Electromagnetic Induction

If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes,

an emf and a current are induced in the circuit.
A time-varying magnetic field can act as a source of electric field.
A time-varying electric field can act as a source of magnetic field.

Maxwells equations.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Chapter 29
Magnetic Induction
29-1 Induction Experiment
29-2 Faradays Law
29-3 Lenzs Law
29-4 Motional Electromotive Force
29-5 Induced Electric Fields

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Objective
Identify the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced
EMF and the magnitude and direction of the induced
current

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

We connect a coil of wire to a galvanometer, then place the

coil between the poles of an electromagnet whose magnetic
field we can vary. Heres what we observe:

When there is no current in the

electromagnet, so that B = 0, the
galvanometer shows no current.

When the electromagnet is turned on,

there is a momentary current through the
meter as B increases.

When B levels off at a steady value, the

current drops to zero, no matter how
large B is.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

With the coil in a horizontal plane, we squeeze

it so as to decrease the cross-sectional area
of the coil. The meter detects current only
during the deformation, not before or after.
When we increase the area to return the coil to
its original shape, there is current in the
opposite direction, but only while the area of the
coil is changing.

If we rotate the coil a few degrees about a

horizontal, the meter detects current during the
rotation, in the same direction as when we
decreased the area. When we rotate the coil
back, there is a current in the opposite direction
during this rotation.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

If we jerk the coil out of the magnetic field, there

is a current during the motion, in the same
direction as when we decreased the area.

If we decrease the number of turns in the coil by

unwinding one or more turns, there is a current
during the unwinding, in the same direction as
when we decreased the area. If we wind more
turns onto the coil, there is a current in the
opposite direction during the winding.

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

When the magnet is turned off, there is a

momentary current in the direction opposite
to the current when it was turned on.

The faster we carry out any of these

changes, the greater the current.

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

If all these experiments are repeated with a

coil that has the same shape but different
material and different resistance, the
current in each case is inversely
proportional to the
total circuit
resistance. This shows that the induced
emfs that are causing the current do not
depend on the material of the coil but
only on its shape and the magnetic field.

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

The common element in all

these experiments is
changing magnetic flux
through the coil
connected to the
galvanometer.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Different ways for induction:

(1) Changing magnetic field strength
(2) Changing Area
(3) Changing relative orientation between
magnetic field and area vector

*with the condition that magnetic field and

area vector is not completely perpendicular
for (1) and (2)

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Chapter 29
Magnetic Induction
29-1 Induction Experiment
29-2 Faradays Law
29-3 Lenzs Law
29-4 Motional Electromotive Force
29-5 Induced Electric Fields

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Objective
Calculate the induced EMF in a closed loop due to a timevarying magnetic flux using Faradays Law

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Faraday's law of induction

The induced emf in a closed loop equals the
negative of the time rate of change of magnetic
flux through the loop.

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface

If

is uniform, then

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Direction of the induced emf

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Direction of the induced emf

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If we have a coil with N identical turns, the total emf
in a coil with N turns is

Where:

Magnetic flux through a

single coil
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Example:
The figure shows a wire coil being
squeezed in a uniform magnetic field.

While the coil is being squeezed, is

the induced emf in the coil
A. clockwise,
B. counterclockwise, or
C. zero?

Once the coil has reached its final

squeezed shape, is the induced emf
in the coil
A. clockwise,
B. counterclockwise, or
C. zero?
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Example:

Answers:
(a) emf = 0.0900*0.190 V
(b) I = 0.0900*0.190/0.600 A

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Example:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Seatwork:
A conducting loop is placed perpendicular to a constant
uniform magnetic field as shown. If the area of the loop
increases at a rate , find the following.
a) Induced emf (Answer: = -B, || = B)
b) Direction of induced current (Answer: CW)

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Chapter 29
Magnetic Induction
29-1 Induction Experiment
29-2 Faradays Law
29-3 Lenzs Law
29-4 Motional Electromotive Force
29-5 Induced Electric Fields

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Objective
Describe the direction of the induced electric field,
magnetic field and current on a conducting/non-conducting
loop using Lenzs Law

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Lenzs Law
The direction of any magnetic induction effect is
such as to oppose the cause of the effect.
The induced emf and induced current are in
such a direction as to oppose the change
that produces them.
It gives only the direction of induced emf and current.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Lenzs Law

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Recall:

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Recall:

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Example:

Explanation: Through RHR, B due to I

inside coil is out of the page. The B
strength decreases through time since
B is proportional to I due to wire. B
induced on coil is out of the page due
to decreasing B strength via Lenzs
law.
Answer: current is CCW using RHR.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Answers:
(a) CCW
(b) CW
(c) none

Example:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Seatwork:
A very long wire is part of a circuit with
a switch. Beside it is a conducting loop.
The switch, initially open, was closed
causing a current to flow. During the
switching, what is

a) the direction of the induced magnetic

field inside the coil? Out of the page
b) the direction of the induced current
through point P? Downward
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Chapter 29
Magnetic Induction
29-1 Induction Experiment
29-2 Faradays Law
29-3 Lenzs Law
29-4 Motional Electromotive Force
29-5 Induced Electric Fields

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Objective
Given the velocity and the orientation of a conductor in a
uniform magnetic field, determine the induced EMF, electric
field, magnetic field and current

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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If a conductor moves in a magnetic field, a motional emf is induced.

We can gain additional insight into the origin of the

induced emf by considering the magnetic forces on
mobile charges in the conductor.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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The moving rod has become a

source of electromotive force.

motional electromotive force

(length and velocity perpendicular to
uniform magnetic field)
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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motional electromotive force

If the total circuit resistance of the U-shaped
conductor and the sliding rod is R,
the induced current I in the circuit is given

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In general,
For any conductor with any shape in a uniform or non-uniform magnetic field

For a closed conducting loop

These are the same!

This is always true.

More useful in solving problems

involving moving conductors!
Applicable only for moving
conductors in constant magnetic
field

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Example:

It requires large velocity to achieve 1.5 V which is still a

small voltage so not really.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Example:

Answer:
(a) emf = 1.5*0.75*5.0
(b) All CCW
(c) I = 1.5*0.75*5.0/25.0

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Seatwork:

Answers:
(a) b
(b) b
(c) None
(d) Along direction of -53 deg

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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ANNOUNCEMENT
Arrive exactly at 7AM on Thursday
Warning: Recit is relatively longer
than your previous ones. This will
test your time-budgeting skill.
[Coverage: from 29-1 to 29-4]
Be present on Thursday since take
home recit will also be distributed.
[Coverage: 29-5 and previous
lessons]

Chapter 29
Magnetic Induction
29-1 Induction Experiment
29-2 Faradays Law
29-3 Lenzs Law
29-4 Motional Electromotive Force
29-5 Induced Electric Fields

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Objective
Compare and contrast, electrostatic field and nonelectrostatic/induced electric field

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Question:
What force makes the charges move around the loop?

There has to be an induced electric field in the

conductor caused by the changing magnetic flux
(magnetic field).
Recall:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Work done by the induced electric field per unit charge

Induced electric field is not

conservative.

Also,

Valid only when integration path is

stationary.
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Induced Electric Field

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Example:
A circular conducting loop is immersed in a spatially uniform
magnetic field that is decreasing at a constant rate. Which
of the following best describes the electric field induced in
the loop?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Constant and non-conservative

Decreasing and non-conservative
Increasing and non-conservative
Constant and conservative
Decreasing and conservative
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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Seatwork:
In which time interval is the value of the induced
electric field largest for a solenoid with n turns
per meter and radius R at a distance r (r < R) from
the axis of the solenoid?

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

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ANNOUNCEMENT
Arrive exactly at 7AM tomorrow
Warning: Recit is relatively longer
than your previous ones. This will
test your time-budgeting skill.
[Coverage: from 29-1 to 29-4]
Be present tomorrow since take
home recit will also be distributed.
[Coverage: 29-5 and previous
lessons]

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