Direct-Current DC

direction of the current does not change with time

Direct-Current Circuits
Alternating-Current AC
current oscillates back and forth

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

C
26-1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
26-2 Kirchoffs Rules
26-4 RC Circuits

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

OBJECTIVES:
Given a network of resistors connected in series and/or
parallel, evaluate the equivalent resistance, current and
voltage
Evaluate the voltage drop and current passing through
each element circuit

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Resistor
Resistance R (unit:
) impedes current
flow and acts to
lower voltage levels
within circuits.

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Four ways to connect 3 resistors

with resistances R1, R2, R3

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Equivalent resistance
Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Resistors in Series
Current I must be the same in all resistors.

Their potential differences add.

Recall:

Equivalent resistance of 3 resistors

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Resistors in Series
In general, for n number of resistors,

Equivalent resistance of n resistors

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

Ch26-1

Resistors in Parallel
Potential difference is the same for all resistors.

Their currents add.

Equivalent resistance of 3 resistors

Recall:

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Ch26-1

Resistors in Parallel
In general, for n number of resistors,

Equivalent resistance of n resistors

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Ch26-1

Example:
Compute the equivalent resistance of the network
shown, and find the current in each resistor. The
battery has negligible internal resistance.

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-1

Seatwork:
In the circuit shown, each resistor represents a light bulb.
Let R1= R2 = R3 = R4 = 1 and = 9.00 V.
a) Find the equivalent resistance of the network.
b) Find the current (I1, I2, I3, I4) in each bulb.

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-1

Another example
Consider the circuit shown. The current through the
6.00- resistor is 4.00 A, in the direction shown. What
are the currents through the 25.0- and 20.0-
resistors?

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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C
26-1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
26-2 Kirchoffs Rules
26-4 RC Circuits

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-2

OBJECTIVE:
Given a circuit diagram, calculate the current through
and voltage across a circuit element using Kirchoffs loop
and junction rules

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-2

Many practical resistor networks cannot be reduced to simple

series-parallel combinations.

Kirchhoffs
Rules
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Ch26-2

Examples:

A junction in a circuit is a point where three or more conductors meet.

(node or branch point)
A loop is any conducting path.
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Ch26-2

1. Kirchhoffs Junction Rule

The algebraic sum of the currents into any junction is zero.

The junction rule is based on conservation of electric charge.

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Ch26-2

2. Kirchhoffs Loop Rule

The algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop,
(including those associated with emfs and those of resistive elements),
must equal to zero.

The loop rule is a statement that the electrostatic force is

conservative.

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Ch26-2

2. Kirchhoffs Loop Rule

Sign Conventions:

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Ch26-2

Example:
Consider the circuit fragment shown in the figure. What
is the current IX flowing out of node B?

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-2

Example:
Using the circuit diagram below use junction rule to
express the relationship of the assumed current
direction.

I1

I3
I2

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Ch26-2

Example:
Consider the circuit shown with the
assumed direction of each branch
current shown by the labeled arrows.
Assuming each inner loop is
travelled counterclockwise, which
of the following equations follows
Kirchhoff's voltage law?
I. -I1 R1 - I2 R2 - V1 = 0
II. I1 R1 + I3 R3 + V2 = 0
III. -I2 R2 - I4 R4 - V2 = 0
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Ch26-2

Example:
In the circuit shown, find
(a) the current in the 3.00- resistor;
(b) the unknown emfs 1 and 2;
(c) the resistance R.

Note that three currents are given.

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Ch26-2

Example:
What is the internal resistance r in the 12-V battery?

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Ch26-2

Seatwork:
In the circuit shown, find

(a)the current in resistor R;

(b)the resistance R;

(c)the unknown emf .

(d)If the circuit is broken at point x,
what is the current in resistor R?

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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C
26-1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
26-2 Kirchoffs Rules
26-4 RC Circuits

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-4

OBJECTIVE:
Describe the behaviour of current, potential, and
charge as a capacitor is charging or discharging in terms
of the initial and steady-state conditions

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Ch26-4

R-C Circuit
A circuit that has a resistor and a capacitor in series
Charging/Discharging a Capacitor
1. Current changes with time
2. Voltage changes with time
3. Power changes with time
Applications:
heart pacemakers
flashing traffic lights
automobile turn signals
electronic flash units
Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-4

Caution: Lowercase (i, q, v) means time-varying.

Instantaneous current i = i(t)
Instantaneous charge q = q(t)
Instantaneous voltage v = v(t)

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Ch26-4

Charging a Capacitor
Assumptions:
1. idealized battery (or power supply)
constant emf (zero internal resistance, r = 0)

2. connecting conductors has negligible resistance

Initially, capacitor C is uncharged.

At t = 0, switch is closed.

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-4

Charging a Capacitor
At t = 0, switch is closed.

After some time t,

vbc = q/C = 0 (since q = 0)

Current Io through the resistor R

= IoR
Io = /R

Charge q on the capacitor increases.

Current i decreases.

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Ch26-4

Charging a Capacitor
After some time t,

Kirchhoffs Loop Rule:

Charge q on the capacitor increases.

Current i decreases.

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Ch26-4

Charging a Capacitor

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Ch26-4

Time Constant
measure of how quickly a capacitor charges

If is small, capacitor charges quickly.

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Ch26-4

Time Constant

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Ch26-4

Time Constant

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Ch26-4

Discharging a Capacitor
Initially, capacitor is charged (q = Qo).
1. Remove the battery from RC circuit.
2. Connect point a and c to an open switch.

At t = 0, switch is closed.

Kirchhoffs Loop Rule:

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Ch26-4

Discharging a Capacitor
After some time t,

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Ch26-4

Discharging a Capacitor
After some time t,

Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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Ch26-4

Example:
A 4.60-F capacitor that is initially uncharged is connected in series with a
7.50-k resistor and an emf source with = 125 V and negligible internal
resistance. Just after the circuit is completed, what are
(a) the voltage drop across the capacitor;
(b) the voltage drop across the resistor;
(c) the charge on the capacitor;
(d) the current through the resistor;
(e) the time constant?
(f) A long time after the circuit is completed (after many time constants)
what are the values of the quantities in parts (a)-(d)?
Bareza Physics 72 2nd sem AY 15-16

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