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using a liquid (incompressible). The pipe diameter is 6 mm and 1 m long. The student measures
the flow rate through the pipe and the pressure drop and records the following observations:
Flow rate (ml/min)
Pressure drop (N/m2)
1.272
60.6
12.72
409
63.62
1016
127.2
1343
636.2
2191
1272
2616
6362
3952
(i)Is this fluid Newtonian or Non-Newtonian? (Justify your answer in not more than 5 sentences,
marks will be awarded only if the justification is proper - 5 marks)
(ii)If the fluid is Newtonian find viscosity, If the fluid is non-Newtonian calculate parameters for
non-Newtonian rheology model (5 Marks)
In a chemical plant, a 2 inch diameter pipe carries liquid at the rate of 1500 kg/hr (density = 850 kg/m 3,
viscosity = 0.1 Pa-s) from equipment A to B. The flow is controlled by a control valve (CV) at the desired
rate. Equipment A and B are operated at a pressure of 2 barg and 0.5 barg respectively. Equipment A is
located on the ground floor, whereas equipment B is located 15 m above ground level.The equivalent length
of the pipeline excluding the control valve is 50m. Calculate the head loss coefficient of the control valve.
If equipment A is now operated at 3 barg pressure, what would be the new flow rate, assuming the
equivalent length and head loss coefficient of the control valve to remain the same?
B
CV
A
A few days back, there was a newspaper report stating that a magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) train would
travel at 500 km/hr. The cross sectional area of the train can be considered to be 5 m 2, and owing to the
streamlined shape, the drag coefficient can be considered to be 0.5.
(a) How much drag force would the train experience at this speed?
(b) How much power would be required to overcome drag force at this speed?
In many chemical engineering operations fluids flow through a packed bed of particles. In one such operation
water flows downwards (at a superficial velocity of 5 mm/s) through a 2 m diameter column containing a 10
m long packed bed of spherical particles (diameter = 100m, density = 1.4 g/cc, bed voidage = 0.7).
(a)Estimate the pressure drop across the bed.
(b)What pump power would be required in order to make the water flow through the bed?
Q-1) A part of the equipment in a plant is shown on the right. At present, the two equipment 1 & 2 are
placed vertically and connected by 6 inch pipeline. Water flows in the pipeline from B to A at the
rate of 50 m3/hr. The height difference between the two points A and B is 8.3 metres. During a
pressure survey in the plant, the pressure recorded at B was found to be 1.89 barg, while that
recorded at A was found to be 0.34 barg. A Smart Second Year Chemical
Engineering student suggest to the plant manager that the equipment be placed
horizontally, in order to reduce the pressure difference between A and B, as shown on the left. If
all conditions remain the same, will pressure difference reduce? If so by how much? If not, why?
A hovercraft floats just above the surface of water or land. Its construction can be
approximated as a platform floating just above the surface. Air is forced downwards
through a central hole in the platform with the help of a fan and escapes through the
narrow opening between the platform and the surface. This is depicted in the Figure.
Consider the weight of the platform and the people on the Hovercraft to be 5000 kg.
Consider the gap between the platform and the surface to be 5mm. Consider the
platform to be a square of 5m side. Consider air density to be 1.2 kg/m3.
(A) In order to make the platform float how much pressure would have to be generated below the platform?
(B) Apply the Bernoulli equation between point 1 below the platform and 2 outside the platform. Velocity of air
VO C O 2P /
through the narrow gap and can be approximated by orifice equation:
, Value of CO can be
taken as 0.6. Hence find velocity of the air through the 5 mm gap and the flow rate of air in m3/hr.
(C)Now apply Bernoulli equation across the fan: neglect the losses, the change in velocity head and hydrostatic head
across the fan. Calculate the power required by the fan for making the hovercraft float.
Car
A pump manufacturer gives the following relationship between dimensionless head number and
dimensionless flow number for a certain type of pump impeller: N H = 12 2400 NQ2. It is
desired to choose a pump that will deliver a flow of 90m 3/hr at a head of 60m, operating at a
speed of 1440 rpm. The fluid may be assumed to be water.
(a)What impeller diameter should be chosen?
(b)Is the chosen pump operating at the Best Efficiency Point? Answer yes or no and justify
your answer in not more than 5 sentences.
A meteorological scientist is trying to predict the movement of rain drops in cumulous clouds.
The scientist considers: (i) rain drop to be a sphere of 2 mm diameter, and (ii) the wind speed
within the cloud to be 50 km/hr in the upward direction. Will the rain drop fall to the ground inspite of the upward air flow or will it be lifted to the top of the cloud by the air? Justify your
answer with suitable calculations. What will be the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the
drop with respect to ground?
It is desired to fill 40 lit of petrol (density = 0.86 g/cc, viscosity = 0.5 centipoise,
vapor pressure = 200mm Hg) in the car in 1 minute, from an underground
storage tank. The level of petrol in the storage tank can be assumed to be 3.5m
below the ground level, whereas the petrol tank of the car can be considered to
be 1m above ground. The equivalent lengths of the pipe (1 inch in diameter) at
cm
organic
the gap
Float
flow
5 mm
10o,
10
Flow
10o
R
Fluid 2
P1 P2 = ________________N/m2
(3) State whether the following statement is true of false:The information given above and the
answers to question (1) and (2) are enough to find out the flow direction
The above statement is TRUE / FALSE (circle your choice)
(4) The flow direction is from 1 to 2 / is from 2 to 1 / can not be determined (strike out all
those that are not applicable).
Q-2) A petrol tank in a car is (30+R) cm deep. A pressure measurement device is connected to
the bottom of the tank. The pressure measurement device measures gauge pressure (over and
above atmospheric pressure) at the bottom of the tank and that is used to indicate the level of
petrol in the tank. In one such case, during monsoon, accidently, water ingresses into the tank.
Assume that the bottom R/2 cm of the tank is occupied by water. The gauge shows that the
tank is (100 R/2)% full of petrol. How much petrol is actually there as a percentage of the total
capacity of the petrol tank.Assume that density of petrol is 0.7 g/cc.
Ans: The petrol actually present is _____________% of the total tank capacity.
Q-1) A part of the piping in a plant is shown alongside. The equivalent length of pipe between
the two points 1 and 2 is 5R m. The vertical height difference between the two points is
30/R metres. The pipe diameter is 10+R/2 mm. It is observed that the absolute pressure at
point 1 is 1000R N/m2 abs and absolute pressure at point 2 is 10000/R mmHg abs. The
density of the liquid is 1000+R kg/m3 and viscosity is R centipoise.
(1) The pressure difference between points 1 and 2, P1 P2 is = ___________N/m2
(2) Therefore, the direction of flow is from point _____ to point _____.
(3) The flow rate in the pipe is ________________ m3/hr
(4) The Reynolds number is __________________
(5) The flow is in the laminar / turbulent regime (strike out whichever one is not
applicable)
(6) If you want to increase the flow rate in the pipe, without changing the heights
(h1 and h2), the pressures P1 and P2, and the fluid; you will need to (fill in the blank
with
increase
/
decrease)
___________________
the
value
of
______________________.
(7) In this pipe, the thickness of the laminar sub-layer is ________________ m
A CLOSED tank containing water is connected to a 5 cm inner diameter
Closed tank
pipe as shown alongside. The total internal volume of the tank is 10m3.
Initially the tank contains 5 m3 of water (remaining can be considered to be
air at atmospheric pressure). The height difference between open end of the
pipe and base of tank can be considered to be 2 m. The depth of water in the
tank can be considered to be 2m.
Initially the valve is closed and no water flows out from the open end of the
pipe. This valve is now opened and water starts flowing out from the open
end of the pipe and gradually water level in the tank starts depleting. When the valve is
open the equivalent length of the pipe (from the tank to the open end of the pipe) can be
considered to be 50m. For simplicity, the friction factor can be considered to be constant
(irrespective of the Reynolds number) at 0.01. It is observed that water flow coming out
from the open end of the pipe reduces with time, and that, after some time, the water flow
stops completely. Answer the following:
(1) When the water flow stops, how much water (m3) would be left in the tank?
(2) How much time would be required for 99% of this change to happen?