3 Convection (ENSC 14a)

ENSC 15
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer by
Convection
Engr. FRANCIS M. MULIMBAYAN

BSAE
INSTRUCTOR 4
Department of Engineering Science
University of the Philippines Los Banos

College, Los Banos, Philippines
Convective Heat Transfer

Introduction
Convection
o
o
o
o
occurs between a solid surface and a moving fluid

combination of heat diffusion (conduction) and bulk motion of
molecules (advection)
dominant form of heat transfer in fluids
requires presence of material medium
enhanced heat transfer due to fluid motion
Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Introduction
Types of Convection
o
Forced Convection
o
occurs when fluid motion is

induced by an external means
such as pump or fan
Natural Convection
o
brought by buoyancy forces due

to density differences caused by
temperature variations in the
fluid

Introduction
Classification of Fluid Flows

o
Viscous vs. Inviscid Flow

o
Internal vs. External Flow

o
o
o
Viscous flow the effect of viscosity is significant

Inviscid flow flow with zero viscosity
Internal flow through tubes or ducts in which the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surface
External flow of unbound fluid over a surface
Open-channel flow though tubes or ducts or channels in which fluid
is not completely bounded by the solid surface
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

o
o
Laminar highly ordered fluid motion

Turbulent disordered fluid motion

Introduction
Physical Mechanism of Convection

o
Convection strongly depends on the following:

o
o
o
o
fluid properties (, k, , and )

fluid velocity
geometry of the exposed surface
type of fluid flow
Newtons Law of Cooling

=
The crux of the convection problem is to find the heat transfer coefficient for
the situation at hand.

Dimensionless Parameters
Nusselt Number
where:
=
=
=
heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K

characteristic length, m
thermal conductivity, W/m-K

Reynolds Number

=
=
where:
=
=
=
=
density, kg/m3
free stream velocity, m/s
dynamic viscosity, kg/m-s
kinematic viscosity, m2/s =

Prandtl Number

= =
where:
kinematic viscosity, m2/s =
thermal diffusivity, m2/s
=
=
=
dynamic viscosity, kg/m-s

specific heat, J/kg-K
thermal conductivity, W/m-K

Grashof Number
3
=
2
where:
=
=
=
=
=
=
gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

kinematic viscosity, m2/s
surface temperature,
fluid temperature far from the surface,
coefficient of volume expansion
=
ideal gases
10

Rayleigh Number, Ra
=
Correlation of Data
o
a convenient and relatively simple relation for the correlation of

experimental data is to assume an equation of the form:
=
o
where C, m and n depend on the surface geometry and the flow

condition.
11

Nature of Convection Problems
Convection
Natural
Forced
Internal
External
Flow over
Flat Plates
Flow over
spheres
Flow across
cylinders
Constant
or constant
Turbulent
or Laminar
flow
Developing
or fullydeveloped
12
Natural Convection
Natural Convection
o
Brought by buoyancy forces due to density differences caused by

temperature variations in the fluid
Applications
o
Found in equipment that are designed to operate without the

use of any fluid mover
Mean Film Temperature,

o
Temperature at which all fluid properties in natural convection

are evaluated
+
=
2
13
Natural Convection
Nusselt Equations (See Table 9-1)

o
depends on the geometry and orientation of the surface,

variation of temperature on the surface and thermo-physical
properties of the fluid.
=
= ,
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
14
Natural Convection
15
Natural Convection
16
Natural Convection
17
Natural Convection
18
Natural Convection
19
Natural Convection
Sample Problems
1.
The outside diameter of a horizontal steel pipe is 4.6 cm.

The pipe is located in a room where the ambient
temperature is 20C. The exterior surface temperature of
the pipe is 40C. Determine the heat transfer rate from the
pipe per unit length of the pipe.
20
Natural Convection
Sample Problems
2.
A small holding tank in a chemical plant contains a

corrosive liquid that is maintained at a temperature of
120F by means of an electrical heater. The heating element
consists of a refractory disk 2 ft in diameter situated at the
bottom of the tank. Estimate the power required, in Btu/hr
to maintain the surface of the heating element at 160F. The
properties of the corrosive liquid at 140F are: = 4.8,
= 0.023 ft2/h, = 0.4 Btu/h-ft-F and = 0.000125 R-1.
Use = 32.2 ft/s2.
21
External Forced Convection

o
Involves flow of unbound fluid over a surface.
Applications:
o
Used in mechanical and thermal design of many engineering systems

such as aircraft, automobiles, buildings, electronic components and
turbine blades.
Flow over Flat plates

o
Laminar: Re < 5 105

=
= 0.664 1/2 1/3
Turbulent: Re > 5 105

=
= 0.037 0.8 871 1/3

22
Flow across a single cylinder

Flow over spheres
= 2 + 0.4 1/2
+ 0.06 2/3 0.4
o
The Nusselt equation above is valid

only if 0.71 380,
3.5 7.6 104 and 1.0
3.2.
All properties are evaluated at free
stream temperature except
23
1.
2.
Sample Problems
A small heater in the form of an electrically heated wire is
crossed back and forth in front of a fan which blows air over it at
a mean velocity of 15 ft/s. The surface temperature of the wire
should not exceed 1300F. The air temperature is 60F. The
heater is to generate 3412.3 Btu/hr. Determine the length of a
circular wire whose diameter is 1/32 inch.
The components of an electronic system are located in a 1.25-mlong horizontal duct whose cross-section is 18 cm x 18 cm. The
components in the duct are not allowed to come into direct
contact with cooling air, and thus are cooled by air at 28C
flowing over the duct with a velocity of 200 m/min. If the surface
temperature of the duct is not to exceed 72C, determine the
total power rating, in W of the electronic devices that can be
mounted into the duct.
24
3.
Sample Problems
The top surface of the passenger
car of a train moving at a velocity of
70 km/h is 2.8 m wide and 8 m
long. The top surface is absorbing
solar radiation at a rate of 200
W/m2, and the temperature of the
ambient air is 30C. Assuming the
roof of the car to be perfectly
insulated and the radiation heat
exchange with the surroundings to
be small relative to convection,
determine
the
equilibrium
temperature of the top surface of
the car.
25
Internal Forced Convection

o
Involves flow through a closed conduit that is sufficiently long to

effect the desired heat transfer
Applications:
o
Commonly used in heating and cooling applications
Different flow sections

o
o
Pipes has circular cross-sections

Ducts has non-circular cross-sections
Tubes pipes with small diameter
26
Mean Velocity
o
Velocity which remains

constant for incompressible
flow when the cross
sectional area of the tube is
constant
27
Mean Temperature
o
When a fluid is heated as it

flows through a tube, the
temperature of the fluid at
any cross-section changes
from at the surface of the
wall to some minimum at
the tube center.
The temperature profile will
change whenever the fluid is
heated or cooled.
28
Bulk Mean Temperature

o
Temperature where all fluid properties in internal flow are evaluated

+
=
2
where:
=
=
mean inlet temperature

mean outlet temperature
29
Velocity Profile
30
Velocity Profile
o
Hydrodynamic entrance region
Hydrodynamic entry length,
length of the hydrodynamic region
Hydrodynamically developing flow
region from the tube inlet to the point at which the boundary layer
merges at the centerline
flow in the entrance region
Hydrodynamically fully developed region
region beyond the entrance region in which the velocity profile is

fully developed and remains unchanged
31
Temperature Profile
32
Temperature Profile
o
Thermal entrance region
Thermal entry length,
length of thermal entrance region
Thermally Developing Flow
region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops and
reaches the tube center.
flow in the thermal entrance region where the temperature profile

develops
Thermally fully-developed Region
region beyond the thermal entrance region in which the dimensionless

temperature profile expressed as remains unchanged
33
Fully-developed Flow
o
region in which the flow is both hydrodynamically and

thermally developed and thus both the velocity and
dimensionless temperature profile remains unchanged.
Entry Length
o
distance from the tube entrance where the friction coefficient

reaches within about 2% of the fully developed value.
Laminar:
= 0.05
Turbulent:
= 0.05 =
10
34
General Thermal Analysis

o
In the absence of work, the conservation of energy equation for

steady flow of a fluid in a tube can be expressed as:
35
The
thermal conditions at the surface can usually be

approximated with reasonable accuracy to be:
o
Constant surface temperature (constant )
Realized when a phase change process such as boiling and

condensation occurs at the outer surface of the tube
Constant surface heat flux (constant )
Realized when the tube is subjected to uniform radiation or electric

resistance heating
36
Constant
= =

=

ln

37
Constant
= =

= +
= , = ,
, = +
, = +
38
Pumping Power Requirement
Volume flow rate: =

Friction Factor,
For fully-developed laminar flow (or at least hydrodynamically
fully-developed) in tubes - Use Table 8-1.
For turbulent flow in tubes:
= 0.790 ln Re 1.64 2 104 < Re < 106
Pressure Drop,
2
=
2
=
39

Laminar Flow
Developing
flow
Use Equation 1
(constant Ts)
Turbulent Flow
Fullydeveloped flow
Developing
flow
Fullydeveloped flow
Table 8-1
See Note 1
Use Equation 2
(constant Ts and
qs)
(constant Ts and
qs)
(constant Ts and
qs)
40
For
developing, laminar flow in entrance region for circular

tube assuming constant Ts
Equation 1:
Nu = 3.66 +
0.065 D/L RePr

1+0.04 D/L RePr 2/3
For fully-developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes
Equation 2:
Nu = 0.023Re4/5 Pr n
= 0.4
for heating
( > )
= 0.3
for cooling
<
Note 1: For developing, turbulent flow in smooth tubes, use
Equation 2.
41
Heat Transfer Coefficient

o
can be computed once the

Nusselt value is known,

=

o
Constant
=
o Constant
= , = ,
42
Sample Problems
1.
Water is to be heated from 10C to 80C as it flows through

a 4-cm-internal-diameter, 18-m-long tube. The tube is
equipped with an electric resistance heater, which provides
uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube. The
outer surface of the heater is well-insulated, so that in
steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is
transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to
provide hot water at a rate of 2.4 L/min, determine the
power rating of the resistance heater and estimate the inner
surface temperature of the pipe at the exit. Also, compute
the pressure drop in the tube.
43
2.
Sample Problems
An air heater for an industrial application consists of an insulated, concentric
tube annulus, for which air flows through a thin-walled inner tube. Saturated
steam flows through the outer annulus, and condensation of the steam
maintains a uniform temperature Ts on the tube surface. Consider conditions
for which atmospheric air enters a 50-mm diameter tube at a temperature of
15C and a flow rate of = 0.03 kg/s, while saturated steam at 2.5 bars
condenses on the outer surface of the tube.
If the length of the annulus is = 5 m what is the
outlet temperature and heat gain of air? What is
the mass rate at which condensate leaves the
annulus? Also, determine the LMTD, pressure
drop and the power requirement of the pump to
overcome this pressure drop. From the
thermodynamic property table, at = 2.5 bars,
the saturation temperature and the latent heat of
fusion are 127.43C and 2181.55 J/kg, respectively

3 Convection (ENSC 14a)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 Convection (ENSC 14a)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENSC 15

Fundamentals of Heat Transfer

Engr. FRANCIS M. MULIMBAYAN

Department of Engineering Science

University of the Philippines Los Banos

Convective Heat Transfer

occurs between a solid surface and a moving fluid

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

occurs when fluid motion is

brought by buoyancy forces due

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Classification of Fluid Flows

Viscous vs. Inviscid Flow

Internal vs. External Flow

Viscous flow the effect of viscosity is significant

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

Laminar highly ordered fluid motion

Convective Heat Transfer

Physical Mechanism of Convection

Convection strongly depends on the following:

fluid properties (, k, , and )

Newtons Law of Cooling

Convective Heat Transfer

heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

kinematic viscosity, m2/s =

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

kinematic viscosity, m2/s =

thermal diffusivity, m2/s

dynamic viscosity, kg/m-s

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

Convective Heat Transfer

a convenient and relatively simple relation for the correlation of

where C, m and n depend on the surface geometry and the flow

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Brought by buoyancy forces due to density differences caused by

Found in equipment that are designed to operate without the

Mean Film Temperature,

Temperature at which all fluid properties in natural convection

Convective Heat Transfer

Nusselt Equations (See Table 9-1)

depends on the geometry and orientation of the surface,

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer

Prepared by Engr. F. M. Mulimbayan

Convective Heat Transfer