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flnabie ddtemiinatioll r,rf pararneters rhat defines this fiefdt'"hich will y-ietd infarnratiorl orl tlre shape, fiia$s distribution
emci dymamic hehaviour *f'the eefilr
lt filoEjss. at least pnrtiall,r,'. ful an *tmosph*re ia'hij* thc nalri::*tr
satellite in*l,;ii practicall3'in a vacrium
u Enable thc deter:ninati*n of tlle ahr*spheric structur* aud its
behaviour
Affecreci lry ofirer phenon:etra, such as attraction cf the sun and the
moon. solar radiation pressure, lunar anel solar tidal dist*rtion,
ef1bct of the nragnetic field of the earth. *t*.
T'lt* e e!ftcts arE: relzezlively n*nor, but crumot brl
neglect*:d
,i
2.
]'n SSSERVAT-I$H
h) {}perati*n*l pilry*se
?"l Scieniifir purp*se
a lltarnic purpfiso
{ier_rntetric purpose
a) Symamie purp*s*:
Requires:
6 F,nables.
* Irositi*n of salellit* to be computecl at any time,
* Predicted satellitc p*siticn t* he estimated using least square
J
r;stment pr*cedure
C*rrection to the assumed i:aralneters and statjons
c<xrrdfurates due to tJre diffbrences between actual and
predicted orbit" cnlculated using lcast squere adjus*nent
procedure
fr
r,t
clj
"fi
h) Ger:mbirir pur;los:
n
i.
*rhitcl
tr
ii'
iy
crepil;;;-use
"*ii"*
the
abserver.
To understand the motion of a satellite easilv, lets proceed irr tr,vo steps:
Step
i.
ii.
iii.
orbit'
Step 2: Reviert those factors tlut deviate from the assumptions above and
their effect on the nonnal orbit
i.
ii.
S.lNormal orbit
In normal orbit, we arssume that the satellite is travellin--e in a perfectly
spherical grflvrty field, and il'\.ve assume that only gravitational forces
(,'.
=gnPlare
r'
)
i.
Kepier"s
.fuci.
satellrte
',ilil:'lr
Periot-e
t
Asceneiing nocie
Where:
AN,(
"!:!"
r
i"
a
h
L}
a ;
i '.
{i :
Semi-maj*r axis
hlclirration
Al"gum**?
*f
perigee
e.
g?:
t,
Ilc,centricity
Right nscensi*n
Tin":e of pi+ssage at perige*
Tlrese riumbers de.ftne rni eiltstse, *rienl it ahout ihr e{trfh, ciwl
ploe:* tlre s#teili!.e *re the eltitrsst: at * pnrticular tinte.
Line ef Apsides
[rluatorial plan*
Ascerr{iillg Fk:iie
af
/\
l',
1n!
-\
uff-)tiitl
i-ieile
N*diri [.ine
hiailai line isthe inter,secliun o{'the orbiral plaule rviLh thu cquat*rirrl
ptrane, wlrich ccnilects rhe ascending and riescending nades.
Rigkt *sc*n.q;iatt. (n) is the angle h*fw*en ghs lines of- nodcr and the
directi*r"r t* r'emal ecluin*x {zero nreridian)"
{ncfinrsti*n nngle {i} is th* angle betrvcen the equatar:iai anql the
,-lrbital plaiies.
o{perigee
,!1rg;tdtrent
True *nrsrnulv
i:*rigee.
./
(,ru'}
-ffire equati*rr
-'
-,i}2
"'iccs
#{1
1--' '-
1I
/'
e;sntrs ,rro*r.
ii.
i{*nce.
Lhe
r ilnci i'
baseci on
tlt
;:*::---T.
t" iu = c{Jn5tanl
= 4! i,t{{ | -
Ar:Az
Satcllite larlves faster neal perigee {gr*atast resistanc*)
5 alellite lnoves stror+'er ne?rt' apogee {lorr est rcsistance}
.'li:'.
'ii{t.
tlt"
laiq,
Ii
'tu
'I,
c*fiste*t
Later in th* l?th century. hl*rvton proves all thr above lni,vs licmr
his universal law o{ g;lavitation and in fact derived Kepler's 3'd law
relaiionship to he:
(-ii,l L_-J
( 4*t,.,t
',''
-* i sl-___l
{,n
_*;;__-_
'1',;
4rt
r;.,tr
a
Satellite orbit
O-rP
ae
i.
Size and shape of the orbital ellipse are defined by it's semi major
ii.
iii.
=1' a2=b.'
oJil,
ORBITAL COORDINATES
orbital coordinate system (xo,yo,zo) is defined with xo towards perigee,
Io towards true anomaly of 90o and Zo pointing perpendicular to the orbit
plane to make right handed coordinate system. In normal orbit, zo is of
course zero, but for real (perturbed) satellite orbit z, wrll assume nonzero value.
= rstrtf= Dsing =
Zo=o
Yo
ae =
a(cosE - e)
oJlllr*
* Yo'
= ol-ecosE)
rsin
Yo
rcos
xo
=0-
u'Y ,i,.s
cosB
o"f;r:(#)'tanla
Where, T,theorbit period, is computed from Kepler's 3'd law. E can now
be computed from M,us,tng classical equation of celestial mechanics
(Kepler's equation).
i.
'
a-
iii. Then substitute value into mean anomaly equation, and compute
M1 using: M, = E, - esinE,
iv.
v.
fo:
rEt aE=_M
ecos.
1
vi.
Then compute
2od
sequence
until LM
Er+
10
3.2 C OORDINATES
TRANSFORMATION
')-rzo
ql;!:i'
4.,r
Yc
Yo
Orbital Plane
}D
irr.J lr
[";l
r.f
R,(G,qsr
I=
I't)
-o)R*
then:
["ll
rJ
Fi)a,(-r)
lrt )
l1
follows:
XE =rcosdcoscr
Yi ='cosdsina
ZE =rsin6
Where, geocentric declination,
d,
,d,
are:
d = sin-r[si"(7 + ar)sin i]
a = GAST- b = tan-r[costt an(y + d)]
&(r)q(ilRr(")
[r o
R,(B)=lo
ol
are as follows:
,tn,
Lt - sin a*or r-l
cosct)
o1
fsinl 0
cosiJ
ans(axis 3) is:
I cosa sina 0l
&(e)=l_;;;;;;l
[o
rJ
L2
lxil
t'
[x;'l
l= R, (- o)R" (- i)n, F rl r,'
I't
Lr: )
I
rd
["*
I cos GrsI
l=l-sinGlsr
lrt)[ o
I
sin
GrsI ol["] I
cosG,4sl 0ll
ti
,)lti ]
The value for GAST at any particular time depends on number of factors
and exffemely complex to compute. Here, we simply mention that it
depends on the motion of the earth with respect to the sun (for definition
of vemal equinox), and hence the precession and nutation of the earth,
and on rotation of the earth.
..:,:r
l3
T?p
centric C artesian
Co
ordinates
.l
X"
I
I
----------r-
lt
tl
east.
Centre
mass, o
Yi
Topocentric Coordinate system
Note that, q and a are known satellite celestial coordinates that would be
viewed by an observer at the earth's centre; a' and 5' ate the celestial
coordinates actually observed (Topocenhic); p is the range from the
observer to the satellite; r is the range from the satellite to the earth's
centre; and X*,Y14,21a are the rectangular coordinates of the observer in
the celestial coordinate system at the moment of observation.
t4
1i
p ^A p=sind'
Xi = pcosd'cosa'= Zl cotd'cosa'
Yf = p cos d'sin a' : Zl cot 6' sin a'
Zl = psinS'
Now, as both coordinate systems are parallel, the Topocentric coordinates
of satellites in this system is:
+;
ly,l[f]
l,;l
d'
d'
p
.;lir:::
ii
\ir.
d,=tan-tf-r,''l
lxi
d'=
cot-l[4r.ro']
\zi
o=ffi=m
)
15
":l
In real situation, the Geocenffic and Topocentric coordinate systems are
not parallel (earth fxed but with cenffe at P and with xr,Yr,Z, are
directed east, north and up respectively).
Where:
YI =(v + 1/" ) co s {,
sin }",
v-, =a=
-e2 sin' prlrtz
.,=,
(1
o=Wtr-xtrY*ki
r[f +(z'.-rIYY
,=ryr*=Wrr=ry
t6
ItAW.n.'{;?
\-
:r?t[i]
In areas where the seven transformation parameters are not known, then it
is necessary to carry out satellite position fixing at stations with known
local coordinates and solving the seven parameters using least squares, by
treating qxc,yG,zo) and (xty,t,zt ) asobserved quantities.
t7