The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery Projects To Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Page
Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
College of Business Administration and
Accountancy
1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Philippine archipelago is surrounded by bodies of water. One of these is
the Laguna de Bay which is the largest lake in the country. Laguna de Bay, also
known as Laguna Lake, is a significant natural resource, being the catchment of
an expansive and environmentally important watershed. Furthermore, the
broader Laguna de Bay Region surrounding it is inhabited by a fast growing
population, many of whom are highly dependent on the natural resources of the
lake for their livelihoods and daily needs.
Fisheries are a basic and important economic resource in many areas. In
current situation, it does not mean that if you are living near the lake, you have
already business, especially for people living in poverty where financial capital is
barely produced. Thus, engaging in this simple business may be still quite
impossible. Usually, individuals tend to involve themselves in credit transactions
to secure their needs. Theres no doubt that borrowing money to any financial
institution is convenient, but in return, it is costly and risky due to high interest
rates.
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As a result, the City of Cabuyao organized and proposed fishery projects
for every registered fisherman in the community. The local government
conducted a project that will help residents to have an additional equipment to be
use in their fishing. They had allotted different paraphernalia for every barangay
based on their needs. In that way, people may rely to the government for the
support in their financial difficulties.
Background of the Study

Unemployment is one of the major concerns of the local government units.
Over the years, the rapid growth of population has created poverty everywhere.
Because of this, the local government of Cabuyao, with the help of Agriculture
Department, organized various projects. The city government project aims to
enhance the quality and degree of living of the Cabuyeo by means of
continuous, meaningful and effective services in relation with livelihood,
education, ecology, health, social, culture and other contributions to welfare of
the community in order to achieve progressive and peaceful city.
The only major natural resources which can be found in Cabuyao is the
Laguna de Bay. The lake is a major life line for most of the countryside towns
people. It is of great economic importance to the region as it provides for many of
the regions needs. Fisheries are still the lake's most dominant use as of the
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present as a source for domestic water supplies and industrial cooling, a
transport route, as a source for power generation and irrigation and a place for
irrigation.
The lake is a vital fishing ground, with open water capture fisheries and
aquaculture pens dotting on its surface. In Cabuyao, this is where 304 families
depend for their livelihood. The other minor sources are the river sand and filling
materials which are abundant in Barangay Banlic and other coastal areas.
Since fishing is one of the major reservoirs of revenue in Cabuyao, the
researchers decided to aid the government to determine the success of Fishery
Projects conducted by them. Barangays situated along the lake are
Bigaa,
Butong, Marinig, Gulod, Baclaran and Mamatid.

According to Section 15, the government funds shall be utilized in
accordance with the appropriations authorized for the purpose. Moreover,
departments, bureaus, offices or agencies, including GOCCs and LGUs shall
ensure that utilization of government funds comply with applicable laws, rules
and regulations. There are projects which require inter-agency implementation.
The funds are released to the agency which programmed the project in its
Budget.
In turn, these funds are transferred/sub-allotted to the government
agency which will implement the project.
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Theoretical Framework
Not all people are capable of producing enough capital to form a
business. Even though they had the talent to operate such industry, it is still not
sufficient.
The local government action may associate to the Social exchange theory
which was introduced by the sociologist George Homans. He defined social
exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less
rewarding or costly, between at least two persons.
Self-interest and interdependence are central properties of social
exchange. These are the basic forms of interaction when two or more actors
have something of value to each other, and they have to decide whether to
exchange and in what amounts. Homans uses the concepts of individualism to
explain exchange processes. To him, the meaning of individual self-interest is a
combination of economic and psychological needs. Fulfilling self-interest is often
common within the economic realm of the social exchange theory where
competition and greed can be common. In social exchange, self-interest is not a
negative thing; rather, when self-interest is recognized, it will act as the guiding
force of interpersonal relationships for the advancement of both parties selfinterest" Michael Roloff (1981) Thibaut and Kelley see the mutuall
interdependence of persons as the central problem for the study of social
behavior. They developed a theoretical framework based on the interdependence
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of actors. They also highlighted social implications of different forms of
interdependence such as reciprocal control. According to their interdependence
definition, outcomes are based on a combination of parties efforts and mutual
and complementary arrangements.
Social exchange process brings satisfaction when people receive fair
returns for their expenditures. The major difference between social and economic
exchange is the nature of the exchange between parties. Neoclassic economic
theory views the actor as dealing not with another actor but with a market and
environmental parameters, such as market price.
Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of development
projects is essential as a means of providing the information necessary to both
adjust ongoing projects and formulate new ones. ( Richard B. Pollnac)
Social impact assessment is a theory to review the social effects of
infrastructure projects and other development interventions.
This monitoring and evaluation is necessary and may link to the Social
impact assessment which is a theory to review the social effects of infrastructure
projects and other development interventions.
According to the International Association for Impact Assessment, "Social
impact assessment includes the processes of analyzing, monitoring and
managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and
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negative, of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any
social change processes invoked by those interventions. Its primary purpose is to
bring about a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human
environment."
Social impact assessment overlaps with monitoring and evaluation.
Evaluation is particularly important in the areas of public policy, health and
education initiatives, and international development projects more generally,
whether conducted by governments, international donors, or NGOs.
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Conceptual Framework
Input
- Demographic
profile of the
respondents
- Fishery projects
received by
fishermen
- Level of
effectiveness of
fishery projects
Process
Output
Data Collection
-survey through
questionnaire and
interview
Data Analysis
Effectiveness of city
government fishery
projects to livelihood
of fishermen
Data Interpretation
FEEDBACK
Figure 1
The conceptual framework of the study shows the flow of activities in the
research. The input box represents the fishermen from selected Barangays in
City of Cabuyao particularly in Barangay Butong, Bigaa, and Gulod as the
respondents and primary sources of data. The process box represents the
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instruments used which includes self-made questionnaires, semi-structured
interviews and correlation analysis. The output box represents the result of the
study which is the effect of city government fishery projects to the livelihood of
fishermen. The outcome depends only on the information gathered through the
questionnaires and interviews conducted.
Objectives of the Study

The following are the objectives set by the researchers to be able to come up
with answers to the questions presented in the statement of the problem:
1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Name
1.2 Age
1.3 Location
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Civil status
1.6 Other sources of income
1.7 Range of Income
2. To determine the fishery projects received by the fishermen.
3. To determine the level of effectiveness of city government projects in
terms of:
3.1 Growth of Harvest
3.2 Social and Economic Status.
4. To determine if there is any significant relationship between city
government fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.
Statement of the Problem
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General Problem:
To assess the effectiveness of city government fishery projects to livelihood of
fishermen in selected areas in city of Cabuyao, Laguna.
Specific Problem:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Name
1.2 Age
1.3 Location
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Civil status
1.6 Other sources of income
1.7 Range of Income?
2. What are the fishery projects received by the fishermen?
3. What is the level of effectiveness of city government projects in terms of:
3.1 Growth of Harvest
3.2 Social and Economic Status?
4. Is there any significant relationship between city government fishery
projects and livelihood of fishermen?
Hypothesis of the Study

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between city government
fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between city
government fishery projects and livelihood of fishermen.
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Significance of Study
The researchers believed that this study would benefit the following:
Fishermen. They would be able to realize the real essence of city government
fishery projects to their business. By this, they may take necessary action to
maximize the use of fishing paraphernalia.
Community. The study help increase the awareness of the community about the
city government fishery projects and about the effects it can provide. Fishermen
may contribute more in the earning capacity of the city, thus, improving the citys
economic status.
Government. They will become aware whether the proposed project is effective
or not. Subsequently, they may produce another proposal to assist the financial
difficulty of fishermen.
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Taxpayers. They will become knowledgeable of whether their taxes are spent on
rational and logical means.
Researchers. They gain useful and fruitful information which they could
recommend to community development planners to ensure the improvement of
the future projects.
Future researchers. They can use this research as a basis of information for
their own research in line with this and addition to their resources of related
studies.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of the study focused on the existing city government fishery
projects in Barangay Bigaa, Butong and Gulod. Herein, the researchers selected
registered fishermen for every said barangay. The study limits its extent to the
effect of fishery project in terms of growth of harvest, social and economic status
and sustainability.
Furthermore, the researchers did not intend to discover other aspects
affecting the income of fishermen such as the household and industrial pollution.
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Definition of terms
The following terms are defined operationally to have a clearer
understanding of the study:
Capital. The money or wealth needed to produce goods and services. It is
needed in order to form a business.
Coastal area. It is the area which is between the land and sea.
Effectiveness. The capability of producing a desired result.
Fisheries. The industry or occupation devoted to the catching,
processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic animals.
Livelihood. The way of earning money in order to live; means of support.
Fishermen. Someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of
water.
Fishing paraphernalia. Equipments used by fishermen.
Poverty. General scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain
amount of material possessions or money.
Taxpayer. An individual or entity that is obligated to make payments to
municipal or government taxation agencies.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Every piece of on-going research needs to be connected with the work

already done to attain an overall relevance and purposes. The review of literature
does become a link between the research proposed and the studies already
done.
Foreign Studies
Socioeconomic Impact of Fourth Fisheries Aquaculture Extension Project on
Improving Livelihood of Fish Farmers in Some Selected Areas Of Kazipur in
Sirajganj District
The Fourth Fisheries project (FFP) is a special project of Government of
Bangladesh (GOB) sponsored by the Ministry of Fishery and Livestock and
implemented by the Department of Fisheries (DOF) in collaboration with
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Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the Local Government
Engineering Department (LGED). The project is funded by the GOB in
partnership with International Development Agency (IDA) of the World Bank, the
United Kingdom, Department for International Development (DFID), the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) and the beneficiaries themselves. Total project
funding around Tk
30,035 lakh. (A lakh is a unit in the Indian numbering
system equal to one hundred thousand.)

FFP is managed by a Project Management Unit (PMU) based at the
department of Fisheries Headquarters in Dhaka. The PMU is supported by a
Technical Assistance Team comprising main fulltime and several part-time
international consultant, 18 fulltime national consultants and 12 ancillary staff.
The project works in partnership with DOF field staff throughout the country. The
project has 5 main components, which are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Open water fisheries management;

Shrimp and coastal aqua-culture
Fresh water aqua-culture, extension and training;
Aquatic resource development management and conservation studies;
and
5. Institutional Support.
These components addressed the major areas of concern in the inland
fisheries sector using flexible and adaptive approach to draw a wide range of
institutional and local stakeholders I to the process of developing appropriate
solutions to the problems facing the sector.
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The main objective of the project is to support sustainable growth in and
equitable distribution of the benefits generated from increased fish production for
domestic consumption and exports. The project contributes to poverty alleviation
in Bangladesh by improving the livelihoods of poor people dependent on fishery
resources. Immediate of the project are:
1. To improve the access of poor people to aquatic resources for food and
income;
2. To improve the capacity of local users to manage aquatic resources in a
sustainable and equitable fashion;
3. To sustain and enhance the production of fish by small scale producers;
4. To improve employment, opportunities and incomes of small scales
producers; and
5. To improve the capacity of the department of fisheries and other concern
public concern agencies, to effectively support privates sector fisheries.
Foreign Literature
Monitoring and Evaluating Impacts of Small-scale Fishery Projects
Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of development

projects is essential as a means of providing the information necessary to both
adjust ongoing projects and formulate new ones. A reading of fishery project
monitoring and evaluation reports from a sample of sources, however, reveals a
great deal of variation in the methods and products of monitoring and evaluation.
Some simply deal with disbursement of funds and use of personnel with little or
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no indication of accomplishments. Others describe the numbers of new
technologies or other innovations introduced (e.g., motors, fish ponds, nets,
cooperatives, etc.) but report nothing concerning their use (e.g., how they are
distributed, who is using them, what are their impacts, etc.). In cases where
impacts are discussed, the descriptions are frequently vague and/or unverified
statements concerning impacts on production, income, and quality of life.
It has been more than a decade since Gerhardsen (1977) suggested that
insufficient empirical evaluation of fishery development projects inhibits
realization of expected benefits. In Chapter One of this volume, Trott points out
that we still fail to conduct post evaluations several years after fishery project
inputs are terminated; hence, we are unable to determine real, lasting project
impacts. Obviously, the system of fishery development project monitoring and
evaluation needs to be improved.
Development workers are aware of the need for improved monitoring and
evaluation of projects, and this awareness has resulted in a number of recent
and excellent publications on the subject (e.g., Casley and Kumar, 1988; Kumar,
1987; Norton and Benoliel, 1987; Salmen, 1987; White, 1986; Goldmark and
Rosengard, 1985; Cernea and Tepping, 1977). Most of thesepublications,
however, are of a general nature. If a sector is emphasized, it is most frequently
the agriculture sector..Little or no attention has been given to the fishery sector.
This is significant because the special nature of the fishery sector in all
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economies creates the need for approaches to project monitoring and evaluation
which differ significantly from those used in other sectors. The product is
different, and except for aquaculture it is harvested from the wild with fishery
operations taking place at sea, making some kinds of observations for monitoring
and evaluation purposes difficult if not impossible.
The resource is a natural resource; its variation subject to a number of
recognized and non-recognized natural and manmade influences. Assessment of
stock sizes available for harvesting is made difficult by the fact that fish are
mobile, unrestrained, and their underwater habitat presents observational
difficulties. All of these factors necessitate use of special methods of information
acquisition in the fishery sector. Several publications deal with the methodology
for obtaining this type of information (e.g., Pollnac, 1988; Fox,1986; Stevenson,
Pollnac, and Logan, 1982, Smith, 1979; Roedet and Saila, 1979). These
information acquisition methods and techniques can and should be madea part
of adequately designed monitoring and evaluation programs for use in fishery
projects. The papers in this volume are a first step in this direction. The chapter
by Trott is written from the perspective of one who works directly for 3major
international development agencies. He points out how difficult it is to evaluate
specific instances of training and technical assistance projects and suggests treat
measurement of impacts would be facilitated if expectations were clearly
specified during planning and criteria for evaluating impacts developed before
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project implementation. Importantly, Trott indicates that funding for evaluation of
projects several years after completion is usually unavailable.
Cost of evaluation is an excuse frequently used to justify its exclusion from
many projects. While detailed, quantitative data collection and analysis with
adequate controls is desirable (and expensive), many low cost information
acquisition techniques exist which can provide useful, although incomplete
information which is better than no information at all (cf. Kumar, 1987; Casley
and Kumar, 1988; Salmen, 1.987).
Local Studies
Coastal Environmental and Fisheries Profile of Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines
The Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) project is a fiveyear effort focused on strengthening the capability of local and national
institutions to manage coastal resources and marine fish stocks. FISH has
adopted an ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) framework that is
defined in the following manner:
EBFM considers geographically specified fisheries management that
takes account of knowledge and uncertainties about, and among, biotic, abiotic
and human components of ecosystems, and strives to balance diverse societal
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objectives. Such an approach will address human activities and environmental
factors that affect an ecosystem, the response of the ecosystem, and the
outcomes in terms of benefits and impacts on humans. A distinguishing feature of
an ecosystem approach is an emphasis on protecting the productive potential of
the system that produces resource flows. For an ecosystem that is already
degraded, the goal becomes one of rebuilding or restoring the ecosystem
(Christie et al., unpublished)
The FISH project is initially focusing on four important target areas in the
Philippines. The Danajon Bank is an area of international significance due to its
double barrier coral reef formation. And above all, it is locally very important
because of its high degree of marine biodiversity and high dependence of coastal
communities on its marine resources.
In the case of FISH, the EBFM principles define project site boundaries
and guide planning and institutionalization initiatives in the following specific
manner:
1. The project areas are informed by ecological criteria (fisheries boundaries
that represent ecosystem function) rather than by political boundaries.
2.
The project is working with clusters of municipal governments that

comprise the fisheries ecosystem of concern.
3. The planning effort is intended to encourage each municipal government
to look beyond their boundaries for planning purposes and to set the stage
for an ecosystem-based plan as opposed to only a municipal government
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plan. FISH will still be supporting CRM plans in each municipal
government as a stepping stone toward an EBFM approach.
4. Early actions for coastal and fisheries management will be strategically
based on the results of baseline assessments that show opportunities to
improve fisheries from an ecosystem perspective. These early actions are
borne out of the need to start management quickly to catalyze long-term
planning processes and engender stakeholder commitment
Local Literature
Being an introduced technology, majority of the economic analyses
conducted on aquaculture are ex-ante project evaluation studies. Standard
measures of feasibility such as net present value (NPV), the internal rate of
return, and benefit-cost ratio are usually calculated. This study generally
indicates financial feasibility of various aquaculture ventures as well as
comparisons of alternative technologies and products.
An important study that examines the effect of government subsidy on
profitability was conducted by Macalincag (1971) on a one-hectare oyster in
Bacoor bay, Cavite. The study method varies. It also evaluated the effect on
social desirability of the project by providing for subsidy loan and the effect of
income tax deduction on the profitability of such investment. From the private
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investor's standpoint, an interest rate subsidy of 3% interest on loan resulted in
an IRR of 41.20% while a tax deduction did not significantly impact on
profitability.
Sayson (1984) presented an economic evaluation of shifting from bangus
to sugpo farming using the NPV and IRR investment criteria. the project which
was the basis for economic assessment was a hypothetical ten-hectare bangus
pond system in Buenavista, Bohol covered by a 25-year fishpond lease
agreement. the shift from bangus to sugpo farming was found profitable,
increasing IRR substantially largely because of wide product price differential
between the two alternative outputs. Aquaculture production has indeed grown
considerably over the recent years on account of response to high prices,
government credit support, and technical assistance.
Gensan receives P80M agricultural projects

GENERAL SANTOS CITY, Oct 19 (PIA) Some PhP80 million worth of
farming and fishing implements were turned over to several agri-fishery
projects and livelihood packages here recently.
The tools and equipment came from the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and were distributed to
several fishing and farming cooperatives.
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One of the beneficiaries, the Nopol Communal Irrigators Association, Inc. (NCIAI)
in barangay Mabuhay, received one unit of 4-wheel drive tractor costing around
PhP2.5 million.
NCIAI president, Roger Balayo, 48, beamed when he rode the tractor for the first
time.
Five months ago, we requested for this tractor to the DA. We did not expect that
they have a speedy approval for this. They (DA) said that we should thank our
city government for their persistent follow-up, said Balayo in vernacular.
City Mayor Ronnel Rivera, who was present during the turnover, explained that it
is his priority to uplift the living condition of the farmers and fisherfolk in the city.
When I first sat here as the city mayor, one of the things that I noticed is the
unattended welfare of our agricultural cooperatives. Gusto ko, ang local
government may close working relationship sa kanila because they are our
partners in improving more our economy (I want the local government to have a
close working relationship to them because they are our partners in improving
more our economy), Mayor Rivera explained.
Gensan, albeit highly-urbanized, still has areas where agricultural works flourish
such as in its peripheral barangays of San Jose, Conel, and Mabuhay
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Fishing remains active in the city, as its shores are along Sarangani Bay. The
barangays of Tambler and Bula are among the areas where most residents are
involved in fishing.
The City Agriculturists Office (CAO) headed by Merlinda Donasco identified the
appropriate cooperatives to benefit from the program.
The city government, through the CAO, gave a 15% counterpart to the said
agricultural grants from DA and BFAR.
Completed farm-to-market roads (FMRs) have the biggest share in the grant
amounting to PhP68,621,676.69.
These FMRs are in Upper Blagan (San Jose), Purok Sarana, Upper Blagan (San
Jose), Purok Fataldao (San Jose), Purok 7 to Purok 15 (Mabuhay), Purok Udagri
(Conel), and Purok Kidam to San Vicente (Olympog).
Post-harvest facilities and farm implements, on the other hand, cost
PhP7,174,455.20.
High value crops development support such as plastic crates, organic and
inorganic fertilizers, and power sprayers received an allotment of PhP2,352,950.
Also part of the distribution is the PhP2 million worth of fishery projects from
BFAR which were granted to the city as a reward for being one of the top 100
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cities/ municipalities in the Fisherfolks Registration (FishR) in 2014. (IJLagareGensan CPIO/DEDoguiles-PIA 12)
Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature and Studies

The researchers gathered the written articles and studies to support their
concept about the effectiveness of city government fishery projects to livelihood
of fishermen. The previously cited studies show other projects conducted by the
government that affect the livelihood of fishermen. Government projects helped
small scale farmers to sustain their role in fishing industry and gave employment
to people who need job but don't have enough capital to acquire equipment.
The literature and studies of fishery projects had similarities and
differences from previous research to the recent study. The similarities of the
previous studies and this were connected since it dealt with the social and
economic effects of fishery projects to the status of fishermen. The results and
findings suggest that government fishery projects play a vital role in the livelihood
of fishermen, economic development of country and foundation of employment
for middle and lower classes of the society.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research design of this
chapter, explain the sample selection, describe the procedure used in designing
the instrument and collecting the data and provide an explanation of the
statistical procedures to be used to analyze the data.
Research Design
The study will utilize the descriptive method of research to gather
information regarding the study of The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery
Projects to Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao,
Laguna. This process is a fact-finding study that involves adequate and accurate
interpretation of findings. Relatively, the method is appropriate to this study since
it aims to describe the present condition of the livelihood of fishermen.
The proponents opted to use this kind of research in order to acquire first
hand data from the respondents so as to formulate rational and sound
conclusions and recommendations for the study. Since the study is focused on
the assessing the effectiveness of city government fishery projects, the
descriptive method is the most appropriate use.
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Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study will be composed of at least 16.67% for
each of the three selected Barangays. However, to clarify and validate data, the
researcher also included the people from the Agriculture Department, specifically
the Fishery Coordinator through informal interviews.
Population and Sampling Design
For this study, only three Barangays will be selected. And from that
barangay, researchers will choose the respondents through random sampling.
This sampling method is conducted where each member of a population has an
equal opportunity to become part of the sample.
Sources of Data
Questionnaires will be used to obtain pertinent data to achieve the
research objective. The researchers also conducted an interview to augment the
gathering of data and generated questionnaires for the survey to obtain the
information needed for the study. The secondary sources of data are books,
journals, and other dissertations. The internet also played an important role as a
source of data.
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Instrumentation and Validation
The draft of the questionnaires was presented to the professors and
adviser in accounting. It was expected that there would be revisions, changes
and removal of the different items listed. The draft of the questionnaire was
finalized and prepared for the needed copies for the distribution to the target
respondents. These were the instruments or tools for gathering data in research
used as basis for drawing conclusions or making deductions. Some of these
were research questionnaires and interviews used by the proponents as they
conducted a proposed study.
Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers are convinced that necessary information and data could
be obtained by using questionnaires and interview. The information from
published thesis, related articles and internet were also utilized and used to
widen the understanding and knowledge about the topic.
The questionnaires will be distributed one by one to the respondents and
each one will be given at least two days to complete the necessary information
needed by the researchers.
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Evaluation and Scoring
The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part sought basic
information about the respondent which includes their which includes their name,
age, location, educational attainment, civil status, other sources of income and
range of income.
The second part contains questions to be answered by rating with the
scale and interpretation of (5) Excellent, (4) Very Effective, (3) Effective, (2) Fair,
(1) Poor.
SCALE
INTERPRETATION
Excellent
Very Effective
Effective
Fair
Poor
Table 1. Scale particulars
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The third part contains questions to be answered by rating with the scale
and interpretation of (5) Excellent, (4) Very Satisfactory, (3) Satisfactory, (2) Fair,
(1) Poor.
SCALE
INTERPRETATION
Excellent
Very Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Fair
Poor
Table 2. Scale particulars
Statistical Technique
The following are the statistical techniques that were throughout the study.
The Slovins Formula was used to determine the number of sample of our
respondents.
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n= ____N_____
1+ Ne2
Where: n
= sample size
= population size
= desired margin or error (5%)
Relative Frequency
RF = F x 100
where:
RF = relative frequency
F = frequency of response
N = total number of cases
Weighted Mean
= fx
N
Where: = weighted mean
= summation
f
= frequency
x = weight of the scale

N = total number of cases
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Correlation Analysis
where: r = the obtained pearson r value

n = sample size
Pearson-r Correlation test

The correlation was computed using the formula:
Where: r = correlation
x = deviation of variable 1 (x)
y = deviation of variable 2 (y)
The results were interpreted based on the value of r through the

interpretations presented below.
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Pearson r Interpretation
R
1.00
Verbal Interpretation
Perfect Positive / Perfect Negative Correlation
0.76 - 0.99
Very High Positive / Negative Correlation
0.51 - 0.75
High Positive / Negative Correlation
0.26 - 0.50
Moderately Small Positive / Negative Correlation
0.01 - 0.25
Very Small Positive / Negative Correlation
0.00
No Correlation
The significance of the correlation coefficient could be tested using the
table of critical values of Pearson r. The computed r is compared with the

tabulated value with degree of freedom, df = n 2 and at a specified level of
significance. If the computed r is equal to or greater than the tabular r, then there
is a significant correlation.
Testing the significance of the correlation coefficient;
Where: t = test
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Accountancy
33
r = correlation
n 2 = degree of freedom t the level of significance using two-tailed test
For every comparative analysis done, a computed t value (t c) was

generated and subsequently compared from the table of critical values of the t
distribution given the degree of freedom.
Page
Accountancy
34
Bibliography
http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0720.pdf
http://www.msc.edu.ph/cabuyao/physical.html
Community fisheries management - The Fish Project
www.greenpeace.org/seaasia/phWhat-we-do/Toxics/Water-Patrol/Theproblem/Laguna-Lake/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exchange_theory
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/reciprocity_norm.htm
http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/wp/pidswp9017.pdf
http://innri.unuftp.is/pdf/Philippine%20Fisheries.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_assessment
http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/1611445224926/gensan-receives-p80magricultural-projects
www.saulibrary.edu.bd/daatj/public/index.../BAU200401_03-aec_5.pdf

The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery Projects To Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao, Laguna

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The Effectiveness of City Government Fishery Projects To Livelihood of Fishermen in Selected Areas in City of Cabuyao, Laguna

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Background of the Study

Butong, Marinig, Gulod, Baclaran and Mamatid.

In turn, these funds are transferred/sub-allotted to the government

agency which will implement the project.

Objectives of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis of the Study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Every piece of on-going research needs to be connected with the work

30,035 lakh. (A lakh is a unit in the Indian numbering

system equal to one hundred thousand.)

Open water fisheries management;

Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of development

Coastal Environmental and Fisheries Profile of Danajon Bank, Bohol, Philippines

The project is working with clusters of municipal governments that

Gensan receives P80M agricultural projects

Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature and Studies

Data Gathering Procedure

= desired margin or error (5%)

x = weight of the scale

where: r = the obtained pearson r value

Pearson-r Correlation test

The results were interpreted based on the value of r through the

Very High Positive / Negative Correlation

High Positive / Negative Correlation

Moderately Small Positive / Negative Correlation

Very Small Positive / Negative Correlation

table of critical values of Pearson r. The computed r is compared with the

Testing the significance of the correlation coefficient;

For every comparative analysis done, a computed t value (t c) was

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