REVIEWER EMBRYOLOGY

CHAPTER 5: 3rd Wk- Trilaminar Germ Disc

Number from 1-4 the steps of gastrulation
_____ Cells of the epiblast migrate toward the primitive streak
_____ Formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast with bulging region on either side.
_____ Displacement of hypoblast forming the 3 germ layers from epiblast.
_____ Cells become flask-shaped, detach from the epiblast, and slip beneath it, process called invagination.

2-1-43

Number from 1-6 the steps of neurulation

_____ Formation of the allantois that extends from the yolk sac and into the connecting stalk.
_____ Formation of neurenteric canal and the cloacal membrane at the caudal end of the embryonic disc.
_____ Cells of the notochordal plate proliferate and detach from the endoderm, forming the definitive notochord.
_____ Prenotochordal cells invaginating in the primitive node move cranially in the midline until they reach the prechordal plate.
_____ Formation of the notochordal plate at the midline, as the prenotochordal cells become intercalated in the hypoblast.
_____ The notochord and prenotochordal cells extend cranially to the prechordal plate, and caudally to the primitive pit.
IDENTIFICATION
1.
The cephalic end of the primitive streak
2.
Synthesized by streak cells and controls cell migration and specification
3.
A protein downregulated by FGF8, which binds epiblast cells together, in order to control cell movement
4.
Expression of this protein is regulated by FGF8 necessary for cell specification.
5.
Derived from the first cells that migrate through the node in the midline, which moves in a cephalic direction, forming between
the tip of the notochord and the oropharyngeal membrane.
6.
Covering of the yolk sac and amnion which makes contact with migrating cells
7.
Part of the germ disc that will be important for induction of the forebrain.
8.
A solid cord of cells that underlies the neural tube and serves as the basis for the axial skeleton.
9.
At the point where the primitive pit forms an indentation in the epiblast, this temporarily connects the amniotic and yolk sac
cavities.
10. Serves as a reservoir for excretion products of the renal system in animals while, in humans, may be involved in abnormalities
of bladder development
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Secretory factors that inhibit nodal activity in the cranial end of embryo
A member of the TGF-B family that initiates and maintains primitive streak
Genes that cause mesoderm to be ventralized intermediate and lateral mesoderm
Maintains the node and later induces regional specificity in the forebrain and midbrain
Activates inhibitors of BMP4 and contributes to regulation of head development.
Gene that is expressed ectopically (e.g., on the right side) resulting in laterality defects, including situs inversus and
dextrocardia.
Genes that act as a barrier to prevent left-sided signals from crossing over to the right.

18.

Condition manifested by situs inversus, bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis.

T/F
1.
As more and more cells move between the epiblast and hypoblast layers, they begin to spread laterally and caudally.
2.
The cranial end of the notochord forms first, and caudal regions are added as the primitive streak assumes a more caudal
position.
3.
The oropharyngeal membrane at the caudal end of the disc consists of a small region of tightly adherent ectoderm and
endoderm cells that represents the future opening of the oral cavity.
4.
Cloacal membrane, which has the same structure with the oropharyngeal membrane, is formed at the caudal end of the
embryonic disc.
5.
Cloacal membrane consists of tightly adherent ectoderm and mesoderm cells with no intervening endoderm.
6.
When the cloacal membrane appears, the posterior wall of the yolk sac on the 14 th day forms the allantoenteric diverticulum or
allantois, that extends into the connecting stalk.
7.

9.

HNF-3b induces regional specificity in the forebrain and midbrain while Brachyury gene is essential for cell migration in the
caudal region.
The cascade of signal molecules and genes initiating on the left side may be due to gap junctions which beat to create a
gradient of Nodal toward the left.
The intermediate mesoderm is the more caudal part of the streak than the extraembryonic mesoderm.

10.
11.
12.

Alterations in MAO signaling result in situs inversus, dextrocardia, and a variety of heart defects.
Those with right-sided bilaterality have polysplenia or hypoplatic spleen.
Absence of Brachyury results in caudal dysgenesis/ sirenomelia in which the embryonic axis lengthens.

8.

6-5-31-2-4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Primitive node
Fibroblast growth factor 8
(FGF8)
E-cadherin
Brachyury (T) expression
Prechordal plate
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Prechordal plate
Definitive notochord
Neuretic canal
Allantois
Cerberus and lefty
Nodal
BMP4 & FGF
HNB-3B
Goosecoid
PITX2
LEFTY & SHH
Kartageners Syn

F, caudally cranially
T
F, cranial not caudal
T
F, w/ ectoderm and
endoderm, w/o mesoderm
F, 16th

7.
8.
9.

T
F, gap jxns cillia
F, extraembryonic is the
caudal most vs paraxial,
intermediate and lateral.

10.
11.
12.

F, Serotonin
F, not hypoplastic
F, shortens

MATCHING TYPE
Match the gene to its corresponding body axis.
1. Transcription factors: OTX2, LIM1 and HESX1
2. Secreted factors: Cerberus and lefty
3. Genes upregulated by Nodal
4. BMP4 and FGF
5. Chordin, noggin, and follistatin
6. Brachyury (T) gene
7. Nodal (induced by FGF8) and LEFTY-2
8. PITX2
9. LEFTY and Sonic hedgehog E
10. 5HT E
11. MAO
12. Snail

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Anteroposterior axis
Dorsalization in cephalic region
Dorsalization in middle and caudal region
Ventralization
Laterality: Left-sidedness
Laterality: Right-sidedness

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

A
A
B
D
B
C/E
E
E
E
E
F
F

Development of Trophoblast
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

End of 3rd wk
Beginning of the 2nd wk
Formation of villous capillary system
Mesoderm penetrates the core and villi grows toward the decidua
Mesodermal cells in the core begin to become the blood cells and blood vessels
Cytotrophoblast core covered w/ syncytial later
Aka Definitive placental villus

A.
B.
C.
D.

Primary villi
Secondary villi
Tertiary villi
None

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

C
D
C
B
C
A
C

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

Outer cytotrophoblast cell

Chorionic plate
Decidual plate
Stem/ anchoring villi
Free/ terminal villi
Connecting duct Umbilical cord

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
D
C
E
F

*** capillaries in 3o villi + capillaries in chorionic plate & connecting stalk + intraembryonic
circulatory system = heart begins to beat in the 4th wk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Surrounds the trophoblast entirely and attaches the chorionic sac firmly to the maternal
endometrial tissue
Villi that extend from the chorionic plate to the decidua basalis
the part of the endometrium where the placenta will form
Villi that branch from the sides of stem villi through which exchange of nutrients and
other factors will occur.
forms the connection between the placenta and embryo.

KTEL