Utilization Of Palm Oil Mill Waste On Sustainable Agriculture.

Mohd Azfar Ismail, Mohd Ridzuwan Rosli, Muhamad Ridzuan Md Ramli, Muhammad Syafiee
Mohd Yusoff.

ABSTRACT
Palm oil contributes around 19% of overall vegetable oil creation with Malaysia
representing more than 50% of aggregate generation. Because of the worldwide ascent
in unrefined petroleum costs, researchers have been compelled to search for less
expensive choices and palm oil has given the right stage. This prompted an increment
in the oil estates and creation in nations, for example, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Thailand. in Palm oil contains a number of vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, sterols,
pigments, and some other components enabling its wide application in the chemical,
food and pharmaceutical industries. Palm oil generation is an incorporated procedure
with a few stages beginning from great development hones for products of high oil
substance took after by various coordinated procedures for maximal partition and usage
of every oil portion. The different handling stages produce a few by-items which if not
managed in an investigative way could prompt crumbling in the biological system. In this
paper we should talk about the different on- going research regarding to the utilization of
Palm plant waste and sugestion on employments of this profitable product and its byitems as a future to farming and a supportable situation in Malaysia.
Keyword: Oil palm mill waste, palm oil mill effluent, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel
cake, palm process fiber.
ABSTRAK
Minyak sawit menyumbang kira-kira 19% daripada pengeluaran minyak sayur-sayuran
di seluruh dunia dengan Malaysia menyumbang lebih 50% daripada jumlah
pengeluaran. Disebabkan oleh kenaikan global harga minyak mentah, ahli-ahli sains
telah dipaksa untuk mencari alternatif yang lebih murah dan minyak sawit telah
menyediakan platform yang betul. Ini seterusnya membawa kepada peningkatan di
ladang-ladang dan pengeluaran minyak di negara-negara seperti Malaysia, Indonesia
dan Thailand. Minyak kelapa mengandungi beberapa vitamin, karotin, asid lemak,

sterol, pigmen, dan beberapa komponen lain yang membolehkan permohonan yang
luas dalam industri kimia, makanan dan farmaseutikal. Pengeluaran minyak sawit
adalah satu proses yang bersepadu dengan beberapa peringkat bermula dari amalan
penanaman buah-buahan baik untuk kandungan minyak yang tinggi diikuti dengan
beberapa proses bersepadu untuk pemisahan maksimum dan penggunaan setiap
pecahan minyak. Pelbagai fasa pemprosesan menghasilkan beberapa produk
sampingan yang jika tidak ditangani dengan cara yang saintifik boleh membawa kepada
kemerosotan dalam ekosistem. Dalam kertas kerja ini kita akan membincangkan
pelbagai kajian akan pada- mengenai penggunaan bahan buangan kilang sawit dan
cadangan mengenai penggunaan tanaman yang bernilai ini dan produk-oleh sebagai
masa depan untuk pertanian dan alam sekitar yang mampan di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: bahan sisa buangan kilang, efluen kilang minyak sawit, tandan buah
kosong, kek isirong sawit, serat sawit proses.
INTRODUCTION
12% of the Malaysian GDP is contributed by Agriculture and has also provided
employment opportunities for 16% of the people. The Colonialists acquired extensive
land areas and introduced commercial crops such as rubber, palm oil and cocoa. Since
then, these crops have been leading agricultural exports in Malaysia. Local farmers
cultivate a variety of fruits and vegetables for the domestic market, such as bananas,
coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice, rambutan and a few others. In 1998, the production
of rice was about 1.94 million metric tons. In 1999, Malaysia produced 10.55 million
metric tons of palm oil out of which 8.8 million metric tons was exported and since then
has remained one of the world's largest producers. They are also one of the world's
leading suppliers of rubber (767,000 metric tons in 1999). Logging in the tropical
rainforest is an important export revenue earner in East Malaysia and in the northern
states of Peninsular Malaysia. In 2000, 21.94 million cubic meters of sawed logs was
produced earning US$450 million from exports. In spite of efforts at regulating felling
and reforestation in the early 1990s, logging companies destroyed the ecosystem.
Condemnation from various nature activists and environmentalist groups led to the ban
on the direct export of timber.

Oil palm
Oil palm was introduced to Malaysia from Nigeria by the British colonialists in 1917 and
has fast become a major contributor to the nations GDP with around $7million per
annum. Latest figures indicate that over 89 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) is
produced per year in Malaysia. Eleais guineesis Jacq is the most commercially efficient
oil producer among the other species in the palmae family. Oil palm plantation has
increased from 2.03 million hectares to 4.49 million hectares from 1990 to 2009, an
increase of 121.2%, in Malaysia (Embrandiri et al., 2011)[3]. It is a very versatile crop
which can produce effectively for over 20 years if maintained properly.
Palm oil has a wide range of uses from deep frying to margarine and shortening for
cakes, snacks, instant noodles etc. It is also being used in cosmetics, soaps and
synthetic detergents. Due to the rises in crude oil globally, palm oil has become a much
sought after fuel alternative. It could be regarded as the Crop for the future considering
its numerous uses. With this increase in demand, environmental management in the
palm oil industry is an issue of major concern today. The mills are most often located in
the plantations and the prevailing practice is collecting the waste and dumping in the
most unscientific manner as excess nutrients may be harmful to both the growing plants
and the ecology on the whole. In addition, inefficient equipment, defective machinery,
leakage (by break down or overflow of tanks) may often be the reason for extra oil
losses.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the waste water discharged from the sterilization
process, crude oil clarification process and cracked mixture separation process. POME
produced huge amount of methane gas from its anaerobic process and has 21 times
Global Warming Potential (GWP) compared to the other gasses. A study reported that

about 26.7 million tonnes (Heriansyah) (N Ravi Menon, 2003)of solid biomass and an
average of 30 million tonnes of POME were generated from 381 palm oil mills in
Malaysia in 2004 (Seng, 2013). However, the ranch business particularly palm oil plant
industry still consider POME treatment is a weight as opposed to as a feature of the
creation for clear reason if exorbitant amounts of untreated POME drain a water
collection of its oxygen and choke out aquatic life. 66.8 million tonnes of POME were
generated in 2005. So, its has been estimated that one tonne of crude palm oil
production requires 5-7.5 tonnes of water in which about 50% ends up as POME (Seng,
2013). The chemical composition of POME (Table 1) indicates that it can be used as a
source of fertilizer. Indeed, experiments conducted during the last 20 years have shown
that proper utilization of POME can improve crop yields, reduce production costs, and
can be used without causing environmental pollution (Zaharah)

Fermentation media from POME

POME and its subsidiaries have been abused as aging media to deliver different items
or metabolites, for example, anti-infection agents, bio insecticides, solvents (AcetoneButanolethanol; ABE), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), organic acids and in addition
enzymes to changing level of achievement. The hydrogen production from POME
during anaerobic treatment has also been intensively studied and it has been reported
that POME also contains certain powerful watersoluble antioxidants phenolic acids and
flavonoids (Seng, 2013). With high substance of sugar, protein, nitrogenous mixes,
lipids and minerals the potential reusing pome as aging media is high. Palm oil mill
effluent(POME) contains organic matter and plant supplements which are fantastic
substitutes for inorganic manure. In perspective of its demonstrated worth, the greater
part of POME created by palm oil factories is completely cycled as excrement. POME is
a colloidal suspension containing 95-96% water, 0.6-0.7% oil and 4-5% aggregate
solids including 2-4% suspended solids. POME contains high centralization of protein,
nitrogenous compunds, starch, lipids and minerals that could be changed over into
helpful material utilizing microbial procedure. Currently, fertilizers is also derived from
POME and used in the farms and vegetation areas. It is also found that the gas
composition contained hydrogen (66-68%) and carbon dioxide (32-34%) that can be
produced from POME using anaerobic micro flora and this generated gas is free from
methane. (Sulaiman, 2013).

Table 2: Estimated fertilizer values from POME, which is based on 15 million tonnes of
POME in 2002

Use of POME as a live food for animals and aquaculture organisms.

According to (Seng, 2013), POME as a dietary substitute for pigs, poultry and small
ruminants as well as aquaculture organisms is gaining importance. Its been reported
that in Colombia, POME has been fed with good results directly to pigs (10-12
1/head/day) together with palm oil and other ingredient. In Malaysia, The Malaysian
Agricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI) proved that wastes from the palm
oil industry (such as oil palm sludge and palm press fibre) alone or in combination, dried
to moisture contents of 7% could be used as supplementary food for sheep. The
nutritive values of a POME product known as Prolima as a protein source in broiler
chicken diets and They observed that the amino acid content of palm kernel cake and
palm oil sludge were somewhat close to cereal by-products and that of Prolima was
between soybean meal and peanut meal, in which case the overall percentage of amino
acid availability for palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and Prolima were 74.4%, 24.8%
and 71.0% respectively (Seng, 2013). POME could also be reused as a food source by
aquatic organism such as chironomid larvae known as bloodworms. They reported
that production of chironomid larvae was significantly higher in POME (580g/20l POME)
than in algal cultures (35g/20l algal culture).

POME as an energy source (Biogas/methane recovery and generation)

Renewable energy is the energy from resources that will not be depleted, such as wind,
mini-hydro, solar and biomass. Traditionally, Malaysian energy policy always revolved
around four fuel that is oil, natural gas, coal and hydropower but fossil fuel source in
Malaysia and elsewhere in limited. In Sarawak biogas with Methane (CH4) as major gas
fraction from the POME could be recovered in the POME treatment facility by changing
the anaerobic lagoons to closed/covered digesting ponds or sealed digesting tanks.
Electric power therefore is generated via the combustion of the CH4 in the gas turbine.
Power generated then is supplied to Sarawak Energy. The overall power generation
potential from effluent treatment can be estimated based on the calculated methane
yield from anaerobic POME treatment. According to Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB),
0.65 m3 POME is generated from every processed ton of fresh fruit bunch.

In the Figure below, the composition of biogas from POME has been determined as
62.5 % methane, 37 % Carbon dioxide and 1,500-3,000 vppm hydrogen sulphide. The

calorific value for the generated biogas is 22,000 kJ/m3. The heating value (average
caloric value) of methane was 36.3 MJ m3 at standard conditions. This corresponds to
10.888 kWh of energy per 1 m3 of methane.

Based on annual production of 9,288,000 tons of FFB process in Sarawak; resulting in

an annual effluent generation of 6,037,200 m3 and therefore 150,930,000 m3 of biogas
could be harnessed. Assuming that the effluent is treated properly under anaerobic
conditions, the total methane production amounted to 94,000,000 m3. The calorific
value of methane is stated as 10kWh/m3. The annual energy content of the generated
methane gas can be calculated to 940 GWh (~108 MW). Based on a conversion
efficiency of 38 % (gas engine), the potential annual electrical power generation would
be 360 GWh. Assuming 100 % availability of the conversion system shall results in an
installed power generation capacity of 41 MW from POME derived methane gas. This is
summarized in Table below.
Parameters
FFB
POME yield
Biogas yield from POME
CH4 gas fraction in biogas
CH4 emitted
Electricity equivalent (38%

Value
9,288,000
6,037,200
25
0.625
0.94E+08
3.6+0.8 or (41)

Unit
Ton/year
m3/ton of FFB
m3 biogas/m3 POME
m3 CH4/m3 biogas
m3
kWh or (MW)

eff)
Table show parameters for estimating CH4 from POME (palm oil mill effluent, 2013)

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)

Empty fruit bunch means the fruitlet is totally separated with the bunch or empty
spikelets in the bunch. The solid residue of the oil palm bunch after the bunch already
threshed and sterilized, after the milling process. Many researchers indicate that EFB is
a great source for plant nutritional. For 1 tonne FFB processing at the mill, it will
produce around 0.22 tonne of FFB. During the mill operation the fresh fruit bunch will
generate shell (7%), fiber (13%), and empty fruit bunch (23%). Usually the empty fruit
bunch are return back to the oil palm field act as mulching in the palm replanting area
and fertilizer at the palm matured field. But, for another purpose the EFB also as a
resource of fuel for renewable energy (RE) power generation. The benefit of empty fruit
bunch in agricultural sector can be divided into two group :
Energetic purpose
The EFB as a source of fuel for renewable energy (RE) power generation
-Mostly EFB is dry until 40% moisture content and during that time its already to use as
fuel for electricity generation for palm oil industry. There are several methods for altering
biomass to energy, such mechanical process, thermo-chemical process and biological
process. The fast reduction of fossil fuel need the contingency approach and most
development country are selecting the development of biomass as another approach of
power generation. For the Malaysia country, it has an advantage because already have
a source of biomass in EFB. The prompt action must be taken during the mill process to
grab that opportunity for convert this energy to the fuel form.
Non Energetic purpose.
Fertilizer

-EFB is applying as fertilizer at the palm field since it content a lot of nutrient (as shown
at table 1). The EFB have two techniques to apply at the field which are directly to field
or using bunch residue. The burn residue are recycle for fertilizer purpose in agricultural
sector (Abdullah and Sulaiman , 2013). To reduce the percentage of pollution in our
country from agricultural sector, mostly EFB are apply directly to the field. Mostly
plantation at the Malaysia create the own method to return back the EFB at the field
because the researcher shown it has potential to increasing the oil palm yield. The EFB
also will support with other fertilizer acts as supplementary such urea or crystal island
rock phosphate to increasing the oil palm yield. Totally the oil palm plantation which
apply this method will reduce the cost compare than apply chemical fertilizer. The
utilization of EFB also will minimized nitrogen losses, improved the soil pH, increased
the nutrient content in the soil, and it also help to control the unwanted plant growth.
The table 1 showed the EFB rich in term of nutrient content:

Source : Sharifuddin et al
Mulching
- The EFB as the mulching at the oil palm field very beneficial to crop yield. Mulching is
the method to put some beneficial material on the surface or circle palm to maintaining
soil temperature and to altering soil moisture for increasing the growth performance and
productivity of crop with supplying many types of nutrient by decompose. Using the EFB
as a mulch has a several benefit in term of nutritional supply because it will release
liberate nutrient slowly using microorganism (Abdullah and Sulaiman,2013). At the same
time, the microorganism also will reprocess the nutrient in the soil and will maintain the
soil structure. Reprocess of the plant nutrient in mulch is the absolutely beneficial in
term of to improve the productivity of soil. There are some advantages of EFB apply as

mulch such improve soil pH, create the better aeration in the soil structure, improved
water holding capacity. Besides that, it also will avoid from rain splash and soil wash
and also to maintain soil temperature, to minimize the amount nutritional losses. The
EFB proved that there was an increment in yield after this method is applying as shown
at table 2.
Table 2 showed the effect of EFB mulch to the oil palm productivity

Source : Heriansyah
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is the buildup got after the extraction of palm bit oil from the
seed. Due to the modern uses and fare possibilities of palm bit oil, PKC is effectively
accessible in expansive amounts. Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is a by-result of palm part
oil extraction and gives moderate sustenance roughly 16-18% of rough protein (CP) and
13-20% unrefined fiber (CF). PKC is generally utilized as the fundamental fixing as a
part of proportions for feedlot steers and bison. In Malaysia, feedlot steers are typically
nourished up to 80% PKC with live weight pick up (LWG) of 0.6-0.8 kg day-1 and 1- 1.2
kg day-1 for localPKC at very nearly 100% been encouraged to feedlot cows with
negative impact gave that the supply of Ca and vitamins is adequate to meet their
necessities. Utilization of PKC is basic in ruminant eating methodologies, however
constrained in the non-ruminant weight control plans particularly in poultry slims down
because of the high fiber substance of PKC. Various works have been led to expand the
healthful substance of PKC as one of the measures to decrease and/or kill the
imperatives of using PKC in poultry diets. The technique used to accomplish this
objective is either through physical, concoction, organic or blend of these medicines. On

the other hand, just concoction and natural medicines of PKC appear to enhance the
supplement estimations of PKC.
By and large, PKC is acquired from two phases of oil extraction from the palm organic
product; the first stage is the essential extraction of palm oil from the pericarp part of the
natural product, which likewise delivers the piece and by-results of palm oil slime (POS)
and palm press fiber (PPF), then the extraction of oil from squashed parts that
additionally brings about the creation of PKC and palm portion shell as by-items (Chin,
2008).

Benefit of Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)

PKC UTILIZATION IN SWINE
PKC is likewise suitable for swine at 20%25% incorporation for cultivators what's more,
finishers. In a few territories in Peninsular Malaysia, PKC is utilized at lower levels
(around 5%-10%). An sample plan for swine is PKC: 20%, maize: 65.5%, soyabean
feast: 9.5%, fish dinner: 3%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%, premix: 0.2% and salt: 0.3
PKC UTILIZATION IN POULTRY
Inferable from its high fiber content, theuse of PKC in poultry apportions is exceptionally
restricted. There exist wide varieties in the ideal consideration level of PKC in poultry
proportions. The fundamental reasons are because of the birthplace and varieties in the
oil and shell substance of the PKC utilized. Ovens can endure up to 20% PKC in their
eating methodologies without influencing their development execution and food
efficiency(Yeong, 1980). A food transformation proportion of 1:0.48 was accounted for
ovens nourished palm portion expeller (PKE) at 35 days of age (Onifade and
Babatunde, 1999). PKC can be incorporated up to 25% with no pernicious impacts on
egg generation and quality (Radim et al., 1999). Consideration of PKC at levels >20%
was accounted for to decrease egg creation and egg quality (Yeong et al., 1981)
however in another study, diminished egg generation was watched just at levels >40%
(Onwudike, 1988). Muscovy ducks can be sustained PKE at 30% level with no

pernicious impacts on their execution (Mustafa et al., 2002). Aside from PKC, the
generally accessible crude materials regularly utilized as a part of blending food for
poultry are rice grain, wheat pollard, sago, tapioca and broken rice. Samples of poultry
definitions are as per the following:
(i)

for broilers (finisher diet): PKC: 20%, palm oil: 6%, maize: 39.8%, soyabean
meal: 25%, fish meal: 5%, lucerne leaf meal: 2%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%,

(ii)

salt: 0.25%, vitamin-mineral premix: 0.30 and DL-methionine: 0.15%.

for layers: PKC: 20%, palm oil: 2%, maize: 45.4%, soyabean meal: 14.5%, fish
meal: 7.0%, lucerne leaf meal: 20%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%, limestone:

(iii)

3%,oyster shell: 4.0%, vitamin-mineral premix: 0.3% and salt: 0.3% and
for meat ducks: PKC: 25%, palm oil: 5.3%, maize: 45.1%,soyabean meal:
17.3%, fish meal: 3%, salt: 0.25%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.56%, limestone:0.12,
DL-methionine: 0.06% andlysine: 0.06%.

PKC UTILIZATION IN AQUACULTURE

Research on the utilization of PKC in aquaculture bolster in Malaysia is exceptionally
restricted. Prior studies demonstrated that PKC can be endured up to 30% in catfish
(Clarias gariepinus) and 20% in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) proportions with no
pernicious consequences for development and execution (Sukkasame, 2000; Saad et
al., 1994). A case plan for African catfish is PKC: 30%, fish dinner: 20%, cassava flour:
15%, soyabean feast: 31%, sago: 1%, minerals and vitamins: 2% and vegetable oil: 1%.

RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF PKC IN LIVESTOCK RATIONS

Studies have demonstrated that PKC can be bolstered at levels up to 100% in
ruminants, it is suggested that PKC be given just at levels going from 50% 80%,
particularly for meat. Its essential to incorporate grass or roughage or different stringy
assets at levels between 10%-15% with a specific end goal to beat the event of
metabolic infections or digestive issue in ruminants.

Palm Pressed Fiber (PPF)

Malaysia is a nation with plenitude of biomass makes from agribusiness and
tropical woodland which hold enormous potential to be used as renewable energy. One
of the essential agricultural industries in Malaysia is palm oil industry which created
Palm- pressed fiber (PPF) as the repercussion that can be used as the biomass in
pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of biomass is a system that creates strong (burn), fluid (bio-oil) and
vaporous items that can be used as option wellspring of energy. Palm pressed fiber
(PPF) is a process from oil extraction of oil palm fruit products. Palm pressed fiber is a
mix of palm mesocarp fiber, kernel shell, crushed kernel and debris. Recovered fiber
from pressed palm fruit products which is normally burned as fuel to give energy to the

palm oil factory. Currently, a percentage of the PPF are utilized for the generation of
board, rooftop tiles, mash and paper, creature nourish, and activated carbon (Chan,
1999; Wan et al., 2007).
The substance arrangement of the untreated palm-press filaments was assessed
to be 39.9% cellulose, 28.9% hemicellulose, 20.3 % lignin and 3.6% ash content (Tong ;
Hamzah 1989).Physical and chemical oil quality checks outlined that PPF oil contains
15-20% of diacylglycerol (DAG) and 47-70% of triacylglycerol (TAG). Simultaneous with
the worldwide vision of 'waste to wealth' reusing of PPF would use green technology
while producing more income for the organization. Residual oil (56% on dry basis)
separated from palm press fibers contains critical amounts of carotenoids (40006000
ppm), vitamin E (24003500 ppm), and sterols (45008500 ppm) (Choo et al.1996).
CONCLUSION

In the Palm Oil generation transform there is a general excess of by-items and the use
rate of these by-items is low particularly for POME, EFB and Decanter cake. As the biobased economy creates and markets for carbon nonpartisan items develop those byitems ought to be seen as assets. The expanded supplement reusing will enhance soil
ripeness and manageability of palm oil generation. Frameworks that minimize the
expulsion of supplements and carbon from the framework ought to be favored. Still not
all carbon and supplements must be re-cycled. What the ideal is between biomass use
and reusing differs as per soil and atmosphere. Treating the soil, Co-fertilizing the soil
and Vermi fertilizing the soil strategies in spite of the fact that are by and by have not
been used in full as a lot of palm waste can be deteriorated in shorter time allotments.
The deciding items can be connected to palm manors as well as to different yields too.
This will thusly destroy the utilization of substance manures and forestall substantial
metal filtering issues. However unscientific area utilization of this fertilizer can likewise
be hurtful to plant development and soil properties. Subsequently more finances ought
to be given to Research and Development of the palm and its deposits. Investigative
bodies and Universities ought to devote more to eco- amicable administration of these

assets more than advancement of new items. As in the nearing years, Malaysia could
turn into a self reasonable country

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the supervisor of the Agriculture Biological and Engineering
Technology under University Tecnology Mara (UiTM) Dr. Alawi bin Sulaiman for his
generous assistance, review and advice.

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