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UNIT
IV
III
2015-16(20/01/2015)
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10
COMPARATIVE
DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA
AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
2015-16(20/01/2015)
10.1 INTRODUCTION
In the preceding units we studied the
developmental experience of India in
detail. We also studied the kind of
policies India adopted, which had
varying impacts in different sectors.
Over the last two decades or so, the
economic transformation that is taking
place in different countries across the
world, partly because of the process
of globalisation, has both short as
well as long-term implications for
each country, including India. Nations
have been primarily trying to adopt
various means which will strengthen
their own domestic economies. To this
effect, they are forming regional and
global economic groupings such as
the S A A R C , E u r o p e a n U n i o n ,
ASEAN, G-8, G-20, BRICS etc. In
addition, there is also an increasing
eagerness on the parts of various
nations to try and understand the
developmental processes pursued by
their neighbouring nations as it
allows them to better comprehend
their own strengths and weaknesses
vis--vis their neighbours. In the
unfolding process of globalisation,
this is particularly considered
essential by developing countries as
they face competition not only from
developed nations but also amongst
themselves in the relatively limited
economic space enjoyed by the
developing world. Besides, an
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10.2 DE V E L O P M E N T A L P A T H A
SNAPSHOT VIEW
Do you know that India, Pakistan and
China have many similarities in their
developmental strategies? All the three
nations have started towards their
developmental path at the same time.
While India and Pakistan became
independent nations in 1947, Peoples
Republic of China was established in
1949. In a speech at that time,
INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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Fig. 10.1 Wagah Border is not only a tourist place but also used for
trade between India and Pakistan
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TABLE 10.1
Select Demographic Indicators, 2013
Country
Estimated
Population
(in million)
Annual
Growth of
Population
(2001-2010)
Density
(per sq. km)
Sex
Ratio
Fertility
Rate
Urbanisation
India
1252
1.24
421
934
2.6
32
China
1357
0.49
145
929
1.6
53
182
1.65
236
947
3.3
38
Pakistan
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185
(Not to scale)
Does
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TABLE 10.3
Sectoral Share of Employment and GDP (%) in 2013
Sector
Contribution to GDP
Distribution of Workforce
Agriculture
India
18
China
10
Industry
25
44
21
25
30
14
Services
57
46
54
28
39
42
100
100
100
100
100
100
Total
Pakistan
25
India
47
China
31
Pakistan
44
Scholars
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TABLE 10.4
Trends in Output Growth in Different Sectors, 1980-2013
Country
1980-90
Agriculture
2005-2013
Industry
Service
Agriculture
Industry
Service
India
3.1
7.4
6.9
4.0
6.9
9.1
China
5.9
10.8
13.5
4.5
11.0
10.9
7.7
6.8
3.4
4.3
4.8
Pakistan
TABLE 10.5
Some Selected Indicators of Human Development, 2012-13
Item
India
0.586
0.719
0.537
135
91
146
66.2
75.2
66.4
62.8
95.1
54.7
5238
11524
4549
61
19
51
41
11
69
190
32
170
36
65
48
93
92
91
43.5
3.4
31
China
Pakistan
Source: Human Development Report 2014 and World Development Indicators (www.worldbank.org)
COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS
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189
AN
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While
There
Country
2012-2013
Rate of
Growth (%)
Pakistan
China
192
Rate of
Growth (%)
2,341
11,233
380
427
2,944
589
25,232
73,733
192
31,892
2,84,385
792
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10.7 CONCLUSION
What are we learning from the
developmental experiences of our
neighbours? India, China and Pakistan
have travelled more than five decades
of developmental path with varied
results. Till the late 1970s, all of them
were maintaining the same level of low
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Recap
With
India,
All the three countries follow the five-year plan pattern of development.
However, the structures established to implement developmental
policies are quite different.
T ill
China
The
Though
Chinas
China
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EXERCISES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Evaluate the various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic
development in China.
13.
One-child norm
Low fertility rate
High degree of urbanisation
Mixed economy
Very high fertility rate
Large population
High density of population
Growth due to manufacturing sector
Growth due to service sector.
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14.
15.
16.
17.
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1.
2.
You are aware that cheap Chinese goods are available in the market,
for example, toys, electronic goods, clothes, batteries etc. Do you
think that these products are comparable in quality and price with
their Indian counterparts? Do they create a threat to our domestic
producers? Discuss.
3.
Do you think India can introduce the one-child norm like China to
reduce population growth? Organise a debate on the policies that
India can follow to reduce population growth.
4.
5.
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REFERENCES
Books
D REZE, JEAN AND AMARTYA SEN. 1996. India: Economic Development and Social
Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Delhi.
Articles
RAY, A LOK. 2002. The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to be Learnt.
Economic and Political Weekly, September 14, pp. 3835-3848.
ZAIDI, S. AKBAR . 1999. Is Poverty now a Permanent Phenomenon in Pakistan?
Economic and Political Weekly, October 9, pp. 2943-2951.
Government Reports
Human Development Report 2005, United Nations Development Programme,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Pakistan: National Human Development Report 2003, United Nations
Development Programme, Second Impression 2004.
World Development Report 2005, The World Bank, published by Oxford
University Press, New York.
Labour Market Indicators, 3rd Edition, International Labour Organisation,
Geneva.
Economic Survey, 2013-14, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
Webs ites
www.stats.gov.cn
www.statpak.gov.pk
www.un.org
www.ilo.org
www.planningcommission.nic.in
www.dgft.delhi.nic.in
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