Load distribution by end plates
c,L = 4,9
a,t
82
G. Hanswille
re [MN]
10,0
8,0
6,0
Pc,Rm
~1d
41 tests
Vr= 0.14
F [kN]
Pc,Rk = 0.78 Pc,Rm
4,0
2,0
Pc,Rd = 0.66 Pc,Rm

2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
t fy
PcR,m = fc A 1 1+ cL
d fc
Ac
A1
a,x
Fu
A1
6000
ts
Fu = 6047 kN
Fu,stat = 4750 kN
u = 7.5 mm
4000
rt [MN]
Ac
10,0
a,y
83
2000
bc
c,r
a,y
tp
[mm]
5,0
10,0
15,0
bc = t s + 5 t p
84
14
Design rules according to EN 1994-1-1
t fyk
c,Rd = fcd 1+ cL
d fck
fck
t
d
fyk
A1
Ac
c,L
A c A c fcd
fyd
A1
A1
tp
A1
P [kN]
c,Rd
bc
8000
bc = t s + 5 t p
G. Hanswille
Contribution of reinforcement
For concrete filled circular hollow sections, longitudinal reinforcement may be taken into
account for the resistance of the column, even where the reinforcement is not welded to
the end plates or in direct contact with the endplates, provided that verification for fatigue
is not required and the gap eg between the reinforcement and the end plate does not
exceed 30 mm.
Load distribution 1:2,5
ts
concrete cylinder strength

Ac
20
wall thickness of the tube
A1
diameter of the tube
yield strength of structural steel
loaded area
cross section area of the concrete
confinement factor
c,L = 4,9 (tube)
c,L = 3,5 (square hollow sections)
G. Hanswille
Pu= 8258 kN
reinforced
- 825
bc
A1
eg
Pu= 5917 kN
6000
unreinforced
Ns = A s fsd s
concrete C40/50
tube 323,9 x 5,6
e = 20 mm
4000
Reinforcement
outside the load
introduction area A1
is not effective.
2000
[mm]
0
0.0
4.0
8.0
e 30 mm
s = 1.5 - 0.5 A c /A1
with A c /A1 2
12.0
85
G. Hanswille
Verification outside the areas of load introduction
86
A
pure bond
(adhesion)
B
mechanical
interlock
C
friction
cy
Outside the area of load introduction,

longitudinal shear at the interface
between concrete and steel should be
verified where it is caused by
transverse loads and / or end
moments. Shear connectors should
be provided, based on the distribution
of the design value of longitudinal
shear, where this exceeds the design
shear strength Rd.
concrete
encased
sections
bc
b
Rd,o= 0,30 N/mm2
cy
cz
h
cz
z
concrete filled tubes
Rd= 0,55 N/mm2
In absence of a more accurate

method, elastic analysis, considering
long term effects and cracking of
concrete may be used to determine
the longitudinal shear at the interface.
G. Hanswille
Design shear strength Rd
concrete filled
rectangular hollow
sections
Rd = Rd,o c
hc
c = 1 + 0,02 c z 1 z,min 2,5

cz
cz- nominal concrete cover [mm]

cz,min=40mm (minimum value)
flanges of partially
encased I-sections
Rd= 0,20 N/mm2
webs of partially
encased I-sections
Rd= 0,0 N/mm2
Rd= 0,40 N/mm2

87
88
15
COMPOSITE SLABS
S. Hicks
Steel Construction Institute
EUROCODES
Composite slabs
EUROCODES
Welded mesh reinforcement for crack

control, transverse load distribution and
fire resistance
Concrete cast in situ
EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and

concrete structures
Composite Slabs
Stephen Hicks
Headed stud connectors for shear
connection to the composite beam and,
when required, end anchorage to the slab
EUROCODES
Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
Benefits of composite beams
Bending resistance increased by a factor of

1.5 to 2.5
Conventional composite construction
EUROCODES
Benefits of composite slabs
Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

working platform and permanent formwork.
Stiffness increased by a factor of 3 to 4.5
Unpropped construction may be achieved.
Steel weight reduced by typically 30 to 50%
Sheeting can stabilise beams during
Reduction in beam depth (span:depth 25)

Lightweight construction
construction.
Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main

tension reinforcement to the slab.
EUROCODES
Examples of composite construction in UK
Commercial sector
EUROCODES
Examples of composite construction in UK
EUROCODES
Residential sector
Health sector
Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1
EUROCODES
Practical examples of open trough and re-entrant profiled steel

sheets used for composite slabs
10
9 mm
Multideck 60
60 mm
15 mm
Cover width: 1000
323 mm
ComFlor 60
60 mm
Cover width: 600

300 mm
Re-entrant profiled steel

sheet
Confraplus 60
58 mm
207 mm
Cover width: 750
150 mm
Cofrastra 70
73 mm
Cover width: 732
183 mm
145 mm
15 mm
Open trough profiled steel

sheet
Cofrastra 40
40 mm
Cover width: 1035
Super Holorib 51
51 mm
152.5 mm
70 mm
80 mm
Cover width : 610
ComFlor 80
Cover width: 600
180 mm
120 mm
9 mm
80.5 mm
Multideck 80
300 mm
EUROCODES
Composite construction with services passed under

structural zone
EUROCODES
11
Cover width: 900
Examples of fixings for ceilings and services
Wedge attachment
Alternative wedge attachment
12
Clip attachment
EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements
EUROCODES
Re-entrant trough profile

bo
hc
hp
bb
bs
br
Slab thickness
When slab is acting compositely with
beam or is used as a diaphragm:
h 90 mm & hc 90 mm
bs
Spacing of reinforcement bars

s 2h & 350 mm
(c)
For bearing on steel or concrete: lbc = 75 mm and lbs = 50 mm

For bearing on other materials: lbc = 100 mm and lbs = 70 mm
Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting
bs
bs
(b)
The bearing length shall be such that damage to the slab and the bearing is avoided;
that fastening of the sheet to the bearing can be achieved without damage to the
bearing and that collapse cannot occur as a result of accidental displacement during
erection.
Maximum aggregate size

dg 0,4 hc, b0 / 3 and 31,5 mm
1/2 h p
bs
bs
bc
(a)
Reinforcement 80 mm/m in both

directions
hp
EUROCODES
14
bc
When slab is not acting compositely

with beam or has no stabilizing
function:
h 80 mm & hc 40 mm
hc
bb
bs
Scope limited to sheets with narrowly

spaced ribs : br / bs 0,6
br
Open trough profile

bo
EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements
EUROCODES
13
EUROCODES
15
Analysis for internal forces and moments - set-up for double

span tests on profiled steel sheeting
16
a) Imposed load on a 3 m 3 m
a
a
b
3000
working area (or the length of

the span if less), with an
intensity of 10% of the selfweight of the concrete but
1,5kN/m and 0,75 kN/m
3000
b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m

c) Self weight load
corresponding to the design
thickness of the slab plus
ponding effects if > h / 10
EUROCODES
Combined bending and

crushing at internal
support
Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs
EUROCODES
17
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Longitudinal shear resistance
a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or

embossments rolled into the profile.
b) Frictional interlock for re-entrant profiles.

c) End anchorage from through-deck welded stud connectors or other
local connection.
d) End anchorage from deformation of the ends of the ribs at the end of the
sheeting.
Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B
18
EUROCODES
Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour
Load
PF
(kN)
(kN)
50
19
40
F/2
P/2
F/2
P/2
Slip at
second end
10
20
30
40
f yp
Lo
f cm
-
1
10
50
F
2
1.0
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%
o
o
Partial connection method

m-k method
EUROCODES
Mean value for the ultimate shear stress with

additional longitudinal shear resistance
caused by the support reaction:
Mean value for the ultimate shear stress:
u =
Determination of design value for u,Rd from tests
test N cf
b(Ls + Lo )
EUROCODES
21
M test
= Nc
cf
1. Brittle behaviour
m-k method
u =
test N cf Vt
b(Ls + Lo )
Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)
22
For each variable investigated:
0.85 f cd
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible,
z
+
1 test specimen with the shear span Ls as short as possible

(but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still
providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the
behaviour
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange:

Nc,f = Np = Ape fyp,d
Depth of the concrete in compression
xpl = Nc,f / (0,85 fcd b) hc
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending
MRd = Nc,f (dp - 0,5 xpl)
u,Rk is divided by the partial safety factor VS to obtain a design

value u,Rd
Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)
hc
f yp,d
=
e
ep
N cf
Ape f yp,d
N cf
Ape f yp,d
ep
Nc
Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1
hc
M pr
24
0.85 f cd
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = 0,85 fcd b hc
z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
Nc,f
f yp,d
Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Lever arm:
Partial shear connection (0 < < 1)
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23
0.85 f cd
M pl,Rd
Np
f yp,d
Characteristic value of the longitudinal shear strength u,Rk

calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile from EN1990,
Annex D
Nc,f
x pl
dp
whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear.
EUROCODES
F
2
test
+ f yp
2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a
Ls
Nc
f yp
Deflection (mm)
o
N cf
M test
M p,Rm
30
20
20
f cm
-
M
M p,Rm
Slip at
first end
Determination of longitudinal shear resistance without end

anchorage for the partial connection method
EUROCODES
f yp,d
f yp,d
Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc = u,Rd b Lx Nc,f
Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1

Lever arm:
z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
Nc
Ape f yp,d
MRd = Nc,f z + Mpr
MRd = Nc z + Mpr
N c
Ape f yp,d
M pr
End anchorage
EUROCODES
Variation of bending resistance along a span: uniform distributed

load
EUROCODES
25
According to EN 1994-1-1, design resistance of a headed stud welded through the steel
sheet used for end anchorage should be taken as the lesser of:
26
PRd kt
MRd with end anchorage
M pl,Rd
M
Rd
or
Ppb,Rd = k ddo t fyp,d
MEd
where PRd is the design resistance of a headed stud embedded in concrete, kt is a

reduction factor for deck shape, ddo is the diameter of the weld collar (which may be
taken as 1,1 times the shank diameter), t is the sheet thickness and k = 1 + a / ddo 6,0
a 1.5 d d0
MRd without end anchorage
f yp /2
L sf
Ppb, RdVe,Rd
Variation of bending resistance along a span: Point load
u,Rd b
Lx
Load
PF
(kN)
(kN)
MRd without end anchorage
whichever is the lesser
Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour
EUROCODES
27
M
MMpl,Rd
Rd
PRd k t
or
b u,Rd
u,Rd b
f yp /2
EUROCODES
M Ed
MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
Stud
d d0
Lx
28
Slip at
first end
50
40
F/2
P/2
F/2
P/2
30
Lx
MEd
Slip at
second end
20
L
10
1
10
M Ed
20
30
40
50
Deflection (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o
MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
L sf
recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%
o
o
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Determination of m-k values from tests
Determination of m-k values from tests
29
30
Characteristic regression line

calculated from the test values
as the 5% fractile
Vertical shear
2
F/2
Partial connection method

m-k method
EUROCODES
Vt
b.d p
m-k method
2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a
Lx
F/2
Vt
b.d p
Mean value
Vertical shear
2
Longitudinal shear
Ls
F/2
Flexural
Longitudinal shear
Ls
k
Long
For each variable investigated:
Ls
Short
Flexural
Ap
b Ls
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, whilst still providing failure
in longitudinal shear.
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as short as possible (but not less than 3 overall
slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour
If behaviour brittle, Vt = 0,8 (F / 2)
F/2
Ls
k
Long
Short
Ls
Ap
b Ls
Design shear resistance
Vl, Rd =
bdp mAp
+ k
VS bLs
Ls
Disadvantages of m-k method
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31
Effective width for slabs with concentrated loads
32
For hp / h 0,6
bp
Reinforcement
Finishes
hf
The results contain all the influencing parameters, but are

impossible to separate from one another.
hc
hp
Methodology is not based on a mechanical model and is
Lp
bem = bm + 2 Lp 1 b
L
ii) for interior spans of continuous slabs
Lp
bem = bm + 1,33Lp 1 b
L
bm
therefore less flexible than the partial connection approach

(contribution from end anchorage and reinforcement need to
be evaluated from additional tests).
For bending and longitudinal shear:

i) for simple spans and exterior spans of
continuous slabs
b cm
For vertical shear
Other loading arrangements that differ from the test loading
Lp
bev = bm + Lp 1 b
L
bp
Width of slab over which load is distributed
can be problematical.
bm = bp + 2 (hc + hf)
bp
Case c Concentrated loads applied parallel

to the span
Case d Concentrated loads applied
perpendicular to the span
Lp
Transverse reinforcement for concentrated loads
EUROCODES
34
Vv,Rd should be determined using EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.2 which gives the following:
bp
Reinforcement
Finishes
Vertical shear resistance of composite slabs
EUROCODES
33
Vv,Rd = [CRd,c k(100l fck)1/3 + k1 cp] bsd
hf
(6.2a)
with a minimum of
hc
Vv,Rd = (vmin + k1 cp) bsd
hp
where l = Asl / bs d, Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement which extends (lbd + d)
beyond the section considered and other symbols are defined in EN1992-1-1.
bm
(6.2b)
For normal loading conditions, and the fact that the sheeting is unlikely to be fully
anchored, the vertical shear resistance will commonly be based on Eq (6.2b).
b cm
If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the values given below, a nominal
transverse reinforcement of not less than 0,2% of the area of concrete above the ribs of
the sheet (which extends the minimum anchorage length beyond bem), may be
provided without any further calculation:
For heavily loaded slabs, additional reinforcement bars may be required at the support
and the vertical shear resistance based on Eq (6.2a). According to the ENV version of
EN 1994-1-1, it is permitted to assume that the sheeting contributes to Asl provided that
it is fully anchored beyond the section considered.
concentrated load: 7,5 kN;

distributed load: 5,0 kN/m.
For characteristic imposed loads greater than these values, the distribution of bending
moments and the appropriate amount of transverse reinforcement should be evaluated
according to EN 1992-1-1.
Punching shear resistance
EUROCODES
hc
b p+ 2h f
hc
dp
ap +2h f
Critical
perimeter
The punching shear resistance Vp,Rd

should be calculated according to EN
1992-1-1. For a loaded area ap bp, which
is applied to a screed with a thickness hf,
the critical perimeter is given by:
cp = 2hc+ 2(bp+ 2hf) + 2(ap+ 2hf+ 2dp 2hc)
ap
Loaded area of
dimensions a p x b p
dp
EUROCODES
35
bp
hc
hc
Crack widths
For continuous slabs that are designed as simply-supported, the minimum cross-sectional area of
the anti-crack reinforcement within the depth hc should be:
0,2% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for unpropped construction
0,4% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for propped construction.
The above amounts do not automatically ensure that wmax 0,3 mm as given in EN1992-1-1 for
certain exposure classes.
If cracking needs to be controlled, the slab should be designed as continuous, and the crack widths
in hogging moment regions evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1, 7.3.
Deflection
Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic
analysis, neglecting the effects of shrinkage.
For an internal span of a continuous slab, the deflection may be estimated using the following
approximation:
the average value of the cracked and uncracked second moment of area may be taken.
for the concrete, an average value of the modular ratio for long-term and short-term effects may
be used.
hf
Section A - A
Serviceability limit states for composite slabs
dp
For external, or simply supported spans, calculations of the deflection of the composite slab may be
omitted if:
the span/depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 20 for a simply-supported span and 26 for an
external span of a continuous slab (corresponding to the lightly stressed concrete limits given
in EN 1992-1-1; and
the load causing an end slip of 0,5 mm in the tests on composite slabs exceeds 1,2 times the
design service load.
36
Standard push test
EUROCODES
Position of studs in open trough sheeting and reduction factor

formula according to EN 1994-1-1
EUROCODES
37
38
Compression
in slab
P
Cover 15
hsc
hp,g hp,n
150
Load per stud P (kN)
250
250
(a) Central
EUROCODES
260
(b) Favourable
(c) Unfavourable
kt = 0.85 / nr (b0 / hp) {(hsc / hp) 1} kt,max

Number of stud
connectors per rib
Slip (mm)
150
bo
Force from stud
Edge of
beam
PRk
Thickness t of
sheet
(mm)
Studs not
exceeding 20 mm
in diameter and
welded through
profiled steel
sheeting
150
6 mm
Stud ductility demonstrated in full-scale composite beam tests

with studs through-deck welded in open trough sheeting
nr = 1
1,0
> 1,0
0,85
1,00
0,75
0,75
nr = 2
1,0
> 1,0
0,70
0,80
0,60
0,60
EUROCODES
39
Profiled steel
sheeting with
holes and studs
19 mm or 22 mm
in diameter
Load-slip curves for push tests cf. beam tests
40
140
120
Load per stud (kN)
100
80
nr = 1
60
40
20
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
-20
-40
Slip (mm)
Push test
90
140
Point at which deck
delamination was
observed
140
Point at which maximum

moment was applied
in Cycle 5
Axial force (kN)
120
100
80
60
120
80
100
70
80
Load per stud (kN)
160
Axial force (kN)
Beam test
160
180
60
40
20
40
0
20
10
15
20
25
10
15
20
25
30
-40
Slip (mm)
7th pair
40
30
20
0
5
nr = 2
50
30
-20
0
60
10
Slip (mm)
6th pair
Strong
Central
Weak
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Slip (mm)
Push test
EUROCODES
Recommended detailing to push test with open trough

profiled steel sheeting
EUROCODES
41
Beam test
Where can I get further information?
http://www.access-steel.com/
Back-breaking failure
A
30 recess
optional
150
260
150
250
250
250
Bedded in mortar or gypsum
Steel section:
254 x 254 89 UC
or HE 260 B
4d minimum 750
s.hicks@steel-sci.com
42
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
L. Davaine & J. Raoul
SETRA
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts
Eurocodes - Background and applications

Dissemination of information workshop
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008
2. Global analysis of composite bridges
EN 1994 Part 2
Composite bridges
3. ULS verifications
4. SLS verifications
5. Connection at the steelconcrete interface
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
Jol RAOUL
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression
Laurence DAVAINE
All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a
twin-girder bridge with upper reinforced concrete slab.
Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)

Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
EUROCODES
Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
Filler beam decks

Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab
in longitudinal direction
in transverse direction (National Annex)
Stra
Stra
Box-girder bridges
Half through composite bridges
Bowstring arches
NOTE : The cable stayed

bridges with composite
deck are not completely
covered by EN 1994-2.
Stra
Stra
EUROCODES
The main others EN called when using EN1994-2
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1990 :
Basis of design
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EUROCODES
EN 1993 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling
EN 1993 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1993 1-1 :
General rules for steel

EN 1993 1-9 :
Fatigue

EN 1993 2 : Steel bridges

EN 1993 1-10 :
Brittle fracture
EN 1994 2 : Composite bridges

EN 1991 :
1-1 Permanent loads
1-3 Snow
1-4 Wind
1-5 Temperature
1-6 Loads during execution
1-7 Accidental loads
2 Traffic
Contents : 7 parts
EN 1993 1-12 :
S690
EN 1993 1-11 :
Cables
EN 1992 2 : Concrete bridges

EN 1992 1-1 : General rules for concrete
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
Global analysis for composite bridges
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CLASS 1
sections which can form a plastic hinge
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

Second order effect to be considered for structures
Fcr
where
cr =
FEd ,ULS
BUILDINGS
10
CLASS 2
sections which can develop M pl,Rd
limited rotation capacity
with
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
effective width of flanges for shear lag,
CLASS 3
stages and sequence of construction,
sections which can develop
M el,Rd
effects of cracking of concrete,

temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

CL. 1
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Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder
EUROCODES
EI1
Deformed structure
Yielding
2
Mpl,Rd
M at mid-span with
increase of P
EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)
Cracked global analysis
EUROCODES
11
Simplified method usable if :
EI2
0.15 (L1+ L2)
L1
An additional iteration is not required.
Yielding
12
Lmax
Lmin
L2
Class 1 or 2
EI1
Ac = 0
Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

Class 1 or 2 cross-section at mid-span (and MEd > Mel,Rd )
Class 3 or 4 near intermediate support
Lmin/Lmax < 0.6
- no pre-stressing by imposed deformation

- Lmin/Lmax>0.6
EI1
EI2
EI2 = cracked composite inertia (structural steel + reinforcement)
Class 1
Mel,Rd
As
10
Cracking of concrete
In sections where c < - 2 fctm, the concrete is assumed to be cracked

and its resistance is neglected
EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis
Determination of the stresses c in the extreme fibre of the concrete

slab under SLS characteristic combination according to a non-cracked
global analysis
When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered.
Static structure
In general, non-uniform section

(except for small spans)
CL.3/4
In the cracked zones EI2 :

the resistance of the concrete in
tension is neglected
the resistance of the reinforcement is
taken into account
Class 3 or 4
Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the crosssections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
or
Non linear analysis
EUROCODES
Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
EUROCODES
13
as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)
elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)

linear
non linear (behaviour law for materials in EC2 and EC3)
To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS

and ULS) at the steel-concrete interface
cracking of the concrete slab

shear lag (in the concrete slab : Le/8 constant value
for each span and calculated from the outside
longitudinal rows of connectors)
neglecting plate buckling (except for an effectivep area
of an element 0.5 * gross area)
Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear

Always uncracked section analysis
Specific rules for shear connectors design in the elastoplastic zones for ULS (Mel,Rd < MEd < Mpl,Rd)
Shear lag in composite bridges
bslab
beff ,slab
beff ,flange
14
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

SLS combinations of actions
To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

ULS combination of actions
EUROCODES
Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
EUROCODES
15
Effectives width of the concrete slab EN1994-2
Concrete slab EN 1994-2

Same effectives width beff for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
16
Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

(with a value calculated to that at mid-span)
Section analysis : variable on both sides of the vertical
supports over a length Li /4
Steel flange EN 1993-1-5

Used for bottom flange of a
box-girder bridge
Different effectives width for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
3 options at ULS (choice to
be performed in the National
Annex)
b flange
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17
Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge
18
P2
P1
C0
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
Global longitudinal bending
Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
60 m
80 m
2.5 m
7m
C3
60 m
2.5 m
34 cm
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600
2.8 m
Note:
b fi = 1200mm
IPE600 every 7.5m in

side spans and every
8.0m in central span
Example : Structural steel distribution
19
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
26
18
26
18
40 mm
55
80
120
80
55
40
55
80
120
80
55
40
35 m
10
18
10
28
10
18
10
35
60 m
C0
80 m
P1
S355 N for t 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t 30 mm)
60 m
P2
63 < t 80
S 355 N
355
345
335
325
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action
correction factor for taking account of the slight variations in the long-term load
intensity that could occur during the bridge life
Permanent loads
1.1
Shrinkage
0.55
Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on supports)
315
295
Example : construction phasing

22
Concreting order of the slab 12.5-m-long segments

4 x 12.5 m
B
t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term

loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads)
100 < t 150
> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

> Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa
> Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa
> Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 :
fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa
fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa
fctm = -3.2 MPa
3 x 12.5 m
t = concrete age at the considered instant
80 < t 100
S 355 NL
1.
creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :
thickness t (mm)
40 < t 63
for short term loading (L = 0)
t = ( t t 0 )
16 < t 40
21
n L = n 0 . (1 + L t )
Ea
E cm
t 16
EUROCODES
n0 =
Yield
strength
fy (MPa)
Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

should also be fulfilled.
C3
Creep - Modular ratios for bridges
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20
> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

S355 NL for 80 < t 150 mm
h = 2800 mm
bfi = 1200 mm
18
bfs = 1000 mm
Note : Bridge dimensions verified

according to Eurocodes (crosssection resistance at ULS, SLS
stresses and fatigue)
Example : Used materials
EUROCODES
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16
15
14
13
12
11
10
6 x 12.5 m
3 x 12.5 m
2.
Construction timing
Steel structure
put in place
1st
t=0
Non-structural equipments
(pavement, safety barriers,)
put in place
End of slab
concreting
...
...
...
16 concreting phases in a selected order

assuming :
Pre-stressing
16th
t = 66
t = 80
3 working days per segment
1.5
Time (in days)

t = 110
assembling bridge
equipments
only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m)
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
Example : age of concrete
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
1st
...
23
...
t=0
t = 80
t = 110
t t0
( t, t 0 ) = 0 .c ( t t 0 ) = 0 .
H + t t 0
Phase 2
Phase 16
66
63
Mean value of the ages of concrete segments :
t0 =
66 + 63 + ... + 3
= 35.25 days
16 phases
+ 14 days
+ 30 days
used for all concreting phases

(simplification of EN1994-2).
t 0 = 49.25 days
t 0 = 79.25 days
1 = ( t = , t 0 )
2 = ( , t 0 )
3 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.1 )
nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.2 )
nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.3 )
Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.
4 = ( , t 0 )
nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.4 )
24
EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
Time
(in days)
Phase 1
t = 66
Example : creep function and modular ratio values
16th
0.3
0
t +
RH
1
100 . . . 16.8 .
0 = RH . ( fcm ) . ( t 0 ) = 1 +
1
2
0.2
0.10.3 h0
fcm 0.1 + t 0
RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, 1 = (35/fcm)0.7, 2 = (35/fcm)0.2
Short term loading
Long term loading

Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49
n0 =
Ea
= 6.16
E cm
Shrinkage
nL,4 = 15.23
Pre-stressing
nL,2 = 18.09
Bridge equipments
nL,3 = 14.15
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
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Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
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25
26
beff
Equivalent spans Le :
be1
60 m
80 m
0.85x60 = 51m
on support
60 m
0.7x80 = 56m
0.85x60 = 51m
0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
beff = b0 + 1 .be1 + 2 .be2
C3
Le
where: bei = min ;bi

8
i = 1.0
except at both end supports where:

i = 0.55 + 0.025
EUROCODES
Le
1.0
bei
beff (m)
Spans 1 and 3
51
3.2
2.2
6.0
Span 2
56
3.2
2.2
6.0
Internal supports P1 and P2
35
3.2
2.2
6.0
End supports C0 and C4
51
3.2
2.2
0.948
1.129 < 1.0
5.83 < 6.0
=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
cs
hc
EN1991 part 1-1
EN1992 part 1-1

EN1994 part 2
28
Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on internal supports)
Free shrinkage strain applied

on concrete slab only (no
steel concrete interaction)
Shrinkage strain applied on

the composite section (after
steel concrete interaction)
bc,eff
Tk
Thermal gradient
EN1991 part 1-5
UDL, TS
Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform

design loads UDL and tandem systems TS)
EN1991 part 2
FLM3
Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3)
EN1991 part 2
concrete = E c cs .
e.n.a.
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
EUROCODES
29
N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
+
A
I
Shrinkage and cracked global analysis

30
Concrete in tension
Cracked zone
L
Miso
Miso
P2
v (x)
3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :
L1
steel =
bc
(N z ) .z
1 N
+ . cs + cs cs
bc ,eff n A
I
2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :
P3
L2
P2
v (P3 ) = 0
Isostatic effects
neglected in cracked
zones for calculating
hyperstatic effects
Miso
Miso
Miso
Miso
SLS combinations
iso + hyper effects
hyper
ULS combinations
hyper effects
hyper
iso + hyper
hyper
Mhyper
Effects of shrinkage
zcs
e.n.a.
1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

due to the bending moment Miso = Ncszcs :
Variable loads
P1
Ncs
Ncs = E c cs .bchc
Creep (taken into account through modular ratios)
P1
b2=2.5 m
be2
Gmax , Gmin Self weight:

structural steel
concrete (by segments in a selected order)
non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,)
b1=3.5 m
be1
EUROCODES
27
Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage

strains)
b1
Le (m)
beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
Permanent loads
EUROCODES
b2
=> Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis :
Applied loads on the road bridge example
P2
P1
C0
in span
b0=0.6 m be2
1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

3 = hyperstatic (or secondary) effects
Mhyper
Mhyper
Thermal gradient from EN 1991 part 1-5
EUROCODES
31
Longitudinal axis of the

most loaded girder
could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2
+15 C
2- Linear gradients :
-5 C
-18 C
4 C
400
-8 C
3- Difference +/- 10 C :
Bridge axis
3.5 m
+/- 10 C
Lane no. 1
Lane no. 2
3m
3m
Residual
area
Lane no. 3
3m
2m
girder no. 2
girder no. 1
UDL (Uniform
Design Load)
3.5 m
0.5 m
Safety barrier
16 C
0.6h
32
1m
Safety barrier
1- Non linear gradients :
Traffic load LM1 from EN 1991 part 2
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9 kN/m
2.5 kN/m
300 kN / axle
200 kN / axle
Characteristic
values
of traffic loads
from LM1
100 kN / axle
TS (Tandem
System)
2m
Combinations of actions
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Un-cracked global analysis
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33
34
(MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

bridge should be considered :
8
6
4
> Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

Quasi permanent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk
Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk
Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL
> Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue
x (m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-2
-4
-6
2.f ctm = 6.4 MPa
-8
-10
x = 49.7 m
-12
x = 72.5 m
Cracked
zone on
P1
L1 = 60 m
17 %.L1
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)

1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
EI1
x = 121.6 m
x = 150.6 m
Cracked
zone on P2
L2 = 80 m
15.6 %.L2
EI2
L3 = 60 m
23 %.L2
EI1
17.7 %.L3
EI1
EI2
Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting.
Cracked global analysis: bending moments
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35
80
50.84
37.59
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-40
-60
-80
-77.66
-80.69
-107.25
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
Fundamental
ULS
ELU
fondamental
-120
x (m)
-103.54
180
200
ELS
caractristique
Characteristic
SLS
ELU
fondamental
Fundamental
ULS
7.47
Shear force (MN)
41.33
Bending moment (MN.m)
56.07
50.16
37.06
40
-100
36
10
60
-20
Cracked global analysis: shear forces
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5.54
5.49
4.38
3.24
4
2
7.39
3.09
1.09
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-3.09
-2.92
-5.54
-5.49
-7.46
-7.41
160
180
200
-3.26
-4.40
-10
x (m)
Contents : 7 parts
EUROCODES
EUROCODES
37
ULS verifications of a composite bridge
38
resistance of the composite cross-sections

- for bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
- for shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
- for interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)

shear resistance in the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3) )
concrete slab (EN 1992)
shear connection (see below, point 5)
fatigue ULS (see below, point 6)

LTB around intermediate supports (see below, point 7)

compression
ULS section resistance under M > 0
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39
fck/c
compression
ULS section resistance under M < 0
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40
0.85 fck/c
fsk/s
tension
(+)
fsk/s
(+)
p.n.a
()
0.85 fck/c
p.n.a
()
e.n.a
fy/M
e.n.a
()
()
(+)
(+)
fy/M
tension
fy/M
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
Elastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4)
e.n.a. = elastic neutral axis
fy/M
fy/M
compression
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 and 2)
p.n.a. = plastic neutral axis
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Class 4 composite section with construction phases
EUROCODES
41
Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section
If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area.
MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
ULS resistance under V and interaction M + V
42
Plastic resistance : ensured by the steel web

Vpl,a,Rd is calculated by using Eurocode 3 part 1-1.
VRd = Vpl,a,Rd = A V .
M0 3
Shear buckling resistance :

See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd
Interaction between M and V :

For Class 1 or 2 sections :
+
fy
f yw h w t w
M1 3
If VEd< 0.5.VRd, no interaction occurs.

If not, the criterion MEd < Mpl,Rd is verified using a reduced Mpl,Rd value
Recalculation of the stress distribution

respecting the sequence of construction
A eff , Ieff , Geff
= 2 Ed 1
VRd
1- Flange
2- Web
Justification of the recalculated
stress distribution
For Class 3 or 4 sections : See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.
ULS shear resistance in the concrete slab
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Example: Analysis of 2 different cross-sections
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43
44
For the solid slab of a composite bridge:
=>
60 m
Shear reinforcement (Ast for b = 1 m) is not necessary (nor the

minimum shear reinforcement area according to EN1992-2,9.2.2)
VRd,c = CRd,ck(100l fck )1 3 + k1cp bhc (v min + k1cp )bhc

CRd,c =
If the concrete flange is in tension :
v min = 0.035.k1.5 fck
200
hc
k =1+
A
l = st
bhc
k1 = 0.12
10
Lower fibre
Upper fibre
sigma_cp,0
8
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
cp,0 = 1.85 MPa cp
N
= Ed
bhc
0.15
= 0.12
C
6
4
2
0
-2
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-4
VEd VRd,c
-6
80 m
Section
60 m
Section
Concrete in tension
Concrete in compression
M<0
M>0
Class 3 (elastic section analysis)
Class 1 (plastic section analysis)
MULS = -107.25 MN.m
MULS = +56.07 MN.m
VULS = 7.47 MN
VULS = 1.04 MN
x (m)
-8
-10
Example: Cross-section A under bending
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Stress diagram under bending
P1
1000 x 120 mm
1200 x 120 mm
261.3 MPa
434.8 MPa =
Elastic section analysis :
295 MPa =
fsk
re inf .
S
fy
M0
steel,sup
steel,inf
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fy
M0
Example: Cross-section A under M+V interaction
VEd = 6.00 MN
Shear buckling to be considered:
tw = 26 mm
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd
Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd

fyw
cr 3
1.37
= 0.675
0.7 + w
f
Vbw ,Rd = w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
M1 3
Example: Cross-section B (Class 1)
2.5 m
48
3.5 m
9.2 MPa
: design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section

excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)).
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.
V
3 = Ed = 0.89
Vbw,Rd
1 =
M
MEd
= 0.73 f ,Rd = 0.86
Mpl,Rd
Mpl,Rd
As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to

resist M whereas the steel web resists V.
=> No interaction !
p.n.a.
Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m
can be neglected.
Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN
= 1.33 1.08
so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in

Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) :
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
M1 3
w =
2
M
1 + 1 f ,Rd 23 1 1.0
Mpl,Rd
fywhw t w
Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
cr = k E = 19.58 MPa
w =
EUROCODES
47
hw 31
tw
VEd = 7.47 MN
hw = 2560 mm
= 295 MPa
VEd
0.5
VRd
h
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.75
a
a = 8000 mm
-171.2 MPa
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa
2560 x 26 mm
46
First cross-bracing
in central span
3.5 m
2.5 m
Example: Cross-section A under shear force
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45
1000 x 40 mm
2720 x 18 mm
202.0 MPa
f
0.85 ck
C
fyf
fyw
M0
M0
-
-305.2 MPa
1200 x 40 mm
Plastic section analysis under bending :
MEd = 56.07 Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m
h
31
h
k , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
k = 5.34 + 4 w = 5.80 and w
tw
a
VEd = 2.21 MN VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN

VEd
0.5
VRd
fywhw t w
M1 3
= 10.64 MN
=> No M+V interaction !
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Contents : 7 parts
SLS verifications in a composite bridge
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49
50
Limitation of stresses in cross-sections at characteristic SLS

c 0.6.fck
M>0
(concrete in compression)
a 1.0.fyk
s 0.8.fsk
a 1.0.fyk
M<0
(reinforcement in tension)

Crack width control

compression
Limitations of deflections (national regulations)

Web breathing (fatigue phenomenon, see EN1993-2)
Note : for shear connectors, see section 5 below
Crack width control
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1.
51
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
XC3, XS1*
- in cross-sections where tension exists in the concrete slab for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions
waterproofing layer
- estimated from equilibrium between tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and tensile force in the reinforcement (at yielding or at a lower stress level if
necessary to limit the crack width)
2.
52
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XF3 or XF4**
Minimum reinforcement required
XC4, XS1*, XD3***
XC4, XS1*, XD3**,

XF1 or XF2**
* : for bridges near sea water
XC4, XS1*, XD3***,
Control of cracking due to direct loading
** : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting
XF1 or XF2**
The design crack width wk should be limited to a maximum crack width wmax
by limiting :
*** : for the bottom surface of a bridge deck located

within 6 m above a road with (very) frequent salting
- bar spacing s smax

- or bar diameter max
wmax depends on the exposure class of the considered concrete face
smax and max depend on the calculated stress level s = s,0 + s in the
reinforcement and on the design crack width wk
3.
Risk of corrosion of reinforcement
Control of cracking due to indirect loading
Attack to concrete
For instance, concrete shrinkage.
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Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
Hypothesis : Bridge in a low-level frost area
No risk of corrosion or attack of concrete
XC1 to XC4
Corrosion induced by carbonation
XD1 to XD3
Corrosion induced by chlorides
XS1 to XS3
Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
XF1 to XF4
Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3
Chemical attack
XM
Mechanical abrasion
54
fct,eff
c
hc
The choice of exposure classes leads
to define :
Description of the environment
XO
Minimum reinforcement
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53
Class
XC4, XF3
XC3
z0
e.n.a.
calculated with n0
a minimum resistance for concrete

(according to EN1992 and EN206),
for instance C30/37
change in the
location of the
neutral axis
waterproofing layer
a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content)
according to EN206
XC4, XF1
before
cracking
k sk. k c fct,eff A ct = s A s
XC4
XC4, XF1
a structural class (S1 to S6) for

every face of the slab, chosen
according to Table 4.3 in EN1992
and to the retained concrete
a minimum concrete cover for

every face of the slab according to
the exposure class and the structural
class
after
cracking
1
kc =
+ 0.3 1.0
h
1+ c
2z0
stress distribution within the tensile concrete height hc before cracking

(including indirect loading) + change in the location of the neutral axis
at cracking time
ks = 0.9
reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
and local slip of the shear connection
k = 0.8
fct,eff = fctm
effect of non-uniform shape in the self-equilibrating stresses within hc

and
s = fsk
give the minimum reinforcement section As,min.
Example : minimum reinforcement
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Maximum crack width wmax
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55
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m
56
Recommended values defined in EN1992-2 (concrete bridges) :
hc = 0.34 m
fct,eff = fctm = -3.2 Mpa
z0 = 0.52 m
k c = min
+ 0.3;1.0 = 1.0
1 + hc
2z
0
fsk = 500 MPa

As,min = 94 cm which means a minimum reinforcement ratio s,min = 0.46%
For the design, the following reinforcement ratios have been considered :
Top layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,top = 0.46%
The stress level s,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
Bottom layer : high bonded bars with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so s,bottom = 0.46%
The tension stiffening effect s should be taken into account.
s,top + s,bottom = 0.92% s,min
We verify :
Crack width control
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Example : crack width control for direct loading
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57
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter per meter.
58
The stress level s due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
= *
(Table 7.1)
fct ,eff
2.9 MPa
or
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
50
20
40
60
80
100
120
-100
-150
Example : crack width control for direct loading
EUROCODES
59
s = 0.92%
(Reinforcement ratio)
fctm
= 106.2 MPa
s st
s = 0.4
s = s,0 + s = 212.2 MPa
*max = 22.3 mm
= 16 mm max = *max 3.2 / 2.9 = 24.6 mm
or
(interpolation in Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2)
smax = 235 mm
s = 130 mm smax = 235 mm
(interpolation in Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2)
AI
= 1.31
A a Ia
180
200
Stresses in the upper layer

of reinforcement, calculated
by neglecting concrete
resistance (in tension).
Example : crack width control for indirect loading

60
The stress level s due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
be calculated in the reinforcement.
in the considered cross-section (where s,0 is maximum) :
st =
160
f
s = 0.4 ctm
s st
Tension stiffening effect :
140
-50
x (m)
EUROCODES
s,top = s,bottom = 0.46%
100
Stresses at QP SLS (MPa)
Diameter
Top and bottom layers : Ast with = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so
s,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, s is estimated using :
s = k skk c fct,eff
A ct
2.04
= 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2
= 250.4 MPa
As
0.92% 2.04
The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with = 16 mm.
= fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm

The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : s,max = 255 Mpa
We verify :
s = 250.4 Mpa < s,max = 255 Mpa
10
Contents : 7 parts
EUROCODES
61
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
reinforcement
Full interaction required for bridges
Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or

2 cross sections where Mel,Rd MEd Mpl,Rd
Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear

force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
ends or cable anchorage)

compression
ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear

failure or splitting in the concrete slab
Resistance of the headed stud shear connector
62
Objective :
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Steel-concrete connection
EUROCODES
63
64
SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
PRk = min PRk (1) ; PRk (2)
1.5d
Elastic design of the shear connection
EUROCODES
2.5 m
0.4d
h 3d
d 2
PRk (1) = 0.8f u .
Shank shear resistance :
PRk
Concrete crushing :
t
if
16 d 25mm
h
4
d
, then
else
(2)
= 0.29d
A z + As zs
vL, Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x). c c
I
Shear force from

cracked global
analysis
f ck E cm
zs
e.n.a.
Uncracked
mechanical properties
h
= 0.2 + 1
d
=1
SLS
ULS
For a given length li of the girder (to

be chosen by the designer), the Ni
shear connectors are uniformly
distributed and satisfy :
For a given length li of the girder (to be

chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear
connectors are uniformly distributed and
satisfy :
Limit State Design resistance National Annex
PRd =
U.L.S.
S.L.S.
PRk
V
vL, Ed SLS ( x )
V = 1.25
vL, Ed ULS ( x ) 1.1
Ni
.{ks PRd }
li
k s = 0.75
k s .PRd
3.5 m
zc
li
( 0 x li )
ULS
L , Ed
N i*
.PRd
li
( x ) dx Ni*.PRd
Example : SLS elastic design of connectors
L1 = 29 m
65
L2 = 41 m
L3 = 41 m
1
0.8
in MPa/m
0.6
Studs with :
d = 22 mm
0.4
h = 150 mm
Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m)
in S235
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
66
Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation

and the same connector type
1.2
0.2
L4 = 29 m
1.4
v L,Ed SLS
Example : ULS elastic design of connectors
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140
EUROCODES
1.6
1.4
1.2
v L,Ed ULS
in MPa/m
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
0.2
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
11
Example : longitudinal spacing of studs rows
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67
Elasto-plastic design (ULS) of the shear connection
68
Eventually adding shear connectors in the elasto-plastic zones

where Mpl,Rd > MEd > Mel,Rd
e (mm)
800
700
600
500
P1
P2
400
Elasto-plastic zone
300
spacing at SLS (mm)
100
spacing at ULS (mm)
0
0
20
40
60
80
MEd
First yielding in at least one

fibre of the cross-section
where MEd = Mel,Rd
200
100
120
Elastic
design
x (m)
140
Mpl,Rd
NB (or NB*) is determined by
using an interaction M-N
diagram in the section B.
Elasto-plastic
design
NA
=> Elastic design governed by ULS.
n=
NB
N B or N*B N A
PRk V
connectors to put between

sections A and B.
Interaction diagram in the cross-section B
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EUROCODES
69
Ma,Ed
a,Ed
Two options : simplified diagram (straight line GH) /

more precise diagram (broken line GJH)
NB*
Nel,B
NB (N)
NB Npl,B
N pl,B =
0.85.f ck
.beff .h c
C
16
15
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71
14
13
12
11
10
Step 2 : stress diagram

for load cases applied
to the structure after
concreting Section B
M_pl,Rd -
20
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
x (m)
-20
-30
-40
-50
M_pl,Rd+
=>
Step 3 : ULS stress

diagram in Section B (if
yielding is reached in the
extreme bottom fibre)
Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed
Example : Normal stresses in section B

72
c
as(2)
88.2 MPa
M_Ed-
Section B
(Class 1)
fyk
ai
30
-10
(2)
M_Ed+
40
M (MN.m)
50
fcd=fck/c
as fyk
(For instance, ai(1) + k.ai(2) = fyk )
Concreting
phases
ai
(1)
k (< 1) is the maximum value for keeping

step 3 within its elastic strength limits.
Example : Bending moment in section B
as(2)
Step 1 : stress diagram

for load cases applied
to the structure before
concreting Section B
Plastic resistance of the concrete slab (within the

effective width) to compressive normal force :
EUROCODES
MEd
+ k .
Mc,Ed
c,Ed
as(1)
ai
Ma,Ed
70
c(2)
MB (N.m)
Mpl,Rd
MEd
Mel,Rd
Elastic resistance moment in the section B
ai(2)
-63.0 MPa
fy = -345 MPa
-360.3 MPa
Mc,Ed(B)
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m
11.9 MPa
151.7 MPa
MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m
Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m

ai(2) = (-360.3) (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa
k is defined by k =
fy ( 63.0 )
ai(2)
= 0.95 1.0
Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
12
Example : Interaction diagram in section B
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73
74
ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
Section B
(max = -360.3 Mpa)
400
300
3.6 cm
0.95*3.0 MPa
fck
= 19.8 MPa
C
0.85
0.65 m
f
Npl = 0.85 ck .A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
C
Nel = 11.4 MN
MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3
MaEd = 2.7
0
Nel = 11.4
100
fy = -345 MPa
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
-100
-200
3.3 m
2.8 m
-300
-400
Section A
Section C
fy
Section C
Section A
beff = 5.6 m
11.8 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm
11.3 MPa
3.1 MPa
2.9 MPa
Nel(A) = 12.1 MN
0.65 m
Nel(C) = 11.5 MN
Npl = 30.3
Adding shear connectors by elasto-plastic design
200
NB (MN)
NB = 25.8
NB* = 15.7
EUROCODES
k * ULS stresses
beff = 5.6 m
Example : Limits of the elasto-plastic zone
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
EUROCODES
75
76
for solid slabs :
9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm

(designed at ULS)
3300 mm
Section A
2800 mm
Section B
Section C
25 mm eD
to allow a correct welding of the connector :

and if the used shear connectors are studs :
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
(which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)
More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows

interaction
spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm
diagram
EUROCODES
tf
spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm
Detailing for shear connectors
head 1.5d
hhead 0.4d
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
eD 9t f
a
beff
78
235
fy
b1
At
beff
hc
Transverse
reinforcement
tension
Ab
co
1m
mp
re
s
sio
n
Ab+At
vL ,Ed
5.d e min
> Transversal spacing between adjacent studs

in other cases
h 3d
b1
if the structural steel flange in compression which is connected to the

concrete slab, is a class 3 or 4 element :
235
emax 22t f
to avoid buckling of the flange between two studs rows :
fy
etrans ,min 4.d
d 1.5.t f for a structural steel flange in tension, subjected to fatigue
Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
to insure the composite behaviour in all cross-sections :

emax = min (800 mm; 4 h )
where h is the concrete slab thickness
and if the used shear connectors are studs :
d 2.5.t f
> Longitudinal spacing between shear connectors rows
to avoid buckling of the cantilever eD-long part of the flange :
EUROCODES
77
for solid slabs
(15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows
etrans ,min 2.5.d
io
n
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm
(25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows
ss
(25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28
rows
pr
e
Simplified
interaction
diagram
co
m
e = 678 mm
v aa
b
= v L ,Ed ULS . 1
beff
cracks
13
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
79
tension in reinforcement :
v aa .hc .(1m). tan f ( A b + A t ) .fsd
compression in concrete struts :
v aa 0.6 1 ck fcd .sin f cos f

250
for slab in tension at ULS :
1.0 co tan f 1.25
Contents : 7 parts
EUROCODES
80

(or 38.6 f 45 )
for slab in compression at ULS : 1.0 co tan f 2.0 (or 26.5 f 45 )
Other potential surfaces of shear failure defined in EN1994-2 :

compression
Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge
EUROCODES
Damage equivalent stress range E
EUROCODES
81
82
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 :
Log (stress range)
In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for :

the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9)
the slab concrete (see EN1992-2)
the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2)
the shear connection (see EN1994-2)
Assessment method
(National Choice)
Low consequence
Required regular inspections and

maintenance for detecting and repairing
fatigue damage during the bridge life
crack
High consequence
Mf = 1.0
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.15
Mf = 1.35
Log N (cycles)
damage
ni
= di
Ni
Total damage in the detail :
Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service
inspection for fatigue damage
N = C. m
Consequence of detail failure for the bridge
Damage tolerant
EUROCODES
with 2 slopes (m=3 and m=5)
Longitudinal
stiffener on a web
Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor Mf for
fatigue strength in the structural steel :
Fatigue S-N curve of the

studied detail (EN1993-2)
weld
Ni
NC = ND=5.106
2.106
NL=100.106
ni
Ni
In term of D, the actual traffic (ni, i)i is equivalent to nE = ni cycles of

the unique equivalent stress range E.
Fatigue Load Model 3 equivalent lorry (FLM3)
D=
ni
EUROCODES
83
axle = 120 kN
Damage equivalence factor
84
In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):
=1 2 3 4 < max
which represents the following parameters :

1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges
spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
2 : influence of the traffic volume
2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined
in the project
3 : life time of the bridge ( 3=1 for 100 years)
every crossing induces a stress range p = |max,f - min,f | in a given structural detail
max : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit D at 5.106 cycles
4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
the equivalent stress range E in this detail is obtained as follows :
E = .p
For shear connection (in EN1994-2):

where :
is the damage equivalence factor
is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
For reinforcement (in EN1992-2):
v = v ,1 . v ,2 . v ,3 . v ,4
s = fat . s,1 . s,2 . s,3 . s ,4
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
c = c,0 . c,1 . c,2,3 . c,4
14
Example : Damage equivalence factor v
EUROCODES
85
v ,1 = 1.55
for road bridges (with L< 100 m) :
86
Basic combination of non-cyclic actions
Fatigue loads
Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk +
hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
In every section :
FLM3
Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min
Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
Q1 = 200 kN
Q2 = 310 kN
Q3 = 490 kN
Q 4 = 390 kN
Q5 = 450 kN
40%
10%
30%
15%
5%
MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max
v ,2
EUROCODES
= 407 kN
Q Nobs
= ml
480 0.5.106
(1 8)
407
=
= 0.848
480
v ,3 = 1.0
bridge life time = 100 years, so
v ,4 = 1.0
v = 1.314
Stress range p for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Stress range (MPa)
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
c,Ed,max,f > 0
va
va
v1
v1
v1
v1
v1
c,Ed,min,f > 0 p = Ma,Ed I + Mc,Ed I + MFLM3,max I Ma,Ed I + Mc,Ed I + MFLM3,min I = MFLM3 I
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
87
Case
1
EUROCODES
Sequence of
concreting
MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) :

v
v
v
v
c,Ed,min,f = Mc ,Ed 1 + MFLM3,min 1
c,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed 1 + MFLM3,max 1
I1 n
I1 n
I1 n
I1 n
15
niQi5
Qml =
n
i
Mean value of lorries weight :
only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so
Stress range p = | max,f min,f | in the structural steel
EUROCODES
p = MFLM3
v
v
v
v
p = Mc,Ed 1 2 + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
I1
I2
I1 I2
Stress range s,p = | s,max,f s,min,f | in the reinforcement
88
30
Case
1
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f > 0
25
Case
2
c,Ed,max,f < 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
M + MFLM3,max
v
s ,p = Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f 1 c,Ed
I2
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
20
Case
3
c,Ed,max,f > 0
c,Ed,min,f < 0
s ,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max )
15
influence of the tension stiffening effect
s ,p = MFLM3
s,f = 0.2
10
v2
I2
st =
fctm
st s
v1
v
M + MFLM3,min 2 + s,f
I1 c,Ed
I2
Fatigue : 0.2
SLS verifications : 0.4
AI
A aI a
s =
A s,eff
A c,eff
v1
I1
.100
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
x (m)
Stress range from M_min

always without concrete participation
120
140
160
180
200
Stress range from M_max

always with concrete participation
Tension stiffening effect
EUROCODES
in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different

load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
Fatigue verifications
EUROCODES
89
Tension
stiffening
effect
s,f
In a structural steel detail :
s,p,2
Ff E Ff E
+
1.0
C Mf C Mf
Slope v2/I2 (fully

cracked behaviour)
In the reinforcement :
s,p,3
Bending
moment in the
composite
section
90
Ff E c
Mf
c
Ff E
Mf
F,fat E
Rsk
S,fat
S,fat = 1.15
log Rsk
k1 = 5
fsk
k1
s ,p,1
case 2
k2 = 9
1
Rsk = 162.5 MPa
Slope v1/I1
k2
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
N* = 1.106
logN
15
EUROCODES
Classification of typical structural details
Fatigue verifications for shear connectors
EUROCODES
91
92
R (log)
R (log)
m=8
c=
90 MPa
Nc =
2.106 cycles
( R )
1.
Contents : 7 parts
c
Mf ,s
c
Mf
Ff E
LTB around internal supports of a composite girder

94
To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression

around internal supports), two approaches are available :
1.
Bridge with uniform cross-sections in

Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web
(except on supports) : U-frame model
2.
Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections :

general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4

LT =

compression
EUROCODES
fy
a
6.3.4.1 : General method
6.3.4.2 : Simplified method

(Engessers formula for cr)
and
cr =
cr
a
LT ult
1.0 ?
M1
Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic
Traffic loads (with unfavourable

transverse distribution for the
girder n1)
1100
1100
600
2800
Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span
ult =
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in crosssections where cross bracing frames are provided:
IPE 600
with
( )
95
7000
ult
cr
LT = f LT
Example : lateral restraints
Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in
central span
Mf ,s = 1.0
Ff E

+ Ff E 1.3
C Mf C Mf ,s
c
Mf ,s
Ff = 1.0
with the recommended values :
NR (log)
EUROCODES
Nc =
2.106 cycles
For a steel flange in tension at fatigue ULS :
93
m=5
For a steel flange in compression at fatigue ULS :
EUROCODES
Ff E
EUROCODES
NR (log)
m=3
NR = ( C ) NC
Ff E
2.
c=
80 MPa
96
udl = 26.7 kN/m
TS = 409.3 kN/axle
+
Dead loads (construction phases,
cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
MEd = -102 MN.m

NEd = MEd / h
= 38 MN
A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)
16
EUROCODES
Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling
97
400
t f bf 3 120.12003
=
12
12
c = Cd/a
Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN
L = 80 m
cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10
EN 19931993-2, 6.3.4.1:
General method
a = 7,5 m
I and NEd are variable
a=8m
a = 7,5 m
uy
discrete elastic lateral

support, with rigidity Cd
(I)
x
cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1)
(II)
= 10.3 (Mode II at P2)

= 17.5 (Mode III at P1)
(III)
Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]
I=
I = constant = Imax
98
First order stresses in the mid plane

of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER

NEd = constant = Nmax
EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)
EUROCODES
300
fyf 295
= 1.18
=
f 249
ult,k = min
200
100
op =
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
180
200
-100
ult,k
1.18
=
8.9
cr,op
= 0.37 0.2
-200
-300
-400
Using buckling curve d:
op = 0.875 1.0
op
Lcr = 20 m
160
ult,k 1.036
=
= 0.94 > 1.0
1.1
M1
NO !
EUROCODES
99
More information about the numerical design example by

downloading the PDF guidance book :
Eurocodes 3 and 4 Application to steel-concrete
composite road bridges
on the Stra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html
Thank you for your kind attention
17

En 1994 Workshop Eurocodes Background and Applications

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En 1994 Workshop Eurocodes Background and Applications

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Wednesday, February 20 Palais des Acadmies

General presentation of EN1994

Structural analysis and ultimate limit

Serviceability limit state

All workshop material will be available at

L. Davaine & J. Raoul

GENERAL PRESENTATION OF EN1994

Background and Applications

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

General presentation of Eurocode 4

EN 1994-1-1 : general rules and rules for buildings

Background and Applications

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Rules for drafting

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

The paragraphs specific to buildings are put at the end

Rules for drafting

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

The paragraphs specific to bridges are added at the end

Rules for drafting

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Avoid cascades of references

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Filler beam decks

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Coordination EC4-EC3 : materials

Background and Applications

Background and Applications

Coordination EC4-EC3 : design rules

Slab : EC4 (same at SLS/ULS)

equal for steel and

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

Coordination EC4-EC2 : materials

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

210 000 (as in EC3)

equal for steel and reinforcement

Coordination EC4-EC2 : design rules

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop

0.85 is a calibration factor of Mpl,Rd

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND ULTIMATE

Institute of Structural Design

Institute of Structural Design

Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann

Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Kuhlmann

Ultimate Limit States

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrike Kuhlmann

+49 711 685 66245

+49 711 685 66236