Report 1 Finale

CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
1.1 OBJECTIVE
Design of prefabricated modular housing for different occupancies for the
inhabitants (about 5327 households) displaced due to the implementation of the
Pancheshwar Power Project on Mahakali River (Nepal).
1.2 NECESSITY
Pancheshwar Power Project is proposed as a Nepal-India bi-national scheme
on the Mahakali River with a capacity of 6720 MW. With its implementation, a total of
41,330 persons from 5327 households have been displaced for which rehabilitation
works have to be completed by 2012-2013 but as for now the progress is too slow to
reach the deadline.
For faster construction and as an approach to affordable homes, it is
proposed to provide a solution to mass housing using modular coordination method.
1.3 SCOPE
The project envisages selection of a suitable plan as per modular
coordination and use of building architecture for proper functioning and orientation of
the building.
The houses are proposed to be classified on the basis of income groups (i.e.
High Income Group, Medium Income Group and Low Income Group) which will then
decide the corresponding plan areas.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Selection of a realistic site.
Suggestion of a suitable plan for mass housing with grid dimensions.
Selection of type of precast structural system.
Collection of necessary data and codal provisions as per required for the
project.
Selection of type of connection to be employed.
Design of structural precast members.
Adoption of typical joints and connections between precast and in-situ

members.
Installation of the members as per design plan.
Provision for grid wise extension of the designed plan.
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

1. Planning and layout using modular coordination for different occupancies.
2. Grid wise distribution of plan.
3. Design of connections between individual precast members.
4. Design of structural and non- structural precast members.
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
1. Manufacturing constraints
The functional plan and the construction technology shall ensure that the
project can be implemented in the shortest possible time with acceptable
quality.
2. Safety constraints
The design of all joints between prefabricated components shall meet the
accepted procedures.
3. Social constraints
The compulsion to provide housing for people belonging to different strata in
society within the shortest possible time due to mass displacement.
1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standards.
Codes
Context
IS 10297: 1982
Code for practice for design and construction of floors and roof
using precast reinforced/ prestressed concrete.
IS 456: 2000
Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

Limit state design method, Material stresses, Design
coefficients.
IS 3935:1966
Code of Practice for Composite Construction
IS 875: 1987
Part (1&2)
Design loads for buildings and structures (Dead load &

Imposed load).
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK
Table 1.2 Application of earlier course works

Course Code And Name
Context
CE0102- Elements of Building Material

Science and Architecture
Planning, layout and orientation
CE0104- Computer Aided Building

Drawing
Plan design software
CE0202- Strength of materials
Analysis of structural elements
1.9
M
CE0301- Structural Analysis I

Analysis of structure
CE0302- Structural Analysis -II

CE0303- Structural Design II
Design of basic structural elements
CE0306- Foundation Engineering
Design of foundation
ULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK

This project involves in interacting with the government officials of the
Pancheshwar Project for getting necessary data.
1.10
SOFTWARE/EQUIPMENT USED
AUTOCAD
1.11 CONCLUSION
1. The project would successfully complete the design of modular houses using
advanced technology and a solution to quicker construction with economic
advantages.
2. Completion of the project will finally help in gaining vital and practical
implementations in accordance with safety and serviceability of the designed
units.
1.12
FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The implementation of the project will be of a great help to the rising need
of quicker construction and in the field of mass housing techniques.
It will be a boon for the weaker sections of society where owning a house is
still a common dream and the economic advantage of the project would be
effectively implemented.
Provisions for extension of plan for other suitability issues is also included
for satisfying different functional needs.
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
As a civil engineer, one should be familiar with all the aspects of civil
engineering practices be it housing, industrial, roads, airports, docks and harbors, dams,
transmission line towers an other hydraulic structures together with power plant
structures. The curriculum for civil engineering, which has been exposed all these four
years, has dealt with the rudiments of the above subjects in our curriculum. In order to
have hands on experience with respect to designing a project, in which the design of
R.C. structural elements is involved, is taken.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The basic principle of prefabrication, whereby a home is prefabricated in one
location and then delivered to another, has been around for at least a few hundred years.
The most widely cited benefit of prefab is economy of scale, as components or entire
homes can be produced in large quantities. But this is not a prerequisite for success.
Theres value in faster project schedules, fewer weather delays, and more efficient use of
materials thanks to optimization and quality control. One of the primary benefits for the
buyer is predictability: Predefined design details and construction processes give the
client a degree of surety about the outcome that is often absent in custom projects.
2.2.1 Present scenario around the globe
Between 1908 and 1940, Sears, Roebuck, and Company sold over 70,000
prefabricated house kits by mail to enterprising do-it-yourselfers across North America.
These ready-to-assemble homes featured precut wooden components cross-referenced to
a blueprint. Thanks to robust engineering, durable materials, and some good
craftsmanship, many of these homes are still in use.
After World War II the United States faced a severe housing shortage, and
several ventures attempted to use industrialized factory-built housing to solve the crisis,
including Lustron Homes and the General Panel Corporation. The Eames House, in
Pacific Palisades, California (1949), explored the idea that a home could be constructed
from off-the-shelf industrial parts and harness economies of scale for ready-made
components.
In the 1970s the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
sponsored Operation Break-through, which advocated the use of factory-based
industrialization and mass production in the national home-building industry as a way to
drive down costs and make housing more affordable. Unfortunately, Operation
Breakthrough did not break through, and the entrenched method of site-building homes
remained in place.
Luminaries like Frank Lloyd Wright, Walter Gropius, and Buckminster
Fuller were among many who experimented with prototypes intended for mass
productiona goal none of them achieved.
The last decade has seen a resurgence of interest in prefab as entrepreneurial
architects redefine the architect-client relationship around a product-based business
rather than a service-based practice. Most of todays models are manufactured in small
quantities to the same codes and with similar materials to site-built houses.
The most widely cited benefit of prefab is economy of scale, as components

or entire homes can be produced in large quantities. But this is not a prerequisite for
success. Theres value in faster project schedules, fewer weather delays, and more
efficient use of materials thanks to optimization and quality control. One of the primary
benefits for the buyer is predictability: Predefined design details and construction
processes give the client a degree of surety about the outcome that is often absent in
custom projects.
Few of the following development trends have been adopted in the recent
projects:
Majority of the latent defects such as poor joining and water leakage problems
found in
previous projects have been eliminated using in-situ fixed approach.
Application has been diversified to other form of building construction.
Capable of applying to the construction of rather complicate shaped buildings.
More precast elements are involved in the construction process.
Other techniques like the using of mechanical formwork system, lost-form or

tensioning techniques, are incorporated in the construction process (Ref. 2)
2.2.2 Prefabrication in developing countries: a case study of India

Prefabrication in India began with the emergence of the Hindustan Housing
Factory. The company was developed by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru, as a solution to the housing crisis that resulted from the influx of
refugees from West Pakistan in the 1950s. The Hindustan Housing Factory pioneered the
production of pre-stressed concrete railway sleepers to replace dilapidated wooden
sleepers on Indian Railways. The company changed its name shortly thereafter to reflect
the diversity of its operations. It is now known as the Hindustan Prefab Limited or HPL.
Located in Delhi, today the government- run company prefabricates primarily precast
concrete for architectural and civil projects throughout greater India.
When HPL began it was intended to produce low-income housing solutions
for the deficit in India. Precast wall panels and frame members such as beams and
columns provided a much needed set of tools to erect quick structures for mass housing.
The most difficult technology transfer obstacle for the HPL has been the cost of
machinery and materials for production. Since the government could not recoup the
return on investment for the factory through housing production, prefabrication from
HPL began to service other markets including higher dollar civil and larger public and
hotel buildings.
The quality of construction is much higher when components are
manufactured in a stable environment such as the factory. This is especially true in India
where today, prefabrication has become synonymous with durable, modern, and western
construction methods. Materials are used more efficiently, are safer from climatic
damage, and can be reused in the material stream. Because of these benefits, a general
consensus in India is to move prefabricated building systems beyond precast concrete
for large-scale construction to additional market sectors including a resurgent interest in
applying prefabrication technology to housing.
Traditional construction techniques involve the use of timber molds or
shuttering for roof spans and other structural systems. These temporary timber structures
have a short lifespan and due to the volume of construction in the peak seasons of spring
and summer for larger well-funded projects are often unavailable. This hinders
construction schedules and does not allow projects to be completed before cooler or
rainy seasons begin. However, construction does not stop in the summer despite the lack
of proper equipment and material. Instead, using makeshift methods for construction on
site leads to inappropriate means and hence a substandard quality of construction in
finished buildings. The prefabricated alternative to roof construction removes the issues
of timber molds and shuttering.
Material advances in the prefabrication housing market have also helped to
mitigate material failures. The use of fly ash in concrete increases its workability and
improves thermal performance. In addition, fly ash concrete block is beginning to
replace traditional clay bricks because it does not contain expansive soils that cause
walls and floors to crack with fluxes of temperature and humidity. Fly ash is captured
from the coal burning process that generate electricity and then reused to manufacture
more durable and stable building materials in a factory environment. The material
manufacturing is more predictable and therefore serves to build more seismically
resistant structures.
Prefabrication technology has not transferred as easily when compared with
other technologies because it is a production technology or knowledge based and not a
consumption technology or product based. Technology transfer of prefabrication is not
as pertinent to architects as it is to manufacturers of building products, but we are
caretakers of culture in the AEC industry. In many cases we are asked to help with many
of the transfers that are occurring by way of global practice or working for multinational firms that are producing prefabricated components and entire buildings for India
and elsewhere. Although transfers will continue to occur, especially in the area of
prefabrication in building, we should be well aware of how the decisions of U.S. and
western architects may have an effect on the ethical dilemmas regarding less developed
countries development and culture (Ref. 3).
2.2.3 A few successful projects executed in India using prefab
By adopting Prefabrication techniques the Houses are delivered in record
time 1/4th of the conventional time, in real time situation, this is much faster considering
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labor issues. By casting all the building elements at one go, which is monolithic in
nature results in elimination of stage construction practice, thus drives Prefab techniques
in bigger and faster way in mass housing, presently in India this sector strive to deliver
the houses for urban poor and middle class. The project including construction of a
cluster of 350 houses was implemented by Rajiv Gandhi Housing for The Karnataka
Housing Board Government of Karnataka. Specifications of the project include the
following:
EWS House for Urban Poor

Area of Plinth - 285 ft2 (Single storey, 1 Hall, 1 Kitchen, 1 Bedroom and 1 Bath
cum toilet)
Cost of a House - Rs 2 lakhs
Prefabrication technique using Modular Coordination adopted.
Grade of Concrete M 20
The above cost does not include the additional cost-benefits such as early occupational
cost (4-5 months), and saving in interest cost, resources holding charges (4-5months)
etc. as in case of conventional construction. The wastage of materials at site not
accounted (3-5%). Considering above all cost aspects, by adopting Prefab Technique,
about 15-20% of overall cost shall be saved.
Another project located at Bankapura Shigao Dharawd District Karnataka
included construction of a Model house using Prefabrication techniques. The entire
house was completed in 6 days. Few conclusions drawn from the project are given
below:
Perception Change (Reputation):

The perception on quality in mass housing among the public is very poor.
With adaptation of Prefab Techniques, it has been proven that the perception has been
totally changed. This technique brings pride & appreciation to the designer, owner, and
contractor, agencies that associated with the project by the end users.
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On Speed:
At site, 3 day or 4 day cycle can be easily achievable and can complete the
entire house in a week time. The Foundation, Wall & Roof components has to be
designed, based on the soil & structural considerations. All the details of Electrical &
Plumbing has to be precise and shall be placed in position before concreting. However,
the prefab technology is yet to mature enough in terms of cost, assembly of elements at
site, issues associated with Joints & its sealants etc.
On Quality:
The de-shuttering shall be done for wall & roof after 24 hours of concreting,
by leaving adequate props to support roof concrete. Hence quality houses are built at one
go. The maintenance of these houses over period will be very less or minimum. In all
other methods, considerable change in design, manual errors, rectification, repetitions of
works etc. is seen during the project period and subsequently demands high maintenance
cost.
On Labor:
The requirement of labors is very minimum and hence, lesser quality issues
and speedier construction.
On Technology:
The Prefab Technology delivers the strong houses, which are more durable,
& sustainable against tornados, earthquakes etc., compare to any other methods of
construction.
2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
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One of the major advancements in construction technology has been

prefabricated structure. For a country like India that is on the cusp of a massive
infrastructure upgrade, prefabricated structures (better known as prefabs) have a huge
positive implication. Prefabs have a sprawling market in India in areas ranging from
large industrial and commercial construction to mass housing. As far as mass housing
goes, the advantages of prefab are several. First, it eliminates the need for constant
shuttering and scaffolding. In the prefab method, self-supporting precast concrete
structures are used that promise to expedite the construction time, apart from
standardizing the quality of the structure. Reduction in gestation period means faster
returns on investment and of course, faster occupancy of the houses.
Population explosion has always been a bottleneck to the development for
the Indian society providing housing for economically weaker sections (EWS) and low
income groups is both gigantic and a complex problem. India desperately needs a lot of
rapid dwelling units. Mass housing projects prefabrication technique is one of the
solutions to the overgrowing problem, which is benefitted through the following
advantages:
Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork,

shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner, allowing an

earlier return of the capital invested.
On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a

construction site setting.
Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available and
costs of labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is

minimized.
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Less waste may occur.
Advanced materials such as sandwich-structured composite can be easily used,

improving thermal and sound insulation and air tightness.
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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
3.1 OBJECTIVE
In rehabilitation works for the given power plant project, there is a need for
faster construction and as an approach to affordable homes for 5327 households, we
propose:
The design of a modular house using prefabrication techniques.
3.2 SCOPE
The rehabilitation site is Pithoragarh where an area of 81 hectares (200
acres) is allotted as shown in Figure 3.1.
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Fig. 3.1 Map of Pithoragarh

3.2.1 Requirements of different types of housing
Of the total 5327 households who are displaced in the implementation of the
project:
20% belong to High Income Group i.e. 1066 households.
50% belong to Middle Income Group i.e. 2664 households.
30% belong to Low Income Group i.e. 1597 households.

The above said income groups will be provided with housing and their
carpet area will differ as per Government norms. The following are the carpet area
requirements for each type:
LIG 60 m2
MIG 90 m2
HIG - 150 m2
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In order to reduce the time and cost of the project, it is proposed to adopt
prefabricated housing in this project.
To minimise the number of components to be produced on a mass scale,
modular coordination will be adopted by planning the different housing requirements.
3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The precast structure should be analyzed as a monolithic one and the

joints in them designed to take the forces of an equivalent discrete system.
Resistance to horizontal loading shall be provided by having appropriate moment
and shear resisting joints or placing shear walls in two directions at right angle or
otherwise. No account is to be taken of rotational stiffness, if any of the floor-wall
joint in case of precast bearing wall building. The individual components shall be
designed, taking into consideration the appropriate end conditions and loads at
various stages of construction. The components of the structure shall be designed for
loads in accordance with code. In addition members shall be designed for handling,
exertion and impact loads that might be expected during handling and erection.
3.3.1 Terminology and specifications
Various terms included in Modular Coordination are:

1. Module- a unit of size used in dimensional coordination.
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2. Modular grid- a rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance

between consecutive lines is the basic module or a multi module. This multi
module may differ for each of the two dimensions of the grid.
3. Modular Coordination- a dimensional coordination employing the basic module
or a multi module. The purposes of Modular Coordination are to reduce the
variety of component sizes produced and to allow the building designer greater
flexibility in the arrangement of components.
4. Multi module- a module whose size is a selected multiple of the basic module.
For selecting the materials for prefabrication the following factors should be
considered:
(a) Easy availability (b) Light weight for easy handling and transport (c)
Thermal insulation property (d) Easy workability (e) Durability (f) Non combustibility
(g) Sound insulation (h) Economy (i) any other special requirement in a particular
application.
3.3.2 Rules related to basic elements
A set of rules as detailed below would be adequate for meeting the

requirements of conventional and prefabricated construction. Rules relate to the
following basic element:
(a) The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be 3 M for residential
buildings. The center lines of load bearing walls should preferably coincide with the
gridlines.
(b) The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M for residential buildings.
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(c) Preferred increments for sill heights, doors, and windows and other fenestration shall
be 1M.
(d) In the case of internal columns, the grid lines shall coincide with the center lines of
columns. In case of external columns and columns near the lift and stairwells, the grid
lines shall coincide with center lines of the column in the topmost storey.
3.3.3 Rules related to components
The preferred dimensions of precast elements shall be as follows where M

represents a Module:
(a) Flooring and Roofing Scheme: Precast slabs or other precast structural flooring units:
1. Length - Nominal length shall be in multiples of 1M.
2. Width - Nominal width shall be in multiples of 0.5 M.
3. Overall Thickness: Overall thickness shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
(b) Beams:
1. Length - Nominal length shall be in multiples of 1 M.
3. Overall Depth - Overall depth of the floor zone shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
(c) Columns:
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1. Height - Height of columns for industrial and other building 1 M.

2. Lateral Dimensions - Overall lateral dimension or diameter of columns shall
be in multiples of 0.1 M.
(d) Walls:
Thickness - The nominal thickness of walls shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
(e) Lintels:
1. Length - Nominal length shall be in multiples of 1 M.
3. Depth - Nominal depth shall be in multiples of 0.1 M.
3.3.4 Requirements for design considerations
(i) In some conventional forms of construction, experience has shown that the
structures are capable of safely sustaining abnormal conditions of loading and
remaining stable after the removal of primary structural member. It has been shown
that some forms of building structure and particularly some industrialized large panel
system have little reserve strength to resist forces not specifically catered for in the
design.
(ii) Adequate buttressing of external wall panels is important since these elements
are not fully restrained on both sides by floor panels. The designer may take
adequate design precautions. Experience shows that the external wall panel
connections are the weakest points of a precast panel building.
20
(iii) It is equally important to provide restraint to all load bearing elements at the
corners of the building. These elements and the external ends of cross-wall units
should be stiffened either by introducing columns as connecting units or by jointing
them to non-structural wall units which in emergency may support the load. Jointing
of these units should be done bearing in mind the need for load support in an
emergency.
(iv) In prefabricated construction, the possibility of gas or other explosions which
can remove primary structural elements leading to progressive collapse of the
structure shall be taken into account. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the
possibility of progressive collapse in which the failure or displacement of one
element of a structure causes the failure or displacement of another element and
results in the partial or total collapse of the building.
(v) Provision in the design to reduce the probability of progressive collapse is
essential in buildings of over six storeys and is of relatively higher priority than for
buildings of lower height.
(vi) It is necessary to ensure that any local damage to a structure does not spread to
other parts of the structure remote from the point of mishap and that the overall
stability is not impaired, but it may not be necessary to stiffen all parts of the
structure against local damage or collapse in the immediate vicinity of a mishap,
unless the design briefs specifically requires this to be done.
(vii) Additional protection may be required in respect of damage from vehicles,
further it is necessary to consider the effect of damage to or displacement of a loadbearing member by an uncontrolled vehicle. It is strongly recommended that
concrete kerbs or similar method adequately protect important structural members.
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(viii) In all aspects of erection that affect structural design, it is essential that the
designer should maintain a close liaison with the builder or contractor regarding the
erection procedures to be followed.
(ix) Failures that have occurred during construction appear to be of two types. The
first of these is the pack-of-cards type of collapse in, which the absence of
restraining elements, such as partitions, cladding or shear walls, and means that the
structure is not stable during the construction period. The second is the situation in
which one element falls during erection and lands on an element below. The
connections of the lower element then give way under the loading, both static and
dynamic, and a chain reaction of further collapse is set up.
A precaution against the first form of failure is that the overall stability of
a building shall be considered in all its erection stages as well as in its completed
state. All joints that may be required to resist moments and shears during the erection
stage only shall be designed with these in mind. Temporary works required to
provide stability during construction shall be designed carefully.
To guard against the second form of failure, that is, the dropping of a unit
during erection, particular attention shall be given to the details of all pre-formed
units and their seatings to ensure that they are sufficiently robust to withstand the
maximum stresses that can arise from site conditions. Precast concrete construction
generally shall be capable of withstanding the impact forces that can arise from bad
workmanship on site.
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3.3.5 Requirements of joints and connections
The design of joints shall be made in the light of their assessment with
respect to the following considerations:
(i) Feasibility - The feasibility of a joint shall be determined by its load-carrying
capacity in the particular situation in which the joint is to function.
(ii) Practicability - Practicability of joint shall be determined by the amount and type
of material required in construction, cost of material, fabrication and erection and the
time for fabrication and erection.
(iii) Serviceability - Serviceability shall be determined by the joints and expected
behavior for repeated or possible overloading and exposure to climatic or chemical
conditions.
(iv) Fire Rating - The fire rating for joints of precast components shall be higher or at
least equal to connecting members.
(v) Appearance - The appearance of precast components joint shall merge with
architectural aesthetic appearance and shall not be physically prominent compared to
other parts of structural components.
The following are the requirements of a structural joint:
(a) It shall be capable of being designed to transfer the imposed load and moments
with a known margin of safety.
(b) It shall occur at logical locations in the structure and at points which may be most
readily analyzed and easily reinforced.
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(c) It shall accept the loads without marked displacement or rotation and avoid high
local stresses.
(d) It shall accommodate tolerances in elements.
(e) It shall require little temporary support, permit adjustment and demand only a
few distinct operation to make.
(f) It shall permit effective inspection and rectification.
(g) It shall be reliable in service with other parts of the building.
(h) It shall enable the structure to absorb sufficient energy during earthquakes so as
to avoid sudden failure of the structure.
Joining techniques/materials normally employed are:
(a) Welding of cleats or projecting steel.
(b) Overlapping reinforcement, loops and linking steel grouted by concrete.
(c) Reinforced concrete ties all round a slab.
(d) Prestressing.
(e) Epoxy grouting.
(f) Bolts and nuts connection.
(g) A combination of the above, and
(h) Any other method proven by test.
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3.3.6 Stacking during transport and storage
Every precaution shall be taken against overstress or damage, by the

provision of suitable packings at agreed points of support. Particular attention is
directed to the inherent dangers of breakage and damage caused by supporting other
than at two positions, and also by the careless placing of packings for example, not
vertically one above the other). Ribs, corners and intricate projections from solid
section should be adequately protected. Tacking pieces shall be adequately protected.
Tacking pieces shall not discolor, disfigure or otherwise permanently cause mark on
unite or members. Stacking shall be arranged or the precast units should be
protected, so as to prevent the accumulation of trapped water or rubbish, and if
necessary to reduce the risk of efflorescence.
The following points shall be kept in view during stacking:
(a) Care should be taken to ensure that the flat elements are stacked with right side
up. For identification, top surfaces should be clearly marked.
(b) Stacking should be done on a hard and suitable ground to avoid any sinking of
support when elements are stacked.
(c) In case of horizontal stacking, packing materials shall be at specified locations
and shall be exactly one over the other to avoid cantilever stress in panels.
(d) Components should be packed in a uniform way to avoid any undue projection of
elements in the stack, which normally is a source of accident.
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3.3.7 Handling arrangements
Lifting and handling positions shall be dearly defined particularly where

these sections are critical. Where necessary special facilities, such as bolt holes or
projecting loops, shall be provided in the units and full instructions supplied for
handling.
For precast prestressed concrete members, the residual stress at the age
of particular operation of handling and erection shall be considered in conjunction
with any stresses caused by the handling or erection of member. The compressive
stress thus computed shall not exceed 50 percent of the cube strength of the concrete
at the time of handling and erection.
3.3.8 Equipment required
The equipment used to the precast concrete industry/construction may be

classified into the following categories:
(a) Machinery required for quarrying of coarse and fine aggregates.
(b) Conveying equipment such as bolt conveyors, chain conveyors, screw conveyors,
bucket elevators, hoists, etc.
(c) Concrete mixing machines
(d) Concrete vibrating machines
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(e) Erection equipment such as cranes, derricks, hoists, chain pulley blocks, etc.
f) Transport machinery such as tractor-cum-trailers, dumpers, lorries, locomotives,
motor boats and rarely even helicopters.
(g) Workshop machinery for making and repairing Steel and timber moulds.
(h) Bar straightening, bending and welding machines to make reinforcement cages.
(i) Minor tools and tackles such as wheelbarrows, concrete buckets, etc.
(j) Steam generation plant for accelerated curing.
In addition to the above, pumps and soil compacting machineryare
required at the building site for the execution of civil engineeringprojects involving
prefabricated components.
3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In order to cope with the demand for housing to fulfill the deficit in housing,
prefabrication will definitely stay once it is adopted. This may definitely improve quality
of construction, durability of components, time of construction and aesthetics of
surroundings. The next chapter gives the details of planning and design of prefab
components as per Modular Coordination and architectural inputs.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 PLANNING
4.1.1
Introduction
While designing a building, the prerequisite is a proper plan. The procedure

for selection of a plan encompasses plot dimensions and architectural inputs.
Plot dimensions are given or assumed quantities to which the plan must
comply. It should have the basic requirements of the building like a house needs
a bedroom, living area, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, dining area etc.
Architectural inputs such as the sun diagram are required for a proper
orientation of the building. Anthropometrics, space standards, functional
planning and circulation are other architectural inputs to be taken care of while
designing a plan.
The introduction of Modular Coordination in the industry not only
provides dimensional basis for the coordination of dimensions and of those
buildings incorporating them, but also it acts as a tool towards rationalization and
industrialization of the building industry. Modular Coordination is essentially
based on the use of modules (basic module and multi-modules) and a reference
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system to define coordinating spaces and zones for building elements and for the
components which form them. It is a concept of coordination of dimension and
space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in
terms of a basic unit or module, known as 1 M. There are standard rules to abide
by - Rules for locating building elements within the reference system; Rules for
sizing building components in order to determine their work sizes; Rules for
defining preferred sizes for building components and coordinating dimensions
for buildings. It permits a flexible type of standardization, which encourages the
use of a limited number of standardized building components for the construction
of different types of buildings. It ensures dimensional coordination between
installation (equipment, storage units, other fitted furniture etc.) as well as with
the rest of the building.
The application of Modular Coordination may be applied to the design,
manufacture and assembly of buildings, their components and installations, and
it affects the twin factors of position and dimension. Modular Coordination may
be applied to a wide range of building technologies, ranging from component
building through partial prefabrication to rationalized traditional building
methods. Additionally, components, which are coordinated on a modular basis,
may be used in renovation programs.
4.1.2 ARCHITECTURAL INPUTS
4.1.2.1 ORIENTATION
The ideal house orientation is that the main long axis of the building runs
East-West, i.e. ridge line. It is very important that the house should be oriented
29
with respect to the sun and not to magnetic north. The most used rooms must be
on the side of the house oriented towards the sun. Also the least used rooms on
the side of the house in shade. The orientation of a house is done according to the
sun-diagram as shown in Figure 4.1. (Ref. 1)
Fig. 4.1 The sun diagram

4.1.2.2 ANTHROPOMETRICS
The dimensions of the human body as shown in Figure 4.2 and the sizes
of the furniture help in deciding the space required in the design of a room. The
size of the sofa in the living room, dining table in the dining room, bed in the
bedroom, stove and fridge in the kitchen, the closet in the bath etc. help to decide
the size of the rooms with proper clearances provided between the furniture for
easy movement.
The dimensions are inner dimensions and are in mm.
Kitchen cum dining (40002500): To be placed in Southeast direction with East
as the cooking direction.
30
Combined Bathroom and Water Closet (24001200): In the Northwest or West

and never be placed next to the kitchen.
Bedroom (30004000): Head direction towards South and bedroom location is
Southwest
Living (30004000): Ideal in the Northwest direction
Verandah: Best suited in the North. (Ref. 1)
Fig. 4.2 Anthropometrics
4.1.2.3 SPACE STANDARDS
Space is a specific volume which provides for a specific form of human

activity. The common factor in buildings and areas is the concept of space. An
31
architectural space is man-made. The space must be technically efficient and

aesthetically satisfying.
Every space accommodates an activity or a function, which decides the
area and volume required. The activities determine the furniture requirements for
the space.
4.1.2.4 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING AND CIRCULATION
Identifying the spatial requirements and psychological needs developed

in the functional program is a primary element of the planning process that
translates to an owner's spatial and service requirements for a building or facility.
Key tasks in this process are: problem definition or statement, establishing goals,
collecting and analyzing facts, establishing functional relationships, and
uncovering and testing concepts. There is also a need to design for flexibility of
programmed space. A successfully designed building that functions properly in
all respects is composed of building systems, materials, and technologies that are
selected and integrated to be mutually supportive as a cohesive whole system.
The accessibility of circulation systems determines the over-all extent of

access that can be attained in a building; therefore, these parts of buildings are
given high priority in code reviews for barrier-free design.
4.1.3 FINALISATION OF PLANS FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES
32
4.1.3.1 PROPOSED PLAN FOR LIG WITH GRID LINES
The plan for LIG is shown in Figure 4.3 with a carpet area of 60 m2.
Fig. 4.3 Plan for LIG (Dimensions are inner dimensions and are in m.)
4.1.3.2 PROPOSED PLAN FOR MIG WITH GRID LINES
The plan for MIG is shown in Figure 4.4 with a carpet area of 90 m2.
33
Fig. 4.4 Plan for MIG (Dimensions are inner dimensions and are in m.)
4.1.3.3. PROPOSED PLAN FOR HIG WITH GRID LINES
The plan for HIG is shown in Figure 4.5 with a carpet area of 150 m2.
34
Fig. 4.5 Plan for HIG (Dimensions are inner dimensions and are in m.)
4.2 ANALYSIS
4.2.1
Estimation of loads for the structural elements
35
4.2.1.1 Loads for slabs
Self weight of Slab = concretebD
= wself
Live Load (IS 875 Part-2; Pg: 09)
Floor Finish
=2
=1
kN
m2
kN
m2
Design Ultimate Load, Wu = 1.5 Wtotal
4.2.1.2 Loads for beams
Self weight wself = conc b D

Weight of brick masonry wall if supported over it wwall = masonry l t
Live load as per IS 875(Part 2):1987 = wlive
Total Load W = wself+wwall+wlive
Factored Load= Wu = W1.5
4.2.1.3 Loads for columns
36
Weight of slab= conc B D T

Weight of beams= conc B D T
Weight of wall= masonry L H T
Self weight = conc L B D
4.2.1.4 Loads for footing
Load on the column = Waxial

Self weight of footing = 10% (Waxial)
Total load= Waxial + 10% (Waxial)
4.2.2
Gridwise distribution of structural elements
37
Fig. 4.6 AUTOCAD plan showing grid-wise distribution of various occupancies
4.2.2.1 Modular coordination applied to LIG housing
Number of slab elements of dimensions 3 m 5 m = 4

Number of beams of span 3 m = 6
Number of beams of span 5m = 6
Number of columns = 9
4.2.2.2 Modular coordination applied to MIG housing
38
Number of slab elements of dimensions 3 m 5 m = 4 + 2

Number of beams of span 3 m = 6 + 2
Number of beams of span 5 m = 6 + 3
Number of columns = 9 + 3
4.2.2.3 Modular coordination applied to HIG housing
Number of slab elements of dimensions 3 m 5 m = 4 + 2 + 4

Number of beams of span 3 m = 6 + 2 + 4
Number of beams of span 5 m = 6 + 3 + 3
Number of columns = 9 + 3 + 4
4.3 DESIGNS
4.3.1 Introduction
The typical structural elements are identified considering the Figure The
indentified elements are
1. Footing
2. Column
3. Slab
4. Beams
39
The loads on these elements are calculated considering the plan. The
required data and other requirements for the design of structural elements are
provided then and there. All the elements are checked for adequacy with respect
to handling stresses which is unique for prefab construction. In the absence of
codal provisions for joints, the recommended detailing of joints are followed.
4.3.2
Foundation
Foundation is a sub-structure of a building which is always in contact

with soil, to transmit the super-structure load safely to the subsoil, in such a way
that the actual pressure on the soil below foundation should be less than the safe
bearing capacity of the soil.
According to Terzaghi, if the depth of foundation is less than or equal to

width of foundation, then such foundation is called shallow foundation. But if the
depth of foundation is greater than its width then the foundation is known as
deep foundation.
Types of Shallow foundation:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Isolated foundation: square, rectangle, circle.

Combined foundation: rectangle and trapezoidal
Strap footing
Mat or Raft foundation
Types of Deep foundation:
40
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Pile foundation
Pier foundation
Well foundation
Caisson
4.3.2.1 Design procedure for isolated square footing
Step-1:
Find out the depth of the foundation Df from the following formula:
q s 1sin 2
[
]
s 1+sin
(4.1)
Where,
Df= depth of foundation in meter
qs = safe bearing capacity of soil in kPa
s
= unit weight of soil in
kN
3
m
= internal angle of cohesion = 30o

Step-2:
Find out the plan area
41
load
qs
Area = A =
(4.2)
Load = W + Wf
Where,
W = load from column in kN
Wf = self weight of foundation in kN = 10% of W
kN
m3
qs = safe bearing capacity of soil in
Step-3:
Find out the length and breadth of foundation.
L
B = Area [for rectangular foundation]
B = Area [for square foundation]
2 = Area [for circular foundation]

d
4
Step-4:
Find out maximum bending moment at the face of column
Step-5:
Find out the thickness of footing from the following formula.
42
Mu, limit= 0.138fckbd2
(4.3)
Where,
Mu,limit = maximum bending moment in kN-m
fck = characteristic strength of concrete in
N
mm2
b = width of the section

d = effective depth
Step-6:
Find out area of tension steel from following formula:
u ,limit= .87 f y A st d 1
f y A st
f ck bd
(4.4)
M
Where,
Mu,limit = maximum bending moment in kN-m
fy = yield strength of steel in MPa
d = effective depth
Ast = area of tension steel
Step-7:
The footing must be checked for one way shear. According to IS-456:2000, the critical
section for one way shear will take place at a distance d from one face of column.
Where,
43
d = effective depth of foundation

Step-8:
The section must be checked for two way shear. According to IS-456:2000, the critical
section for two way shear will occur at a distance
d
2
from all faces of column.
Step-9:
The footing must be checked for load at the base of column
wcol
c,br =
Ag
0.45 f ck
A1
A2
Where,
c,br
= bearing stress
wcol = load on column

Ag = gross area of column
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete in MPa
A1
A2 = 2 (By IS: 456:2000)
Step 10:
44
0.785 2main
b
A st
Spacing of main reinforcements=
0.785 2transverse
b
A st ,main
Spacing of transverse reinforcement=
4.3.2.2 Design calculations
Data:
1
SBC of soil = 200 kPa
Unit weight of soil = 18
3
4
5
6
= 30
Grade of concrete = M 20
Steel bars used = Fe 415
Load from column = 258 kN
kN
m3
Step 1: Determination of depth of foundation
Depth of foundation =
q s 1sin 2
[
]
s 1+sin
200 1sin 30 2
[
]
18 1+sin 30
= 1.3 m
Hence we have to excavate soil upto 1.3 m below ground level
Step 2: Determination of plan area
45
Area = A =
load
qs
W +W f
qs
258+ 0.1 258

200
2
= 1.419 m
Step 3: Determination of width of foundation

Assuming a square footing:
Width of the square footing = B =
A = 1.419 = 1.19 m
Lets us assume the width of the footing = 1.2 m

Hence, we have to provide a square footing of size 1.2 m 1.2 m
Step 4: Determination of maximum bending moment
Maximum bending moment =
wa
2
Where,
w= upward soil pressure in
kN
m
B b
a=
2 2
46
B= width of foundation = 1.2 m

B = width of column = 300 mm = 0.3 m
load
column
w=
B
[ planarea ]
258
]
2
1.2
1.2
= 215
kN
m
Ultimate bending moment =
Mu
1.5 215 .452

2
= 32.65 kN-m
Step 5: Calculation of effective depth
2
M u=.36 f ck b d k (1.42 k )
d=
d =
Mu
.36 f ck bk ( 1.42 k )
32.65 106
.36 20 1200 .48(1.42 .48)
= 99.305 mm
Hence, let us adopt a depth of 175 mm.

Step 6: Calculation of
A st
47
u=.87 f y A st d 1
f y A st
f ck bd
415 A st
6
32.65 10 = .87 415 A st 175 1 20 1200 175
From the above equation:
A st
= 546.22 mm2
A st ,min =.0012(b D)
.0012(1200 230)
Hence,
= 331.2 mm2
A st > A st , min
Step 7: Check for one way shear

For one way shear the critical section will take place at a distance, d from one face of
column as shown in the Figure 6.1.1.
48
Fig. 4.6 Critical section for one way shear

Upward shear force = V =( upward soil pressure ) area
1.5
258
.275 1.2
2
1.2
= 88.68 kN
Nominal shear stress = v =
V
bd
88.68 1000
1200 175
= .422 MPa
As per IS 456: 2000:
49
k c
From IS 456: 2000, table number 19:

percentage of tension steel= p=100
A st
bd
= .26
For,
f ck
p = .26 and
= 20 MPa
c =.36 MPa
k =1
Hence,
v ( k c )
The depth chosen is not adequate as per one way shear criteria and the depth has to be
redesigned.
1.5 258
[ .275d ] 1.2=.36 1.2 d
2
1.2
From the above equation; d = 274 mm

Adopting the depth to be 300 mm
Step 8: Check for two way shear/ punching shear
The punching shear occurs at a distance of half of the effective depth from all the faces
of column as shown in Figure 6.1.2.
50
Fig. 4.8 Critical section for punching shear

Shear force = V = soil pressure area
2
= 215 [ 1.2 ( .2+.3 )

= 255.85 kN
v =
V
bd
255850
4 600 300
= .355 MPa
c = .25 f ck =.25 20
= .64 MPa
k s=1
51
v<
k s c
Hence, the design is safe.

Step 9: Check for bearing stress
Bearing stress =
wcol
Ag
3
258 10
3002
= 2.867 MPa
. 45 f ck
A1
A2
= .45 20 2
= 12.47 MPa
=> 2.867<12.47
Hence, the design is safe against bearing.
Step 10: Spacing of reinforcement
Assuming 10 mm bars for main reinforcement, the spacing = s =
.785 10 2 1200
546.22
172 mm 150 mm
Hence, 10 mm dia Fe 415 bars will be provided @ 150 mm c/c distance as main
reinforcement.
Spacing of transverse reinforcement:
52
Assuming 8 mm diameter bars, spacing = s =
.785 64 1200
.0012 356 1200
= 117.6 mm
100
mm
Hence, 8 mm dia Fe415 bars will be provided @ 100 mm c/c distance as transverse
reinforcement.
Fig.4.9 Reinforcement details of square footing
53
4.3.3 COLUMN
4.3.3.1 Introduction
Column is a vertical compression member, whose main function is to transfer

load from slabs and beams to the foundation.
A column is subjected to following stresses:
I.
II.
Direct compression.
Compression as well as bending stress due to eccentric loading.
Types of columns:
I.
Pedestal:
A column is said to be pedestal if its effective length to breadth ratio is less than
3.
l eff
<3
b
Where,
Leff = effective length of column which is dependent upon the end
conditions.
B = least lateral dimension of the column.
54
II.
Short column:
A column is said to be short column when if its effective length to breadth ratio is
between 3 to 12.
III.
Long column:
A column is said to be long column if its effective length to breadth ratio is
greater than 12.
4.3.3.2 Design procedure
Here, in this project we will adopt limit state method for design of columns as per IS
456:2000.
STEP 1: Load calculations
Load on column= P kN
Design constant a) Grade of concrete =M 20 b) Grade of steel = Fe 415.
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm = L mm
Design load Pu = 1.5P =1.5P kN.
STEP 2: Column dimensions
The cross-sectional dimensions required will depend on the percentage of reinforcement.
Assume percentage of compression steel between 0.8 to 6% of gross cross section area
Assume 1.0 percent reinforcement and refer to Chart 25 SP16 Design Aids, and find Ag.
Adopt the column dimensions as per Ag value.
STEP 3: Type of column
Leff is dependent on end conditions of column.
For example,
55
1.
2.
3.
4.
If both the ends are fixed then, Leff = 0.65 length of column.
If one end is fixed and another is pinned then Leff = 0.80 length of column.
If one end is fixed and other end is free then Leff = 2 length of column.
If both the ends are pinned then, Leff = 1.0 length of column.
If
l eff
, then the column is short column.
<12
b
If
l eff
, then the column is long column.
<12
b
STEP 4: Additional moment due to buckling in long column

Max= May=
Pu D
L
eff
2000
D
( )
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc

Find
Pu
Puz
and value of n
Mux = Muy
M ux, lim
M ux
M uy, lim
M uy
< 1.0 as per SP16 Design Aids
56
STEP 5: Longitudinal reinforcements

From Asc and Ag values, calculate number of bars.
For , number of bars= N
STEP 4: Shear reinforcements
a) Select diameter of lateral ties least of 6 mm or 1/4 diameter of the largest longitudinal
bar not less than 16 mm diameter.
b) Spacing of lateral ties least of
i) Least lateral dimension of column
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of bar
iii) 300 mm
STEP 6: Check for erection stresses
Hooks are provided at
L
3
offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of column= w
Check for dimensions:

2
Negative moment at the edge due to cantilever=
Positive moment at mid span=
wl
2
wl2
8
Net excess moment= Positive moment ~ Negative moment

Mexcess = 0.138fckbd2
d should be less than adopted depth, for safe condition.
57
Check for shear:

Vu =
v=
wu l
2
V
bd
For values of v and pt, refer table 19, IS456-2000; Pg: 73 to find the value of c.
c should be less than v, for safe in shear.
4.3.3.3 Interior column design

Load on column= 120 kN.
Design constant a) Grade of concrete =M20 b) Grade of steel = Fe 415.
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm = 4650 mm
Design load Pu = 1.5120 =180 kN.
Assuming 1.0 percent reinforcement and referring to Chart 25 SP16 Design Aids,
Ag= 500 cm2
Adopting square column, hence providing 250 250 mm2
58
l eff
b
=18.6 > 12, hence long column.

Max = May =
Pu D
L
eff
2000
D
( )
Pu D
L
eff
2000
D
( )
= 8.04 kN-m
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc = 751.40 kN

Pu
Puz
= .2, n= 1
Mux = Muy = 15.028 kN-m,

M ux, lim
M ux
M uy, lim
M uy
= .958 <1.0 as per SP16 Design Aids

Asc = 1.0 % Ag= 625 mm2
For = 12 mm, number of bar = N =5.526 6
a) Select diameter of lateral ties least of
6 mm or 1/4 diameter of the largest longitudinal bar not less than 16 mm diameter.
59
Diameter of the lateral ties / link =8 mm

b) Spacing of lateral ties / link least of
i) Least lateral dimension of column =250 mm
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of bar = 1612=192 mm and
iii) 300 mm
Provide 8 mm @150 mm c/c
STEP 7: Summary of design
1. Column size: 250 250 mm2
2. Longitudinal Steel: 6Y12
3. Lateral Steel: 2LY8 @150 mm c/c
L
3
m i.e. 1.55 m offset from both edges as shown in Figure
4.10.
Fig. 4.10 Hook provision in columns
kN
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of column= 1.5625 m
60
Negative moment at the edge due to cantilever =
1.5625 1.55 2
2
wl
2
= 1.87 kN-m
Positive moment at mid span =
wl2
8
1.5625 2.325 2
8
m
Net excess moment = 0.814 kN-m
d = 34.35 mm < 170 mm, Hence chosen depth is safe
Check for shear:
Vu =
wu l
2
1. 5625 1.15
2
Vu = .898 kN
v=
Vu
b d
898
250 250
= 0.014
pt = 1.0
(Refer table 19, IS456-2000; Pg: 73)
c = 0.62
N
mm2
> v (0.014
N
mm2 )
61
N
mm2
=1.05 kN-
Hence Shear Safe

Thus column is safe for erection stresses too.
Fig. 4.11 Interior column details
4.3.3.4 Exterior column design

Load on column= 172 kN.
Design constant a) Grade of concrete =M 20 b) Grade of steel = Fe 415.
62
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm = 3000 mm

Design load Pu = 1.5172 = 258 kN.

The cross-sectional dimensions required will depend on the percentage of reinforcement.
Assume percentage of comp. steel between 0.8 to 6% of gross c/s area
Assuming 1.0 percent reinforcement and referring to Chart 25 SP16 Design Aids,
Ag= 500 cm2
Adopting square column, hence providing 300300 mm2
Leff
b
4650
300
=15.5 >12, hence long column.

Max = May =
Pu D
L
eff
2000
D
( )
258000 300 4650
2000
300
Puz = 0.45fckAc + 0.75fyAsc=1282.5 kN

Pu
Puz
= .2, n=1
63
= 9.29 kN-m
Mux = Muy = 19.2 kN-m,

M ux, lim
M ux
M uy, lim
M uy
= .907 < 1.0 as per SP16 Design Aids

Asc = 1.0 % Ag= 900 mm2
For = 12 mm, number of bars = N = 8
Provide 8Y12 as longitudinal steel.

a) Select diameter of lateral ties least of
6 mm or 1/4 diameter of the largest longitudinal bar not less than 16 mm diameter.
Diameter of the lateral ties / link =8 mm
b) Spacing of lateral ties / link Least of
i) Least lateral dimension of column = 300 mm
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of bar = 1612 = 192 mm and
iii) 300 mm
Provide 2LY8 @150 mm c/c
STEP 7: Summary of design
1. Column size: 300300 mm2
2. Longitudinal Steel: 8Y12
3. Lateral Steel: 2LY8 @150 mm c/c
64
L
3
m i.e. 1.55m offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection = self weight of column = 2.25
kN
m

wl2
2
2.25 1.552
2
= 2.70 kN-m
wl2
8
Net excess moment = 1.18 kN-m

d = 37.75 mm < 210 mm, Hence chosen depth is safe
Check for shear:
Vu =
wu l
2
2.25 1.15
2
Vu = 1.29 kN
v=
Vu
b d
= 0.014
N
mm2
pt = 1.0
65
2.25 2.3252
8
= 1.528 kN-m
(Refer table 19, IS456-2000; Pg: 73)
c = 0.62
N
mm2
> v (0.014
N
mm2 )
Hence Shear Safe

Thus column is safe for erection stresses too.
Fig. 4.12 Exterior column details
4.3.4 BEAM
66
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by

resisting bending. The bending force is induced into the material of the beam as a result
of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads.
Beams are generally described by how they are supported. Supports restrict
lateral and/or rotational movements so as to satisfy stability conditions as well as to limit
the deformations to a certain allowance. A simple beam is supported by a pin support at
one end and a roller support at the other end. A beam with a laterally and rotationally
fixed support at one end with no support at the other end is called a cantilever beam. A
beam simply supported at two points and having one end or both ends extended beyond
the supports is called an overhanging beam.
4.3.4.2 Design procedure for design of a beam
STEP 1: Adopt a preliminary breadth and depth

d=
L
Basic value for vertical deflection limit as per IS 456: 2000; Page 37
D=d+ effective cover

b=
D
2

Self weight wself = conc b D
67
Weight of brick masonry wall if supported over it wwall = masonry l t

Live load as per IS 875(Part 2):1987 = wlive
Total Load W = wself+wwall+wlive
Factored Load= Wu = W1.5
STEP 3: Moment calculations

Mu =
W u l eff
8
Mu,lim= .138fckbd2
If Mu<Mu,lim adopted dimensions are safe.
STEP 4: Reinforcement details
Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
A st f y )
b d f ck
Ast is calculated from above formula

Ast, minimum=
.85
fy
b D
For Ast, cal>Ast, min or Ast, cal<Ast, min

Adopt diameter bars.
68
area of one
Number of bars = A st , calA st , min w h ic h ever greater
For higher depth beams side face reinforcement are provided for Ast,face = .1% of bwdw
STEP 5: Design of stirrups
wu l
2
Shear force Vu =
Nominal shear stress =
Vu
b d
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete is referred from Table 19 IS 456 using M 20 and
Ast value.
If Nominal shear stress< Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
shear stress= Permissible Shear Strength.
If Nominal shear stress> Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
shear stress.
Vus=
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Asv is found from above formula.

For the selected stirrup, its area should always be greater than Asv.
STEP 6: Check for deflection
69
Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt find kt referring IS456-2000, Pg: 38

Max > Actual
If Basic kt >Actual then the beam is safe in deflection.
Hooks are provided at 0.3m offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of beam
wl2
2
wl2
8
Net excess moment= Positive moment~ Negative moment

If Mexcess <Mu,member chosen dimensions are safe for erection stresses too.
4.3.4.3 Design of Plinth Beam having a span of 3m
70
d=
L
15
= 200mm
3000
15
D=d+effective cover= 200+30= 230mm

b =150mm
Self weight= conc b D = 25.15.23 = .8625
kN
m
Weight of brick masonry wall above plinth = masonry l t =192.6.15 = 7.41
Total Load= 8.27
kN
m
kN
m
Factored Load= 1.58.27=12.4~=
kN
m

Mu=
W u l eff 2
30
13 32
30
= 3.9 kN-m (based on elastic foundation)
Mu,lim= .138fckbd2 = 16.56 kN-m

Mu<Mu,limHence adopted dimensions are safe.
71
A st f y )
b d f ck
Mu= 0.87fyAstd (1-
Ast=56 mm2
Ast, minimum=
. 85
fy
b D =
.85
415
150230 = 70.66 mm2
Ast, cal<Ast, min

Adopt 8mm diameter bars.
Number of bars = 2
Hence providing 3Y8 as tension steel and 2Y8 as top hanger bars.
Shear force Vu=
wu l
2
13 3
2
Vu =
b d
= 19.5 kN
19500
150 200
= .65
N
mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete as per Table 19 IS 456 for M20 and Ast = 150.72
mm , c =.3
N
mm2
Nominal shear stress > Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
shear stress.
72
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Vus=
0.87 415 A sv 200

300
19500 =
Asv= 81.01 mm2

For a two legged 8 mm diameter stirrup, 250.24=100.48 mm2 > Asv
Hence provide 2LY8@300 mm c/c for shear reinforcements.

Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 0.502,
(IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.6
201.6 > 15
32 > 15
Hence Deflection is Safe.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of beam = .8625
73
kN
m

wl
2
.8625 0.3
2
= 0.039 kN-m
wl2
8
.8625 2.4 2
8
= .621 kN-m
Net excess moment= .582 kN-m

Mexcess(.582 kN-m) <Mu,adopted (16.56 kN-m)
Hence chosen dimensions are safe for erection stresses too.
Fig. 4.13 Details of Plinth beam having a span of 3 m.
4.3.4.4 Design of Plinth Beam having a span of 5 m
74

d=
L
20
= 250 mm
5000
20
D=d+effective cover= 250+30= 280 mm

b =150mm
Self weight= conc b D= 25.15 .28 = 1.05
kN
m
Weight of brick masonry wall above plinth = masonry l t= 19 2.6 .15= 7.41
Total Load= 8.46
kN
m
Factored Load= 1.58.46=13
kN
m

Mu=
W u l eff 2
30
W u l eff 2
30
= 10.833 kN-m (based on elastic
foundation)
Mu<Mu,lim Hence adopted dimensions are safe.
75
kN
m

A st f y )
b d f ck
Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
Ast= 129.22 mm2

Ast, minimum=
.85
fy
b D =
.85
415
150280 = 86.02 mm2
Ast, cal >Ast, min

Adopt 10 mm diameter bars.
Number of bars= 3
Shear force Vu=
Nominal shear stress=
wu l
2
13 5
2
Vu =
b d
= 32.5 kN
32500
150 250
= .87
N
mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete as per Table 19 IS 456 for M 20 and Ast= 235.5
mm2, c=.5
N
mm2
Nominal shear stress> Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
shear stress.
76
Vus=
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
0.87 415 A sv 250

300
32500 =
Asv= 108.01 mm2

For a two legged 10 mm diameter stirrup, 278.5=157 mm2 >Asv
Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 0.628,
(IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.8
20 1.8 > 20
36 > 20
Hooks are provided at 0.3 m offset from both edges as shown in Figure 4.14.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of beam= 1.05
77
kN
m
Fig 4.14 Hook provision in beams

wl2
2
1.05 0.32
2
0.047 kN-m
wl2
8
1.05 4.42
8
Net excess moment= 2.494 kN-m

Mexcess(2.494 kN-m) <Mu,member(25.875 kN-m)
78
= 2.541 kN-m
Fig. 4.15 Details of Plinth beam having a span of 5 m.
4.3.4.5 Design of Main Beam having a span of 3 m

d=
L
12
3000
12
= 250 mm
D=d+effective cover= 250+35= 285mm~= 300 mm, d=265 mm

b=
D
2
300
2
= 150 mm

Self weight= conc b D= 25.15.3 =1.125
79
kN
m
Dead weight of slab= conc b D = 251.14 = 3.5
Live Load
=2
kN
m
Floor Finish
=1
kN
m
Total Load
= 7.625
Factored Load= 1.57.625= 11.5
kN
m
kN
m
Mu=
W u l eff
8
11.5 32
8
= 12.94 kN-m

Mu<Mu,limHence adopted dimensions are safe.
Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
A st f y )
b d f ck
Ast=136.7 mm2
80
kN
m
Ast, minimum=
. 85
fy
b D =
.85
415
150300 = 92.17 mm2
Ast, cal>Ast, min

Number of bars= 2
Also providing side face reinforcement=.1% of bwdw
=.001150265 = 39.75mm2
Providing Y8 along the face of beam.
Shear force Vu=
wu l
214
11.5 3
2
Vu =
b d
= 17.25 kN
17250
150 265
= .43
N
mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete as per Table 19 IS 456 for M20 and Ast=235.5
mm , c =.5
N
mm2
Nominal shear stress< Permissible Shear Strength, still nominal stirrups are provided for
Nominal shear stress= Permissible Shear Strength.
81
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Vus=
0.87 415 A sv 265

300
17250 =
Asv= 54.09 mm2

For a two legged 8 diameter stirrup, 250.24 = 100.48 mm2 >Asv
Hence provide 2LY8@ 300 mm c/c as shear reinforcements.
Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 0.592,
(IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.8
20 1.8 > 11.32
36> 11.32
82
kN
m
wl
2
1.125 0.3
2
= 0.05 kN-m
wl2
8
1.125 2.4 2
8
= .81 kN-m

Mexcess(.76 kN-m) <Mu,member(29.07 kN-m)
Fig. 4.16 Details of Main beam having a span of 3 m
4.3.4.6 Design of Main Beam having a span of 5m
83

d=
L
15
5000
15
= 333.33 mm
D=d+effective cover= 333.33+35= 368.33 mm~= 370 mm, d=335 mm

b= D/2= 370/2=185~= 200 mm
Self weight= conc b D = 25.2.37 = 1.85
kN
m
Dead weight of slab= conc b D = 251.14 = 3.5
Live Load
=2
kN
m
Floor Finish
=1
kN
m
Total Load
= 8.35
kN
m
Factored Load= 1.58.35=12.52~=13
kN
m
Mu=
W u l eff 2
8
13 5 2
8
= 40.625 kN-m
84
kN
m

A st f y )
b d f ck
Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
Ast= 343.17 mm2

Ast, minimum=
.85
fy
b D =
.85
415
200335 = 137.23 mm2
Ast, cal>Ast, min

Number of bars = 3
Also providing side face reinforcement=.1% of bwdw
=.001200335=67 mm2
Providing Y8 along the face of beam.

Shear force Vu=
wu l
2
13 5
2
85
= 32.5 kN
Vu =
b d
32500
200 335
= .485
N
mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete as per Table 19 IS 456 for M 20 and Ast=343.17
mm , c=.3
N
2
mm
shear stress.
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Vus=
0.87 415 A sv 335

300
32500 =
Asv=80.61 mm2
For a two legged 8 diameter stirrup, 250.24=100.48 mm2>Asv
Hence provide 2LY8@300 mm c/c as shear reinforcements.
Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 0.512, (IS456-2000, Pg: 38)

kt = 1.2
20 1.2 > 14.93
86
24 > 14.93
kN
m

wl2
2
1.85 0.32 =
2
0.083kN-m
wl2
8
1.85 4.42 = 4.477 kN-m

8

87
Fig. 4.17 Details of Main beam having a span of 5 m.
4.3.4.7 Design of Lintel Beam having a span of 3m

d=
L
20
3000
20
= 150 mm
D=d+effective cover= 150+30 = 180 mm

b =150 mm
Self weight= conc b D= 25.15 .18=.675
88
kN
m
kN
m
Total Load= 5.1
kN
m
Factored Load= Wu =1.55.1=7.65~=8
kN
m

Mu=
W u l eff 2
8
8 32
8
= 9 kN-m

Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
A st f y )
b d f ck
Ast=204.88mm2
Ast, minimum=
.85
fy
b D =
.85
415
150180 = 55.3 mm2
Ast, cal>Ast, min

89
Number of bars = 3
wu l
2
Shear force Vu=
8 3
2
Vu =
b d
= 12 kN
12000
150 150
= .53
N
2
mm
mm2 ,c = .3
N
mm2
Vus=
12000 =
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
0.87 415 A sv 150

300
Asv=81.01 mm2
For a two legged 8 diameter stirrup, 250.24=100.48 mm2>Asv
90

Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 0.872,
(IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.1
201.1 > 20
22 > 20
Hooks are provided at 0.3 m offset from both edges.
Load on beam due to erection= self weight of beam= .675
kN
m

wl2 =
2
.675 0.32 =
2
0.03 kN-m
wl
8

Mexcess(.456 kN-m) <Mu,member(9.315 kN-m)
91
.675 2.4
8
=.486 kN-m
Fig. 4.18 Details of Lintel beam having a span of 3 m.
4.3.4.8 Design of Lintel Beam having a span of 5 m

d=
L
20
3000
20
= 250 mm
D=d+effective cover= 250+30= 280 mm

b =150 mm
92
Self weight= conc b D= 25.15 .28=1.05
kN
m
kN
m
Total Load= 5.47
kN
m
Factored Load= 1.55.47= 8.2
kN
m

Mu=
W u l eff 2
8
8.25 2
8
= 25.625 kN-m

Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-
A st f y )
b d f ck
Ast=352.74 mm2
Ast, minimum=
.85
fy
b D =
.85
415
150 280 = 86.02 mm2
93
Ast, cal>Ast, min

Numberof bars= 352.74/78.5=4.49~=5
Hence providing 2Y10+3Y10 as tension steel and 2Y8 as top hanger bars.
wu l
2
Shear force Vu=
8.25
2
Vu =
b d
= 20.5 kN
20500
150 250
= .55
N
mm2
mm2 ,c=.62
N
2
mm
Even though Nominal shear stress< Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for
Nominal shear stress= Permissible Shear Strength.
Vus=
20500 =
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
0.87 415 A sv 250

300
Asv= 68.13 mm2

For a two legged 8 diameter stirrup, 250.24= 100.48 mm2 >Asv
94

Basic
L
d
= 20
For pt = 1.04,
(IS456-2000, Pg: 38)
kt = 1.1
20 1.1 > 20
22 > 20
Hooks are provided at 0.3 m offset from both edges.
kN
m

wl2
2
1.05 0.32
2
0.047 kN-m
wl
8
95
1.05 4.4
8
= 2.541 kN-m

Fig. 4.19 Details of Lintel beam having a span of 5 m.
4.3.5 Corbel
4.3.5.1 Design procedure for a corbel
STEP 1: Adopt preliminary dimensions

b= connected face of the column
l= 0.5 m (typical)
d= 0.3 m (typical)
STEP 2: Loads
Self weight of the corbel wself= conc b d
96
Weight of the beam to rest upon it = wbeam

Total load Wu= wself+ wbeam
STEP 3: Moment calculation
Mu=
W u l eff
2
Mu,lim= .138fckbd2
If Mu<Mu,lim, adopted dimensions are safe.
Ast, minimum= .2%bD
Adopt diameter bars.
area of one
A st ,min
Number of bars =

Shear force Vu=
W u l
2
Vu
b d
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete is referred from Table 19 IS 456:2000 using M

20 and Ast value.
97
If Nominal shear stress< Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
If Nominal shear stress> Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
shear stress.
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Vus=
Asv is found from above formula.

For the selected stirrup, its area should always be greater than Asv.
STEP 6: Check for bearing stresses
br,calculated=
br,limit=
f ck
F .o.s
W beam
b l
, where F.O.S. is assumed to be 2.
If br,calculated > br,limitthen the adopted dimensions of the corbel are safe.
4.3.5.2 Design
STEP 1: Adopt preliminary dimensions

b= 0.3 m
l= 0.5 m
98
d= 0.3 m
STEP 2: Loads
Self weight of the corbel wself= conc b d = 250.30.3= 2.25
Weight of the beam = wbeam= conc b d = 25.20.37= 1.85
Total load W= 4.1
kN
m
Factored Load Wu= 4.11.5= 6.15
kN
m
STEP 3: Moment calculation

Mu=
W u l eff 2
2
6.15 0.62
2
= 1.107 kN-m

Since Mu<Mu,lim, adopted dimensions are safe.
Ast, minimum= .2% b D = 101.38 mm2
99
kN
m
kN
m
101. 38
78.5
Number of bars=
~=3
Hence providing 3Y10 as top tension steel and 2Y8 as bottom hanger bars.
W u l
2
Shear force Vu=
6.15 0.3
2
Vu
b d
= 0.92 kN
920
300 300
= .01
N
mm2
Permissible Shear Strength of concrete is referred from Table 19 IS 456 using M 20 and
Ast= 235.5 mm , c= .22
N
2
mm
Nominal shear stress< Permissible Shear Strength, stirrups are provided for Nominal
0.87 f y A sv d
Sv
Vus=
Asv = 54.84 mm2

Hence providing 2LY8 as stirrups >Asv
STEP 6: Check for bearing stresses
br,calculated=
W beam
b l
1850000
300 500
= 12.33
100
N
2
mm
br,limit=
f ck
F .o.s
Sincebr,calculated(12.33
20
2
= 10
N
mm2
N
mm2 ) > br,limit(10
N
mm2 ), the adopted dimensions of the
corbel are safe.
Fig. 4.20 Corbel details
4.3.6 Slab
101
A slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. These are most often
used to construct floors and ceilings. It is of two types on the basis of behavior- One way
slab and Two way slab.
One way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement only in short direction.
Because, the moment about long axis is so small that it can be neglected. When the ratio
of length of long direction to short direction of slab is greater than two it can be
considered as a one way slab.
Two way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. When
the ratio of length of long direction to short direction of slab is less than two it can be
considered as a two way slab and then movement in both directions should be
considered in design.
4.3.6.2 Design Procedure
STEP 1: To determine the type of slab

Lx = shorter dimension
Ly = longer dimension
Ly/Lx < 2
(TWO WAY SLAB)
Ly/Lx > 2
(ONE WAY SLAB)
Specify end conditions of the slab, for simply supported slab all four edges will be
discontinuous.
102
STEP 2: Effective depth of slab

Span/depth ratio = 28
Effective depth =
span
28
Provide effective cover of 20 mm.

Find over all depth.
STEP 3: Loads
Self weight of Slab =concretebD
= wself
Floor Finish
=2
=1
kN
m2
Design Ultimate Load, Wu = 1.5 Wtotal

STEP 4: Ultimate design moment & shear
a) Short direction
M = xWuLx2
No Negative Moment due to absence of continuous edges.
Positive at Mid Span
x = Refer IS456 2000; Pg: 91 Table 26
b)
Long direction
103
kN
m2

y = Refer IS456 2000; Pg: 91 Table 26
STEP 5: Check for depth
Mu.lim = 0.138fckbd2
STEP 6: Reinforcement (short & long span)

Min. Ast =.12% of Gross area of cross section
Positive at mid span
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d
Find Ast.
Spacing should least of the following
1.
3d
2.
300 mm
Provide distribution steel as per minimum steel.

STEP 7: Check for shear
Considering the short span unit width of slab.
Shear force Vu =
wu l x
2
104
Vu
b d
Refer table 19, IS 456:2000; Page: 73 for value of c

If c >v, the slab is safe in shear.
Basic
L
d
= 20
kt = (IS 456:2000, Page: 38)

Max > Actual
If Basic kt > actual then safe in deflection.
Hooks are provided at 1 m offset from edge in longer span and .5 m offset from edge in
shorter span, at all four corners of slab.
Load on slab due to erection= self weight of slab
wl
2
wl
8
Net excess moment= Negative Moment~Positive Moment
105
If Mexcess<Mu,member then chosen dimensions are safe for erection stresses too.
4.3.6.3 Design
STEP 1: To determine the type of slab

Lx = 3 m
Ly = 5 m
fck = 20
N
mm2
fy = 415
N
mm2
Ly/Lx = 1.667< 2
(TWO WAY SLAB)
End condition = Four edges discontinuous

STEP 2: Effective depth of slab
Span/depth ratio = 28
Effective depth = 107.14 mm
Provide effective depth of 120 mm, effective cover of 20 mm.
Over all depth is 140 mm
STEP 3: Loads
106
Self weight of Slab =concretebD =251.14= 3.5
kN
m2
=2
Floor Finish
=1
Total load
= 6.5
kN
m2
kN
2
m
Design Ultimate Load, Wu = 1.5 6.5
Wu = 9.75
kN
m2
say 10
kN
m2
STEP 4: Ultimate design moment & shear

Refer IS456 2000; Pg: 91 Table 26
a) Short direction
M = xWuLx2
x = 0.0945
M = 0.0945 10 32
M = 8.505 kN-m
107
kN
m2
b)
Long direction

y = 0.056
M = 0.056 10 52
M= 14 kN-m
STEP 5: Check for depth
Mu.lim = 0.138fckbd2
d = 71.22 mm < 120 mm, Hence chosen depth is safe.
STEP 6: Reinforcement (short & long span)
Min. Ast =.12% of Gross area of cross section= 168 mm2
Positive at mid span
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d
14 106 = 0.87 415 Ast 120
Ast = 323.13 mm2
Spacing should least of the following
1. 3d
2. 300 mm
= 3(120) =360 mm
Ast(pro) =392.7 mm2

Provide 10 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c as main steel.
108
Distribution steel
As per minimum steel,
Ast = 168 mm2
Provide 8 mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c as distribution steel.
STEP 7: Check for shear
Considering the short span unit width of slab.
wu l x
2
Shear force Vu=
10 3
2
Vu
b d
15000
1000 120
pt = 0.28
(Refer table 19, IS 456:2000; Page: 73)
c = 0.39
N
2
mm
> v (0.107
N
2
mm )
Hence Shear Safe

Basic
L
d
= 15 kN
= 20
109
= .107
N
mm2
For pt = 0.28,
(IS 456:2000, Page: 38)
kt = 1.2
Max > Actual
Basic kt >21.42
201.2 > 21.42
24 > 21.42
Hence, safe in deflection.
Hooks are provided at 1 m offset from edge in longer span and .5 m offset from edge in
shorter span, at all four corners of slab as shown in Figure 4.21.
Fig. 4.21 Hook provision in slabs
110
Load on slab due to erection= self weight of slab= 52.5
kN
m

wl2
2
=6.56 kN-m
2
Positive moment at mid span wl

8
52.5 22 =26.25 kN-m

8

Fig. 4.22 Reinforcement detailing of slab.
4.3.7 Joints and connections
111
52.5 0.52
2
Connections are among the most essential parts in precast structures.

Their performance relates to the structural limit states, as well as to manufacture,
erection and maintenance of the structure itself. Proper design of connections is one
major key to a successful prefabrication.
The main purpose of the structural connections is to transfer forces

between the precast concrete elements in order to obtain a structural interaction
when the system is loaded.
By the ability to transfer forces, the connections should secure the

intended structural behavior of the superstructure and the precast subsystems that are
integrated in it.
This could for instance be to establish diaphragm action in precast floors
and walls, or cantilever action in precast shafts. For this reason the structural
connections should be regarded as essential and integrated parts of the structural
system and they should be designed accordingly and with the same care as for the
precast concrete elements. It is insufficient just to consider the connections as details
for site erection.
The advantages that normally are obtainable with prefabrication can be

lost with an inappropriate design and detailing of the structural connections.
112
The general guidelines to be followed for effective joints and

connections are:
In foundation to column joints, the infill should be prepared with the use of
expansive cements so that no cavity formation takes place after hydration.
Continuity bars should extend beyond both the edges of the exterior slab.
Dowels bars should extend beyond the column and beam joint to both of the
sides.
Beams should not be casted completely to leave provision for extended

stirrups to be casted along with slabs for effective connections between the
components.
4.3.7.2 Floor To Beam Connections
Details of typical bearing of a floor unit over the precast beam are shown
in Figure 4.23 the stirrups of the precast beams are protruded and function as shear
connectors.
113
Fig. 4.23 Floor to beam connections
4.3.7.3 Beam to column connections
The bracket support for the beam over the column is shown in Figure 2.
A tolerance of 2-3 cm is allowed at the seating of the beam over the bracket.
A dowel bar inserted through the holes provided in the bracket and the beam
ensures an effective connection between them.

The top reinforcing bars of the precast beams are connected to thecolumn
joint by welding. Since only a few number of bars are welded, it is assumed
that the connection between the beam and the column is a rigid one at the
serviceability stage, but behaves as a hinged one at the ultimate stage
114
Fig. 4.24 Beam to column connection
4.3.7.4 Foundation to column connections
The foundations usually cast as in-situ isolated footings as the local soil
conditions warrant.
115
The bottom end of the precast column is connected to the foundation as shown in
Figure 4.24.
Fig. 4.25 Column to footing connection
4.3.7.5 Production and erection
116
The method of production depends on the total number of prefabricated

elements that are to be produced. The components may be produced either in a factory
on mass scale or in casting yards located near the site and equipped with the necessary
plant and machinery.
For facilitating erection, lifting hooks are provided in the precast floors and
beams. Erection eyes as provided in the structural elements help in lifting them during
transportation and erection using temporary bracing. The hooks have a typical design as
shown in Figure 4.24.
Fig. 4.26 Hook detailing for transportation and erection
117
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The project successfully completes the design of modular houses using advanced
technology and a solution to quicker construction with economic advantages.
Completion of the project has finally helped in gaining vital and practical
implementations in accordance with safety and serviceability of the designed
units.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The implementation of the project will be of a great help to the rising need of
quicker construction and in the field of mass housing techniques.
It will be a boon for the weaker sections of society where owning a house is still
a common dream and the economic advantage of the project would be effectively
implemented.
118
Provisions for extension of plan for other suitability issues is also included for
satisfying different functional needs.
119

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CHAPTER 1

Selection of a realistic site.

Suggestion of a suitable plan for mass housing with grid dimensions.

Selection of type of precast structural system.

Selection of type of connection to be employed.

Design of structural precast members.

Adoption of typical joints and connections between precast and in-situ

Installation of the members as per design plan.

Provision for grid wise extension of the designed plan.

1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

Code of Practice for Composite Construction

Design loads for buildings and structures (Dead load &

1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK

Table 1.2 Application of earlier course works

CE0102- Elements of Building Material

Planning, layout and orientation

CE0104- Computer Aided Building

Plan design software

CE0202- Strength of materials

Analysis of structural elements

CE0301- Structural Analysis I

CE0302- Structural Analysis -II

Design of basic structural elements

CE0306- Foundation Engineering

ULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The most widely cited benefit of prefab is economy of scale, as components

Application has been diversified to other form of building construction.

Capable of applying to the construction of rather complicate shaped buildings.

More precast elements are involved in the construction process.

Other techniques like the using of mechanical formwork system, lost-form or

2.2.2 Prefabrication in developing countries: a case study of India

EWS House for Urban Poor

Perception Change (Reputation):

and speedier construction.

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

One of the major advancements in construction technology has been

Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork,

Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner, allowing an

On-site construction and congestion is minimized.

Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a

Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is

Less waste may occur.

Advanced materials such as sandwich-structured composite can be easily used,

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The design of a modular house using prefabrication techniques.

Fig. 3.1 Map of Pithoragarh

20% belong to High Income Group i.e. 1066 households.

50% belong to Middle Income Group i.e. 2664 households.

30% belong to Low Income Group i.e. 1597 households.

3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

The precast structure should be analyzed as a monolithic one and the

3.3.1 Terminology and specifications

Various terms included in Modular Coordination are:

2. Modular grid- a rectangular coordinate reference system in which the distance

3.3.2 Rules related to basic elements

A set of rules as detailed below would be adequate for meeting the

3.3.3 Rules related to components

The preferred dimensions of precast elements shall be as follows where M

1. Height - Height of columns for industrial and other building 1 M.

3.3.4 Requirements for design considerations