Chapter 5: Deformation

Let me tell you the secret that has led

me to my goal. My strength lies in my
tenacity.

Louis Pasteur

Testing of 787 Dreamliner wings. (Courtesy

of Boeing Corp.)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Moment-Curvature Relations
In terms of ordered derivatives:
q
d4 y
= 4
EI
dx
V
d3 y

= 3
EI
dx
M
d2 y
= 2
EI
dx
=

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

dy
dx

2014 CRC Press

Design Procedure 5.1: Deection by

Singularity Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the

system.
Use force and moment equilibria to establish reaction forces acting
on the system.
Obtain an expression for the load intensity function for all the
loads acting on the system while making use of Table 2.2.
Integrate the negative load intensity function to give the shear
force and then integrate the negative shear force to give the
moment.
Make use of Eq. (5.9) to describe the deection at any location.
Plot the following as a function of x:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Shear
Moment
Slope
Deection

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Beams
y
l

x
P

Pb_
RA = __
l

Pa_
RB = __
l

P
(a)

y
V

M
a

xa
P

Figure 5.1: Cantilevered beam

with concentrated force applied
at free end.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

(b)

Figure 5.2: Free-body diagram of force

anywhere between simply supported
ends. (a) Complete beam; (b) portion of
beam.

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.3

y
l
a

b
wo

B
C
(a)

_
MA = wob a + b
2

b
wo

RA = wob
(b)

_
w ob a + b
2

xa
wo
V
M

w ob

Figure 5.3: Cantilevered beam

with unit step distribution over
part of beam. (a) Loads and
deection acting on cantilevered
beam; (b) free-body diagram of
forces and moments acting on
entire beam; (c) free-body diagram
of forces and moments acting on
portion of beam.

x
(c)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.4

y
l
a

b
P

C
B

(a)
a

b
P
MC

RA

RC
(b)
a

xa
P

V
MA

RA
x

Figure 5.4: Pinned-xed beam with

concentrated force acting anywhere along
beam. (a) Sketch of assembly; (b) free-
body diagram of entire beam; (c) free-
body diagram of part of beam.

(c)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Beam Deection
Type of Loading
y

P
a

Deection
P
y=
x a 3 x3 + 3 x2 a
6EI
P
( 3lx 2 x 3 )
When b = 0 , y =
6EI
PL 3
and ymax = y(l) =
3EI

ymax

x
l

y=

y
b w
o

ymax

l
y

y=

M
x

P
a

y=

b
x

y
b

wo

y=

c
x

wob

c+ b

2
l

x a

Mx 2
Ml2
, ymax =
2EI
2EI

b
x
l

P
6EI

x a

+ 3 a 2 x 2alx

a3x
l

Pa
l

b
2

a+

ymax

Pb
l

4bx 3 12bx 2

wo
( 6l 2 x 2 4lx 3 + x 4 )
When a = 0 and b = l, y =
24EI
wo l4
and ymax =
8EI

wo
24EI

wo b
b
a +
2
l

wo b
24lEI

4 c+

b
2

l
b

x a

+ x b3 + 6 bc 2 + 4 b2 c + 4 c 3 4l 2

x a b
c+

b
2

Table 5.1: Deection for common cantilever and simply-supported beam

conditions. See also Appendix D.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.5

y
a
P
A

B
yl

Mo
l
(a)
y
a
P
yl, 1

(b)
y
Mo
yl, 2
x

Figure 5.5: Beam xed at one end and free

at other with moment applied to free end
and concentrated force at any distance from
free end. (a) Complete assembly; (b) free-
body diagram showing eect of
concentrated force; (c) free-body diagram
showing eect of moment.

(c)

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Stress Elements
mz

dx
dx

dy

dy
adz
a

o
dz

dz

Figure 5.6: Element

subjected to normal stress.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

Figure 5.7: Element

subjected to shear stress.

2014 CRC Press

Strain Energy
Loading type

Factors involved

Strain energy for

special case where
all three factors are
constant with x
P 2l
U = 2EA

General expression
for strain energy
P2
U=
dx
2EA

Axial

P, E, A

Bending

M, E, I

U =

M2l
2EI

U=

M2
dx
2EI

Torsion

T, G, J

U =

T2l
2GJ

U=

T2
dx
2GJ

V, G, A

3V 2 l
U =
5GA

U=

3V 2
dx
5GA

Transverse shear
(rectangular section)

Table 5.2: Strain energy for four types of loading.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.8

y
P

b
A

(a)
Q
P
b
x

(b)

Figure 5.8: Cantilevered beam with concentrated force acting at a distance b

from free end. (a) Coordinate system and signicant points shown; (b) ctitious
force, Q, shown along with concentrated force, P.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.9

l, A1, E1

e
e

l, A2, E2

(a)

P1
Q

e
e
P2

P
(b)

Figure 5.9: System arrangement. (a) Entire assembly; (b) free-body diagram of
forces acting at point A.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press

Example 5.10
x

Figure 5.10: Cantilevered beam with 90 bend acted upon by horizontal force, P,
at free end.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson

2014 CRC Press