Section 4 - Electricity and Magnetism - With Notes Page

PAL (IGCSE) PHYSICS
Section 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

PAL (IGCSE) Single Science
Revision Book - Section 4
Name:
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Teacher:
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DIPONT Educational Resource Science
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Syllabus Content_______________________________
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NOTES PAGE
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Syllabus
Details________________________________
4. Electricity and magnetism
4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism
Core
State the properties of magnets
Give an account of induced magnetism

INDUCED MAGNETISM:
If a piece of iron is brought close to a magnet

it becomes magnetic and is attracted to the
magnet.
Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous materials

FERROUS:
NON-FERROUS:
Containing a large proportion of Iron (e.g. Iron, steel)

Containing no iron
Describe methods of magnetization and of demagnetization

MAGNETISATION: Stroking a magnet across a material (e.g. iron)
DEMAGNETISATION: Hitting the material
Describe an experiment to identify the pattern of field lines round a bar magnet
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Distinguish between the magnetic properties of iron and steel
Material
Type
Properties
Iron
Steel
Soft magnetic material

Hard magnetic material
Magnetism is temporary
Magnetism is permanent
Distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and

electromagnets
Type of magnet
Design
Use
Permanent
Hard magnetic material
Electromagnet
Uses a solenoid to create

magnetic field
For applications where

magnetism is needed
over long periods fridge
doors
For applications where
the magnetic field needs
to be turned on and off
Scrap metal moving
4.2 Electrical quantities

4.2 (a) Electric charge
Core
Describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of
electrostatic charges
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GOLD LEAF ELECTROSCOPE
If a charge is moved close to the cap the gold leaf rises
State that there are positive and negative charges

There are two type of charges; POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
State that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel
LIKE CHARGES
UNLIKE CHARGES
Repel
- Attract
Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a

force
Distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical

examples
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR:
(metals)
Charges are able to flow through the material
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ELECTRICAL INSULATOR: Charges are unable to flow through the material
(plastics)
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Supplement
State that charge is measured in coulombs
Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs [C]
State the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns, including
the field around a point charge and the field between two parallel plates
Give an account of charging by induction
Charged rod brought close to top of electroscope

The positive rod attracts electrons to the top of the electroscope
(induced charge)
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Recall and use the simple electron model to distinguish between
conductors and insulators
In a conductor the charges are free to move (the electrons in a metal)

In an insulator the charges are not free to move
4.2 (b) Current

Core
State that current is related to the flow of charge
CURRENT: Related to the flow of charge
Use and describe the use of an ammeter
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Supplement
Show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use
the equation I = Q /t
Distinguish between the direction of flow of electrons and conventional current
4.2 (c) Electro-motive force

Core
State that the e.m.f. of a source of electrical energy is measured in volts
EMF is measured in Volts [V]
Supplement
Show understanding that e.m.f. is defined in terms of energy supplied by a
source in driving charge round a complete circuit
Electromotive force (e.m.f.): The total energy difference per unit charge around a
circuit
4.2 (d) Potential difference

Core
State that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in
volts
Potential difference (pd) is measured in Volt [V]
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Use and describe the use of a voltmeter
4.2 (e) Resistance

Core
State that resistance = p.d./current and understand qualitatively how changes
in p.d. or resistance affect current
Recall and use the equation R = V/I
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Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and
an ammeter
Relate (without calculation) the resistance of a wire to its length and to its
diameter
Supplement
Recall and use quantitatively the proportionality between resistance and length,
and the inverse proportionality between resistance and cross-sectional area of a
wire
R = Resistance
= Resistivity of material
L = Length of conductor
A = Area
Summary
Increasing length = increasing resistance

Increasing cross-sectional area = decreasing resistance
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4.2 (f) Electrical energy

Supplement
Recall and use the equations
P =IV and E = IVt
4.3 Electric circuits

4.3 (a) Circuit diagrams
Core
Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors (fixed
and variable), lamps, ammeters, voltmeters, magnetizing coils, transformers,
bells, fuses and relays
Supplement
Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing diodes and transistors
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4.3 (b) Series and parallel circuits

Core
Understand that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same
Give the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series
State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the
current in each branch
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State that the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel is less than
that of either resistor by itself
State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit

Parallel Circuit advantage: If one lamp fails the other lamps in parallel
continue to function
Supplement
Recall and use the fact that the sum of the p.d.s across the components in a
series circuit is equal to the total p.d. across the supply
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Recall and use the fact that the current from the source is the sum of the
currents in the separate branches of a parallel circuit
Calculate the effective resistance of two resistors in parallel
4.3 (c) Action and use of circuit components

Core
Describe the action of a variable potential divider (potentiometer)
The output voltage can be varied by changing the position of the

potential divider
The voltage dropped across that section of the resistor will vary
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Describe the action of thermistors and light dependent resistors and
show understanding of their use as input transducers
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Describe the action of a capacitor as an energy store and show
understanding of its use in time delay circuits
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Describe the action of a relay and show understanding of its use in
switching circuits
Supplement
Describe the action of a diode and show understanding of its use as a rectifier
A diode allows current to flow in only one one direction
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Describe the action of a transistor as an electrically operated switch and
show understanding of its use in switching circuits
Recognise and show understanding of circuits operating as light sensitive

switches and temperature-operated alarms (using a relay or a transistor)
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4.3 (d) Digital electronics

Supplement
Explain and use the terms digital and analogue
State that logic gates are circuits containing transistors and other components
LOGIC GATES: Circuits containing transistors and other components
Describe the action of NOT, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates
State and use the symbols for logic gates (candidates should use the American
ANSI#Y 32.14 symbols)
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Design and understand simple digital circuits combining several logic
gates
4.4 Dangers of electricity

Core
state the hazards of
damaged insulation
DAMAGED INSULATION risk of electrocution when handling wires etc
overheating of cables
OVERHEATING OF CABLES insulation will melt and wires become
exposed
damp conditions
DAMP CONDITIONS impure water conducts electricity and so risk of
electrocution
Show an understanding of the use of fuses and circuit-breakers
FUSE:
A thin piece of wire which melts and breaks if too much

current passes through it. Used to cut a circuit if the current is too
high.
CIRCUIT BREAKER: Automatic electrical switch which will cut a circuit if

the current is too high
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4.5 Electromagnetic effects

4.5 (a) Electromagnetic induction
Core
Describe an experiment that shows that a changing magnetic field can induce
an e.m.f. in a circuit
Show understanding that the direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change
causing it
As the magnet is moved in and out of the coil the magnetic field in the
coil changes
The direction of the induced EMF and so current opposes the change
causing it (i.e. makes a magnetic field opposite to the field of the
moving magnet
Supplement
State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.
FACTORS EFFECTING MAGNITUDE OF INDUCED E.M.F.
Increasing strength of magnet = increased induced E.M.F.
Increasing velocity of motion of magnet = increased induced E.M.F.
Increasing # of coils in solenoid = increased induced E.M.F.
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4.5 (b) a.c. generator

Core
Describe a rotating-coil generator and the use of slip rings
AC GENERATOR
If a coil is rotated in a permanent magnetic field the coil

experiences a changing magnetic field
If a wire experiences a changing magnetic field an EMF is induced
If the wire is connected into a circuit a current will flow
The slip rings allow the current to flow around a complete circuit as
the coil rotates
Sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator
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4.5 (c) Transformer

Core
Describe the construction of a basic iron-cored transformer as used for voltage
transformations
Recall and use the equation
(Vp /Vs) = (Np /Ns)
Supplement
Describe the principle of operation of a transformer
Recall and use the equation Vp Ip = Vs Is (for 100% efficiency)
for 100% efficiency

THE TRANSFORMER
An AC current is passed through the primary coil

A varying magnetic field is induced in the coil and the iron core
The secondary coil experiences a varying magnetic field
An EMF and so current is induced in the secondary coil
The output current is also alternating
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Describe the use of the transformer in high voltage transmission of
electricity
TRANSFORMERS ARE USED IN ELECTRICTY TRANSMISSION BECAUSE...
The output of a power station is high current

The transformer is used to convert this to low current and high voltage
before passing through the overhead cables
A second transformer is used to lower the current and voltage before
the supply enters homes
Give the advantages of high-voltage transmission

HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION = Low energy losses through heating in the
cables
Explain why energy losses in cables are lower when the voltage is high
High voltage . Low current Less heating of the cable Low
energy loses
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4.5 (d) The magnetic effect of a current

Core
Describe the pattern of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and
in solenoids
Supplement
State the qualitative variation of the strength of the magnetic field over salient
parts of the pattern
Describe the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and
direction of the current
GENERAL CONVENTION FOR MAGNETIC FIELD LINES...
The arrow points towards the south pole

The spacing of the field lines is proportional to the magnetic field
strength
If the current changes direction the magnetic field will reverse in
direction
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Describe applications of the magnetic effect of current, including the
action of a relay
ACTION OF A RELAY
With no current through the coil there is no magnetic field in the

coil
The contacts will be separate
When a current passes through the coil a magnetic field is induced
The contacts will become magnetized and so close
4.5 (e) Force on a current-carrying conductor

Core
Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing:
(i) the current
(ii) the direction of the field
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If the current is reversed The force will act in the opposite
direction
If the field direction is reversed The force will act in the opposite
direction
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Supplement
State and use the relative directions of force, field and current
Describe an experiment to show the corresponding force on beams of charged

particles
When using the left hand rule for charged particles

For electrons the direction of current is the opposite direction to the
electron velocity
For protons the direction of current is the same direction as the
electron velocity
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4.5 (f) d.c. motor

Core
State that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect
and that the effect is increased by increasing the number of turns on the coil
Relate this turning effect to the action of an electric motor
Supplement
Describe the effect of increasing the current
THE ELECTRIC MOTOR
A current is passed through a coil in a magnetic field

If a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a force
The coil feels a force which rotates the coil
The commutator ensures that the current flows around the coil to give a force
which always acts to rotate the coil in the same direction
To Increase the rate of rotation...
Increase the number of coils

Increase the strength of the magnetic field
Increase the current
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4.6 Cathode-ray oscilloscopes

4.6 (a) Cathode rays
Core
Describe the production and detection of cathode rays
DETECTION OF CATHODE RAYS
Cathode rays can be detected by a fluorescent screen

When the rays are incident on the screen the screen emits light
Describe their deflection in electric fields
Cathode rays are deflected towards the positive of an electric field
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This indicates that the cathode rays are negatively charged
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State that the particles emitted in thermionic emission are electrons
The particles emitted in thermionic emission are electrons
4.6 (b) Simple treatment of cathode-ray

oscilloscope
Supplement
Describe (in outline) the basic structure and action of a cathode-ray oscilloscope
(detailed circuits are not required)
Electrons are generated by the hot element

The electrons are accelerated towards the anode and focused into a
beam
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The deflection coils direct the beam at a certain position in the

screen
The fluorescent screen indicates the position of the beam
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Use and describe the use of a cathode-ray oscilloscope to display
waveforms
KEY CONTROLS.
Time base: Time taken for beam to pass through one horizontal division
[Sec/div]
Vertical amplifier gain: The vertical scale control [Volts/div]
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