Name-

Archishmaan Udgata
Class- XI
Roll no.- 22

Guided by- Ms B. Sasikala (PGT Biology)

Kendriya Vidyalaya,
Kandhamal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Master Archishmaan
Udgata would like to take this
Opportunity to thank my t each er
MS. B.Sasikala,
w h o s e u n s t i n t e d support, guidance
And encouragement has enabled me to complete this
project. I would also like to thank the Santosh Gauda
for his
Co-operation.

CONTENTS-

Aim
Purpose
Introduction
Successful cattlefarmers
adoption
Conclusion
Bibliography

PURPOSEMilk is source of food which is rich with

various kinds of proteins and minerals. It has
a large role to play in public health.
So, its production has to be increased and as
well as it should be ensured that the milk
contents should be present in its optimum
range so as to provide a healthy milk for
society.
A good quality milk is defined as follows-

Milk
Milk is the emulsion of fat globules and suspension of casein
micelles in water.
Milk also contain different bacteria
Milk proteinases plasmin and cathepsin D are also bound into micelles
structure

 CONTENTS OF MILK-

1.Protein
Minerals

2.Fat

3.Lactose
5.Water

4.

PROTIEN CONTENTSFraction

%.

s1 -casein

34-40
11-15

s2 -casein
-casein
-casein
-laktoglobuline
-laktalbumine
Serum albumine

25-35
8-15
7-12
2-4
0.5-2

Immunoglobulines
Enzymes

The ideal milk should contain these components of good

value.

INTRODUCTION &
SUGGESTIONSFOR
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE
(GAP)

 Dairy Farming
Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to milk, small/marginal
farmers and agricultural labourers. In addition to the manure from animals provides
a good source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The
gobar gas from the dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running
engines for drawing water from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural byproducts are gainfully utilised for feeding the animals.
Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by
bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding
employment throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus,
dairy also provides employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of
dairy programmes are small/marginal farmers and landless labourers.
Scope for Dairy Farming and its National Importance
India is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. It accounts for
about 57.3 per cent of the worlds buffalo population and 14.7 per cent of the cattle
population. The value of output of milk is Rs. 3,05,484 crore in 2011-12. The total
milk production in the country is 127.9 million tonnes per annum at the end of the
Eleventh Plan (2011-12) and the demand is expected to be 180 million tonnes by
2020. To achieve this demand annual growth rate in milk production has to be
increased from the present 2.5 % to 5%. The Annual growth rate for production of
milk is about 5% in 2011-12. Thus, there is a tremendous scope/potential for
increasing the milk production through profitable dairy farming.

Good agricultural practices

1. ANIMAL HEALTH
Animals that produce milk need to be healthy and an effective health care programme should be in place.
Good agricultural

Examples of suggested measures to achieve GAP

Objective/Control measure

1.1.1 Only buy animals of known disease status and

Keep animals healthy

Comply with national/

practice (GAP)
1.1

Prevent entry
of disease
onto the farm

control their introduction onto the farm

1.1.2 Ensure cattle transport on and off the farm does

regional animal

not introduce disease

movement and disease

controls

1.1.3 Have secure boundaries/fencing

1.1.4 If possible, limit access of people and wildlife to
the farm
1.1.5 Have a vermin control programme in place
1.1.6 Only use clean equipment from a known source
1.2

Have an

1.2.1 Use an identification system that allows all

effective

animals to be identified individually from birth

herd health

to death

early

management
programme in

Detect animal diseases

1.2.2 Develop an effective herd health management

programme focused on prevention that meets

Prevent spread
of disease among
animals

place
the farms needs as well as regional and national

Prevent transmission

requirements
of zoonoses
1.2.3 Regularly check animals for signs of disease

Ensure traceability

Prevent occurrence of

1.2.4 Sick animals should be attended to quickly and

in an appropriate way
1.2.5 Keep sick animals isolated and separate milk
from sick animals and animals under treatment
1.2.6 Keep written records of all treatments and
identify treated animals appropriately
1.2.7 Manage animal diseases that can affect public
health (zoonoses)
1.3

Use all

1.3.1 Use chemicals according to directions, calculate

chemicals and

dosages carefully and observe appropriate

chemical residues in

veterinary

withholding periods

milk

medicines as
1.3.2 Only use veterinary medicines as prescribed by
prescribed
veterinarians and observe specified withholding
periods
1.3.3 Store chemicals and veterinary medicines securely
and dispose of them responsibly
1.4

Train people
appropriately

1.4.1 Have procedures in place for detecting and

handling sick animals and veterinary chemicals
1.4.2 Make sure all people are sufficiently trained to
carry out their tasks
1.4.3 Choose competent sources for advice and
interventions

Follow correct
procedures

2. MILKING HYGIENE
Milk should be harvested and stored under hygienic conditions. Equipment
used to harvest and store milk should be suitable and well maintained.
Examples of suggested measures to achieve
Good agricultural GAP

Objectives/Control

practice (GAP)

measures

2.1 Ensure milking 2.1.1 Uniquely identify individual animals

Use suitable and

routines do

well maintained
2.1.2 Ensure appropriate udder preparation for

not injure

equipment for
milking

cows or
introduce

milking and milk

2.1.3 Ensure consistent milking techniques

storage

contamination 2.1.4 Separate milk from sick or treated animals

to milk
Ensure milking equipment is correctly
2.1.5 installed
and maintained
2.1.6 Ensure a sufficient supply of clean water
Ensure housing environment is clean at all
2.2 Ensure milking 2.2.1 times
is carried out

Harvest milk under

hygienic conditions

under hygienic 2.2.2 Ensure milking area is kept clean

conditions
2.3 Ensure milk

2.2.3 Ensure the milkers follow basic hygiene rules

2.3.1 Ensure milk is cooled in the specified time

is handled

Refrigerate and
store milk under

2.3.2 Ensure milk storage area is clean and tidy

properly after
milking

hygienic conditions
Ensure milk storage equipment is adequate
2.3.3 to
hold milk at the specified temperature
2.3.4 Ensure unobstructed access for bulk milk
collection

3. ANIMAL FEEDING AND WATER

Animals need to be fed and watered with products of suitable quality and safety.
Good
agricultural

Examples of suggested measures to achieve

GAP

practice (GAP)
3.1. Ensure
animal

3.1.1 Ensure the nutritional needs of animals are

met

feed and

Objectives/Control
measures

3.1.2 Ensure good quality water supplies are

provided,

water are

Keeping animals
healthy with good
quality feed

regularly checked and maintained

of adequate
quality

3.1.3 Use different equipment for handling

chemicals

Preserve water
supplies and animal

and feed stuffs

feed materials
3.1.4 Ensure chemicals are used appropriately on

from chemical

pastures and forage crops

3.1.5 Only use approved chemicals for treatment
of

contamination

animal feeds or components of animal feeds

3.2. Control
storage
conditions of

and observe withholding periods

3.2.1 Separate feeds intended for different
species
3.2.2 Ensure appropriate storage conditions to
avoid

Avoid chemical
contamination due to
farming practices
No microbiological
or
toxin contamination
or unintended

feed contamination
feed

use of prohibited
3.2.3 Reject mouldy feed

feed ingredients
or veterinary
preparations
Keeping animals
healthy with good
quality feed

3.3. Ensure the

traceability
of feedstuffs
bought off

3.3.1 All suppliers of animal feeds should have an Quality assurance

approved quality assurance programme in
place
programme of feed
3.3.2 Maintain records of all feed or feed
supplier
ingredients
received on the farm (specified bills or
delivery

the farm
notes on order)

4. ANIMAL WELFARE
Animals should be kept according to the following principles:
Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from fear
Freedom to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behaviour
Good agricultural
practice (GAP)

Examples of suggested measures to achieve GAP

Objectives/Control
measures

4.1

4.1.1

Provide sufficient feed (forage and/or fodder)

and water every day

Healthy, productive
animals

4.1.2

Adjust stocking rates and/or supplementary

Appropriate feeding

Ensure
animals
are free
from thirst,

feeding to ensure adequate water, feed and

and watering of

fodder supply

animals

hunger and
malnutrition
4.1.3

Protect animals from toxic plants and other

harmful substances

4.1.4

Provide water supplies of good quality that are

regularly checked and maintained

4.2

Ensure

4.2.1

animals are
free from

Design and construct buildings to be free of

obstructions and hazards

4.2.2

Protection of animals
against extreme
climate conditions

Where relevant, provide adequate space

discomfort
allowances and clean bedding

Provide a safe
environment

4.2.3

Protect animals from adverse weather

conditions and the consequences thereof

4.2.4 Provide housed animals with adequate

ventilation
4.2.5 Provide non-slippery floors
4.3

Ensure
animals are
free from

4.3.1

Have an effective herd health management

programme in place and inspect animals
regularly

Justified and humane

actions

Good sanitary

pain, injury
4.3.2

Protect against lameness

conditions

and disease
4.3.3 Lactating animals should be milked regularly
4.3.4 Do not use procedures and practices that cause
unnecessary pain
4.3.5 Follow appropriate calving and weaning
practices
4.3.6 Have appropriate procedures for marketing
calves
4.3.7 When animals have to be killed on-farm, avoid
unnecessary pain
4.3.8 Avoid poor milking routines as they may injure
cattle
4.4

Ensure

4.4.1

animals are
free from

Provide competent animal husbandry skills and

appropriate training

Absence of illtreatment

Security of animals

fear
and farmer
4.5

Ensure
animals can
engage in

4.5.1

Have herd management and husbandry

procedures that do not unnecessarily
compromise social activity

Freedom of
movement

Preserve gregarious

relatively
behaviour and other
normal
behaviours, such as
patterns
preferred sleeping
of animal
position
behaviour

5. ENVIRONMENT
Milk production should be managed in balance with the local environment surrounding the farm.

Good agricultural Examples of suggested measures to achieve GAP Objectives/Control

practice (GAP)
5.1 Have an
appropriate

Measures
5.1.1 Ensure wastes are stored to minimize the risk of
environmental pollution

Limit the potential

impact of dairy

waste

farming practices on
5.1.2 Manage pastures to avoid effluent runoff by

management

the environment.
spreading farm manures in accordance with

system.
local conditions
5.2 Ensure dairy

5.2.1 Contain dairy runoff on-farm

farming

Presenting a
positive image of

5.2.2 Use chemicals (fertilizers, agricultural

practices do

milk production
and veterinary chemicals, pesticides, etc)

not have

practices.
appropriately to avoid contamination of the

an adverse
local environment
impact on
the local
environment

5.2.3 Ensure overall appearance of the dairying

operation is appropriate for a facility in which
high quality food is harvested

5.1 Have an
appropriate

5.1.1 Ensure wastes are stored to minimize the risk of

environmental pollution

waste

Limit the potential

impact of dairy
farming practices on

5.1.2 Manage pastures to avoid effluent runoff by

management

the environment.
spreading farm manures in accordance with

system.
local conditions

Indigenous cattle varieties

Name

Average
yield/lactation

Geographical
range

Description (Source)

[2]

Other names

Gir

2000-6000 kg

This breed produces the highest yield of milk

amongst all breeds in India. Has been used
Saurashtra, Gujarat
extensively to make hybrid varieties, in India and
in other countries like Brazil.

Sahiwal

2000-4000kg

Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana

Red Sindhi

2000-4000kg

Originated in Sindh,
Pakistan. Now
widespread.

1800-3500 kg

Bikaner, Rajasthan,
Type of a w:Zebu cattle.
Haryana, Punjab

Bos
primigenius,Bos
taurus,Bos
indicus

1800-3500 kg

Sindh (Pakistan),
Kutch, Jaisalmer,
Jodhpur

Bos
primigenius,Bos
taurus,Bos
indicus

Rathi

Tharparkar

The cow is easily identifiable by its prominent

red color

Bullocks are slow workers. Cows are good

milkers. Same species as Rathi.

Marathwada,
Maharashtra

Deoni

Hariana

1000-2000 kg

Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar,
Rajasthan

Kankrej

1500-4000 kg

Bhuj, North Gujarat, Bullocks are strong and hard-working. Among

Rajasthan
the largest cattle breeds in India

Ongole

NA

Guntur, Ongole in
Andhra Pradesh

Bullocks are useful for ploughing and cart-work /

transport. Cows are fair milkers. Has natural
resistance to both foot and mouth disease
and mad cow disease

Red
Kandhari

NA

Marathwada,
Maharashtra.

Bullocks are good draught animals. Cows are

good milkers.

Nimari

NA

Khandwa, Madhya
Pradesh

This is a dual purpose milk and draught breed.

Animals are copper colored, with patches of
white.

Bullocks are useful for ploughing and transport.

Cows are good milkers.

Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan

Bullocks are useful for ploughing. Cows are

average milkers.

Dangi

Western
Maharashtra

Especially good for heavy rainfall areas for

draught purpose.

Khillari
cattle

Southern
Bullocks are hardy and well-known for being fast
Maharashtra,
in work.
Northern Karnataka

Malvi

NA

Karnataka

Bullocks are well-known for draught power and

endurance.

Hallikar

Hassan, Mysore,
Tunkur districts of
Karnataka

Draught breed both used for road and field

agricultural operations. Closely related to Amrit
Mahal. However, are much thinner and produce
low yields of milk.

Kangayam

Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu

Bullocks are strong draught animals. Their skin

is very strong and tight.

Nagori

Nagore, Rajasthan

It is an excellent draught breed. Bullocks are

good for draught purposes.

Baraguru

Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu

Bullocks are good work animals.

Kenkatha

Banda, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh.

Bullocks are small but fairly sturdy animals and

good for cultivation in rocky areas.

Siri

Hills around
Darjeeling and
Sikkim. Originally
from Bhutan.

This breed can stand the rugged conditions of

the mountains very well. Bullocks are eagerly
sought after for draught purposes (ploughing
and transport) due to their reputed great
strength.

Bachaur

Sitamarhi, Bihar.

Bullocks are used for draught purpose. Cows

are poor milkers.

Kheri, Uttar
Pradesh.

The cattle of this breed are very active and

thrive on grazing only. Bullocks are good for
light draught and quick light transport. The cows
are poor milkers.

Rajasthan

Mewati cattle are in general sturdy, powerful and

docile and are useful for heavy ploughing,
carting and drawing water from deep wells.
Cows are said to be good milkers.

Amritmahal

Kherigarh

Mewati

1000-1200 kg
per lactation

Nublaung
(Bhutanese)

Thanjavur, Tamil
Nadu

It is a draught breed of the Zebu type, similiar to

Kangayam but smaller. They are gray with white
spots. The bulls are used in the sport of
Jallikattu or bull-taming, which is different
from the Spanish custom of matadors and
running of the bulls.

Krishna
Valley

Southern border of
Maharashtra and
Andhra Pradesh

Bullocks are powerful and good for heavy

ploughing and slower draught purpose. Cows
are fair milkers.

Ponwar

Pilbhit, Uttar
Pradesh

Draught purpose. Cows are poor milkers.

Kerala

Smallest cow breed in the world! Bullocks are

mainly used for draught purpose. Cows are poor
milkers. In the image alongside, the smaller cow
is a 16 year old Vechur cow, while the larger
cow is a 6-year old cross bred cow.

Umblachery

Vechur

Malenadu
Gidda

[3]

Kasaragod

Coastal and hilly

areas of Karnataka

Kerala

Krishna Tira

A Successful CATTLEFARMERName- Santosh Gauda

Village- Gudari

Age- 41
Farming type- Diary farming
Industry type- Self Owned

Cow detailsI.
productive
15
II.

Total
37

calves
22

Productive cow detailsSl

Cow variety
No. of cows
no.
1
2
3

jersey
Sindhi
Deshi mix
Grand total

Milk production
per cow
(in L)/day
15
14
5 to 7

11
2
2
15 cows

Seasonal milk giving cows.

In aggregate 12 cows produce milk every day

III.

Fodder- (daily consumptions)

Sl no.

Name of fodder

Consumption/ cow

Corn powder

1.5 kg

Urad dal

Flour

0.5 kg

Grand total

kg

15 X 4 = 60 kg

Average cost = Rs. 40000 / month

Consumption/calf
----0.5 kg
----0.5 x 22 = 11 kg

IV.

V.

MedicineSl no.
1

Purpose
Health

For milk

Disease free

Name of medicine
1. Belamin
2. Tonfoson
3. Mifax
1. Leftadin
2. Galactogoguse
3. Vitamin B12 ,D
& Phophorous
1. Albendazole
2. Melonoxy
3. Oxy
4. avil

Income detailsIncome 1. Milk 100 L/day @ Rs 35/L

Rs 3500/ day ; Rs 105000/ month
Investment2. Fodder- Rs 40000/ month
3. Medicine- Rs 10000 /month
4. Rent pay of cow- Rs 25000/month

Grand total income- Rs 30000 / month

CONCLUSIONIT IS here clear that a person following the proper

steps with proper involvement of tools and ideas
strictly would be able to produce milk of high
nutritional and market value. The cattlefarmers
following the given ideas strictly would be able to
increase their incomes and improvise their living
conditions.

BiblliographyOffline Teachers assistance

Help from library
Parents support
Veterinary officer
Farmer s knowledge
Online -

Google.com
NABARD.org
Wikipedia.org
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