Professional Documents
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pu
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ses.
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Index TermsEnergy efficiency, medium access control (MAC)
protocol, railway wagon, vehicle health monitoring (VHM), wire- less
sensor network (WSN).
I. INTRODUCTION
itoring vehicle characteristics in real time from track measurement data has been addressed by various research organizations [2][7]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used to
monitor railway tracks and irregularities, detect abandoned
objects in railway stations, develop intrusion detection systems,
ITH the increased demand for railway services, railway
monitoring systems continue to advance at a remarkable
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
efficient than TDMA and E-TDMA for the cases of low traffic load,
relatively few sensor nodes per cluster, and relatively large packet
size [25], [26].
In railway applications, the accelerometer data are continuously collected while the train is in operation from sensor nodes,
and hence, this application is classified as a medium to high traffic
load as the sensor collects data at the rate of 25 kb/s. Considering the
application requirements, authors developed an energy-efficient
protocol, named EA-TDMA [1], which reduces the energy
consumption during data transmission. In this protocol, every
node wakes up in its allocated slot and transmits data to the CH. If
there are no data to send, it turns off the radio immediately. The
nodes move into sleep mode instead of idle mode in the absence of
data. An operation diagram and a timing diagram of the EATDMA protocol are illustrated in
Fig. 6.
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TABLE I
NOMENCLATURE
check its buffer, and turn off its radio is in E-TDMA is Te. The
parameters used in the analysis are defined in Table I.
A. Energy Consumption
The energy consumption of the TDMA, EA-TDMA, BMA,
and E-BMA protocols based on the energy model in [20] and [22]
is modeled as follows.
Energy Consumption of TDMA Protocol: During the contention, the CH and all non-CH nodes keep their radios on,
and communication takes place between the CH and all nonCH nodes. In this period, the CH assigns data slots to
individual nodes for data transmission and informs all nodes
in the cluster. Therefore, energy consumption by
the CH to send a control message is PtTc, and energy
consumption by each node to receive a control message is
PrTc. Therefore, the energy consumption in a contention
period is given by
Econt = N PrTc + PtTc.
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and compare its performance with existing wireless MAC protocols, including EA-TDMA, analytical and simulation models
have developed.
This proposed protocol is analyzed in a WSN scenario where
there are one CH and N non-CH nodes in each cluster, assum- ing
that there are l frames in a round. The data slot duration is
assumed to be Td. Let the probability of a node having data to
transmit be p. The power consumption in the transmit mode and
the receive mode are Pt and Pr, respectively. Energy dissipation
of idle listening mode is P i. For simplicity, as stated in [21]
and [23], the energy required to turn on the radio by the source
nodes for transmission or reception is negligible and, hence, is
ignored in the following analysis.
As per definition, Td is the time required to transmit or
receive a data packet, and it is assumed that Tc is the time
required to transmit/receive a control packet. The time required
for the CH to transmit a control message to all non-CH nodes
in BMA is Tch. The time required for a node to switch on,
Each node transmits, at most, one packet per frame interval. During a frame transmission, energy consumption by
a source node is PtTd. The energy consumed by the CH
while receiving the data packet is PrTd. A nonsource node
turns on its radio and keeps it idle during its scheduled time
slots. The energy consumed by a nonsource node is PiTd.
As the CH also stays in idle mode when there are no data
to receive from the non-CH node during a data slot, the
energy consumed by the CH is also PiTd.
In a data slot, a node sends data with probability p and
remains idle with probability (1 p). The expected energy
consumption during a single frame transmission consisting
of N data slots is [pPtTd + (1 p)PiTd + pPrTd + (1
p)P iT d]N . The expected energy consumption in a transmission round is given by
Etrans = [pPtTd +(1p)PeTe +pPrTd +(1p)PiTd] lN. (2)
As each round is comprised of l frames, the average energy
consumption per round in the TDMA protocol can be
formulated as
ETDMA = [N PrTc + PtTc]
+ [pPtTd + 2(1 p)PiTd + pPrTd] lN.
(3)
Energy
Consumption of EA-TDMA Protocol: Similar to the
TDMA protocol, the energy consumption in a contention
period is given by
Econt = N PrTc + PtTc.
(4)
(10)
(5)
l.
(7)
During a
frame transmission, each source node sends the
data packet in its allocated slot, whereas the nonsource nodes
keep their radios turned off. The expected energy
consumption during a frame transmission is given by
Eframe = [pPtTd + pPrTd]N.
(12)
(8)
B. Transmission Latency
The maximum transmission latency of TDMA and EATDMA protocols is given by Tc + N Td as both protocols have
similar frame structure. The maximum transmission latency of
BMA is Tch + (Tc + Td)N . The maximum transmission latency of E-BMA is 2[Tch + 2(Tc + Td)N ] as each data packet
has to wait for one additional frame duration before being
transmitted.
Simulation models have been developed for the TDMA, EATDMA, BMA, and E-BMA protocols to verify the correctness
of the analytical models using Java programming language and
SimJava Package version 2.0 [27]. SimJava is a process- oriented
discrete-event simulation package developed by the University of
Edinburgh. The simulation results represent the general
characteristics of the existing and proposed protocols.
The simulation for each model was run for 10 000 rounds. The
Energy Consumption of E-BMA Protocol: A source node
sends a control message in its respective contention slot
(unless the reservation is done by the preceding data packet
Fig. 7. Energy dissipation of EA-TDMA, BMA, and TDMA protocols as a function of probability p (N = 10 and l = 2).
Fig. 8.
Energy dissipation of EA-TDMA, BMA, and TDMA protocols as a function of number of nodes in a cluster: N (p = 0.4, l = 10).
Fig. 9.
Energy dissipation of EA-TDMA, BMA, and TDMA protocols as a function of number of frames: l (N = 20, p = 0.3).
Fig. 10. Energy dissipation of EA-TDMA, BMA, and TDMA protocols as a function of data packet size (N = 20, l = 10, p = 0.4).
Fig. 11. Transmission latency of EA-TDMA, BMA, and TDMA protocols for (a) different number of nodes and (b) different data packet sizes.
latency of BMA is slightly higher. The transmission latency of EBMA is twice that of BMA as each packet has to wait for one
additional frame duration in E-BMA. Fig. 11(b) demon- strates
that the maximum transmission latency in all protocols increases
with the data packet size, as the length of a frame is directly
related to the data packet size. Similar to the previous case, the
packet transmission latency of TDMA and EA-TDMA is the lowest.
The transmission latency of BMA is slightly higher, and the
transmission latency of E-BMA is twice that of BMA.
Summarizing the analytical and simulation results, the following can be concluded.
particularly in the case of low and medium traffic applications. However, at extremely high traffic conditions, the EATDMA protocol performs better.
The E-BMA protocol is more energy efficient than the
other three protocols for any number of sensor nodes in a
cluster when the traffic load is medium.
The E-BMA protocol dissipates less energy than the other
three protocols, regardless of the number of frames per
round for medium traffic.
The performance of the E-BMA protocol is superior to
the other three protocols when data packet size is equal to or
greater than 50 bytes. For small data packet size (less than
50 bytes), the energy dissipation of EA-TDMA is
comparable with E-BMA.
Although the transmission latency of E-BMA is higher
than other protocols, it will not impact the system
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