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Chapter 33
Nature and Propagation of Light
33-1 The Nature of Light
33-2 Reflection and Refraction
33-1
OBJECTIVE
Use the concept of wavefronts and rays to describe the
propagation
33-1
OPTICS
deals with the behavior of
light & other EM waves
33-1
Iron Spectrum
Spontaneous Emission
33-1
Propagation of light
33-1
33-1
Ray
Wave viewpoint:
Particle viewpoint:
33-1
Ray
Wave viewpoint:
Particle viewpoint:
Note:
Rays are always straight lines in an isotropic medium.
Chapter 33
Nature and Propagation of Light
33-1 The Nature of Light
33-2 Reflection and Refraction
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33-2
OBJECTIVES
Predict the direction of the reflected light using the Law of
Reflection
Evaluate the index of refraction of a material and its effect
on the path, wavelength and speed of light
Predict the direction of the refracted light using Snells Law
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33-2
Well use the ray model of light to explore two of the most
important aspects of light propagation.
1 Reflection
2 Refraction
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33-2
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33-2
Where:
Note: In vacuum: n = 1.
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33-2
Law of Reflection
incident ray
a
r
reflected ray
Material a, na
Material b, nb
Where:
a: angle of incidence
r: angle of reflection
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-2
Example:
Answer:
Discussed in class.
Sin(angle) = 11.5/sqrt(11.5^2+14^2)
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-2
Seatwork:
Two mirrors are perpendicular to each other as shown. A
light ray hits mirror 1 at an angle of 30. The reflected ray
then hits mirror 2. At what angle does the second
reflection emerge?
Answer:
60 degrees
30
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-2
Law of Refraction
Where:
(Snells Law)
a: angle of incidence
b: angle of refraction
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-2
(Snells Law)
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33-2
(Snells Law)
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33-2
(Snells Law)
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33-2
Note:
Where:
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33-2
Example:
Answers
Spear: below
Laser: apparent
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33-2
Example:
Ray A is incident on an air-water interface as shown.
1. Which arrow corresponds to the reflected ray?
2. Which arrow corresponds to the refracted ray?
Answers:
1. B
2. E
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33-2
Example:
A ray of monochromatic light in air (n1) hits the upper surface of two
parallel-sided transparent materials as shown.
1. What is the index of refraction n2 of material 1?
2. What is the refracted angle in material 2?
3. At the bottom region, will the transmitted light bend towards or away
from the normal?
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33-2
Seatwork:
A ray of light passes from different materials with
indices na, nb and nc as shown. What can we
conclude about the relationship of na, nb and nc?
Answer:
nb=nc<na
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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Chapter 33
Nature and Propagation of Light
33-1 The Nature of Light
33-2 Reflection and Refraction
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33-3
OBJECTIVE
Given the indices of refraction of different materials,
determine when total internal reflection occurs
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33-3
a
r
na = 1.52
nb = 1.0
Question:
Is it possible that all of the light can be reflected back from the
interface with none of it being transmitted?
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-3
crit
a
na = 1.52
nb = 1.0
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33-3
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33-3
Example:
(a) 90-arcsin(1/1.52)
(b) 90-arcsin(1.33/1.52)
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-3
Seatwork:
Light enters a solid pipe made of plastic having an index of
refraction of nplastic. The light travels parallel to the upper part of
the pipe. You want to cut the face so that all the light will
reflect back into the pipe after it first strikes that face. What is
the largest that can be if the pipe is in air (nair)? Express your
answer in terms of nplastic and nair. Note: nplastic > nair.
Answer: 90-arcsin(n_air/n_plastic)
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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Chapter 33
Nature and Propagation of Light
33-1 The Nature of Light
33-2 Reflection and Refraction
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33-4
Dispersion
OBJECTIVES
Relate dispersion to the color separation of white light as it
travels through a prism at non-normal incidence
Deduce the speed of light in a medium from its dispersion
curve
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33-4
Dispersion
White Light
Ordinary white light is a superposition of waves with wavelengths
extending throughout the visible spectrum.
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33-4
Dispersion
Dispersion
dependence of wave speed and index of
refraction on wavelength
Where:
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33-4
Dispersion
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33-4
Dispersion
Dispersion Refraction
Reflection
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33-4
Dispersion
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33-4
Dispersion
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33-4
Dispersion
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Chapter 33
Nature and Propagation of Light
33-1 The Nature of Light
33-2 Reflection and Refraction
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33-5
Polarization
OBJECTIVES
Characterize the different types of polarization
Use Malus Law to calculate the intensity of the transmitted
light after passing through a series of polarizers
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33-5
Polarization
Polarization
is a characteristic of all transverse waves
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33-5
Polarization
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33-5
Polarization
Question:
How do we create polarized
light from unpolarized light?
Answer:
polarizing filter
passes waves that are linearly
polarized along its polarizing axis
blocks waves polarized perpendicularly
to that axis.
Example: PolaroidTM
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-5
Polarization
Using Polarizers
Io
0.5Io
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33-5
Polarization
What happens when the linearly polarized light emerging from the
polarizer passes through a second polarizer (analyzer)?
unpolarized light
polarized light
0.5Io
Io
polarizer
Maluss Law
analyzer
applies only if the incident light
passing through the analyzer is
already linearly polarized
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33-5
Polarization
Maluss Law
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33-5
Polarization
unpolarized light
polarized light
0.5Io
Io
polarizer
analyzer
Maluss Law
Imax = 0.5Io
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33-5
Polarization
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33-5
Polarization
Example:
Answer: 3Io/8
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33-5
Polarization
Example:
Answer:
Unpolarized: phi = arccos(1/sqrt(5))
Polarized: phi=arcos(1/sqrt(10))
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33-5
Polarization
Seatwork:
A beam of unpolarized light of intensity Io passes through a
series of ideal polarizing filters with their polarizing directions
turned to various angles as shown.
Answers:
A. Io/2
B. Io/8
C. 3Io/16
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33-5
Polarization
Question:
Answer:
Polarization by reflection
Brewsters Law
polarizing angle
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33-5
Polarization
Brewsters Law
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33-5
Polarization
Brewsters Law
polarizing angle
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33-5
Polarization
Example:
Answers:
a.) n_glass=tan(54.5)
b.) snells law
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
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33-5
Polarization
Circularly Polarized
Two sinusoidal waves of equal amplitude, polarized in the y- and z-directions
and with a quarter-cycle phase difference, are superposed.
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33-5
Polarization
Circularly Polarized
Two sinusoidal waves of equal amplitude, polarized in the y- and z-directions
and with a quarter-cycle phase difference, are superposed.
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33-5
Polarization
Elliptically Polarized
If the phase difference between the two component waves is something
other than a quarter-cycle, or if the two component waves have different
amplitudes.
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End of Chapter 33
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