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PROJECT FUNDMENTALS
Project Fundamentals
What is a Project?
Project Fundamentals
Project Characteristics:
Temporary
Project Fundamentals
Project Characteristics:
Unique
Project Fundamentals
Project Characteristics:
Progressively Elaborated
As you keep working on the project, you
learn to know more about the project.
The project begins with a conceptual or
high level, then as you gather more and
more information, the requirements are
refined or become specific.
Project Fundamentals
Social Need: Societal cause; project for the benefit of public usually by Govt.
Project Fundamentals
Examples of Project:
Rail Roads, Buildings, Bridges etc. (construction based projects)
Engineering drawing plan for
(architectural/drawing projects)
new
sports
car
model
or
an
automobile
Project Fundamentals
Operations:
Ongoing
Operations are ongoing or repetitive in nature
Requires planning, people and other resources similar to a project with the only difference
that it is continuous. There is no end date
Purpose is to sustain the functioning of a business
Includes the organizational procedures
For example: Day to day activities like Financial or Accounting operations, Human Resource
operations, Logistics & Transport operations
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Quality
Scope
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
What is a Phase?
A Project is logically divided into small portions called Phases. Each phase
has a duration and one or more deliverable associated with it. The phases are
project specific.
For example: An IT project could have Requirements, Analysis, Design,
Development and Implementation phases.
Phases can be executed in sequence or simultaneously (overlap one another)
At the end of each phase, a decision is taken whether to continue to the next
phase or terminate the project. Its called Phase Exit or Phase Gate or
Kill Gate or Phase End Review.
Project Fundamentals
What is a system?
System could be a physical system like computer or formal procedure, process, forms or tools
to manage the tasks.
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Types of Organizations
The type of organization that undertakes a project will have an impact on the way the project
is managed and ultimately the success of the project. There are three types of organizations
namely Functional, Matrix and Projectized.
Matrix organizations are further classified as Weak Matrix, Balanced Matrix and Strong Matrix.
Projectized
Strong Matrix
Balanced Matrix
Weak Matrix
Functional
Project Fundamentals
Functional Organization
This type of organization structure consists of various departments or business units based on
a specific function or area of expertise. A functional manager or head of department leads the
projects that are specific to the business unit.
For example: A functional organization may have finance department, accounting
department, manufacturing department, marketing & sales department, R & D department
etc.
Employees belonging to these department have their own area of expertise and they report
to their respective functional manager as well as the project manager. Functional manager
controls the resources and budget.
The project manager has no power or authority, project role is almost negligible , limited to
project status reporting and is also part-time.
The project manager is also called a Project Expeditor.
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Project Fundamentals
Projectized Organization
A projectized organization is organized around projects and each project is lead by a project
manager who is solely responsible for the project. The employees report to their project
manager only. Once the project is completed the resources are released for use in other
projects.
Initiating
2.
Planning
3.
Executing
4.
5.
Closing
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Inputs
Output
The output(s) of one process may be input(s) for another process. Every process may be
performed more than once in a single project or in a single phase.
Input(s)
Tools &
Techniques
Output(s)
Process1
Process2
Input(s)
Tools &
Techniques
Output(s)
Input(s)
Tools &
Techniques
Output(s)
Process3
Market Conditions
Existing Human Resources and Personnel Administration
Political Climate, Commercial Database
Expert Judgment
Experts who are internal to the organization or external to an organization such as
independent consultants, consulting agencies & firms, subject matter experts (SME)
etc. who can provide their expertise or advice , help in resolving project related
matters.
Work Performance Reports are Work Performance Information compiled into a format of
presentation or report. E.g. Formal Recommendations, Decisions or Conclusions about a
project.
Industry Standards
Phase 1
Phase 2
CONCEPT
Phase 4
Phase 5
MATERIALS
PRODUCTIO
N
MANUFACTU
RING &
ASSEMBLY
Phase 6
Phase 3
DESIGN
PROTOTYPE
Phase 7
WIRING &
WELDING
TESTING
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
CONCEPT
DISCOVERY
INITIATION
PLANNING
DESIGN
TESTING
Phase 6
IMPLEMENTAT
ION
Phase 7
POST
IMPLEMENTAT
ION
Phase 2
SOFTWARE
DESIGN
Phase 3
IMPLEMENTATIO
N&
INTEGRATION
Phase 3
Phase 4
TESTING
(VALIDATION)
DEPLOYMENT
(INSTALLATION)
Phase 5
MAINTENANCE
Phase 1
Phase 2
ORIGINATION
INITIATION
PLANNING
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Phase 6
CONSULTANT
SELECTION
ANALYSIS &
DESIGN
TENDER &
AWARD
IMPLEMENT
ATION
Construction
Project Lifecycle
Phase 7
CLOSEOUT
SO
HOW DO YOU START A
PROJECT THEN?
Starting a Project
Identification of
problem/opportunity
recognition of business need
High Level Business Case
Evaluation by Client Rationale
for the Project
What are the business drivers?
Like to do /must do?
How does it fit in with business
goals vision and mission etc
What are the financial and non
financial costs?
Most do not survive this
evaluation
Then.
Objective
SMART Objectives
Scope Statement
Always measurable
Project Specifications
Project Deliverables
Module 3