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KEY FORMULAS
Prem S. Mann Introductory Statistics, Sixth Edition
Chapter 2 Organizing and Graphing Data
Relative frequency of a class  ff

Percentage of a class  (Relative frequency)  100

Class midpoint or mark  (Upper limit  Lower limit)2

Class width  Upper boundary  Lower boundary

Cumulative relative frequency



Cumulative frequency
Total observations in the data set

Q3  Third quartile given by the value of the middle term

among the (ranked) observations that are greater than
the median

Cumulative percentage
 (Cumulative relative frequency)  100

Mean for grouped data:   mfN and x  mfn

where m is the midpoint and f is the frequency of a class

Interquartile range:

The kth percentile:

s2 

1x2 2
N

1x2 2
n
n1

x2 
and

s2 

Standard deviation for ungrouped data:

1x2 2
x 
N
s
R
N
2

1x2 2
x 
n
s
R
n1

Variance for grouped data:

1 mf 2 2
N
N

m2f 
s2 

Classical probability rule for a compound event:

Number of outcomes in A
P1A2 
Total number of outcomes

Relative frequency as an approximation of probability:

and

s2 

m2f 
s

P1A2 

m2f 

Standard deviation for grouped data:

1 mf 2
N
N

1m f 2 2
n
n1
1mf 2
n
n1

and

s

P1A and B2
P1B2

and

P1B 0 A2 

P1A and B2
P1A2

Condition for independence of events:

For complementary events: P(A)  P( A)  1

Multiplication rule for dependent events:

Multiplication rule for independent events:

Chebyshevs theorem:
For any number k greater than 1, at least (1  1k2) of the
values for any distribution lie within k standard deviations
of the mean.

f
n

Conditional probability of an event:

P1A 0 B2 

m2f 

1
Total number of outcomes

where  and s are the population and sample standard deviations, respectively

Percentile rank of xi
Number of values less than xi
 100

Total number of values in the data set

P1Ei 2 

and

kn
b th term in a ranked data set
100

Chapter 4 Probability
Classical probability rule for a simple event:

where  2 is the population variance and s 2 is the sample

variance

IQR  Q3  Q1

Pk  Value of the a

Median for ungrouped data

 Value of the middle term in a ranked data set
Range  Largest value  Smallest value
Variance for ungrouped data:
x2 

Q1  First quartile given by the value of the middle term

among the (ranked) observations that are less than the
median
Q2  Second quartile given by the value of the middle term
in a ranked data set

Chapter 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures

Mean for ungrouped data:   xN and x  x  n

Empirical rule:
For a specific bell-shaped distribution, about 68% of the observations fall in the interval (  ) to (  ), about
95% fall in the interval (  2) to (  2), and about
99.7% fall in the interval (  3) to (  3).

P1A2  P1A 0 B2

and/or P1B2  P1B 0 A2

P1A and B2  P1A2 P1B 0 A2

P1A and B2  P1A2 P1B2

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Joint probability of two mutually exclusive events:

P1A and B2  0

Addition rule for mutually nonexclusive events:

P1A or B2  P1A2  P1B2  P1A and B2

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events:

Chapter 5 Discrete Random Variables and Their

Probability Distributions
Mean of a discrete random variable x:   xP(x)
Standard deviation of a discrete random variable x:

n factorial: n!  n(n  1)(n  2) . . . 3  2  1

Number of combinations of n items selected x at a time:
n!
nCx 
x!1n  x2!
Number of permutations of n items selected x at a time:
n!
n Px 
1n  x2!
Binomial probability formula: P1x2  nCx px q nx
Mean and standard deviation of the binomial distribution:
m  np and s  1npq
Hypergeometric probability formula:
r Cx Nr Cnx
P1x2 
N Cn
lx el
Poisson probability formula: P1x2 
x!
Mean, variance, and standard deviation of the Poisson probability distribution:
m  l, s2  l, and s  1l

Chapter 6 Continuous Random Variables

and the Normal Distribution

xm
s
Value of x when , , and z are known: x    z
z value for an x value:

Margin of error of the estimate for :

E  zsx or t sx
Determining sample size for estimating :
n  z 2 2E 2

Confidence interval for p for a large sample:

where sp  2p q n

p  z sp

Margin of error of the estimate for p:

E  z sp

where sp  1p q n
^

Determining sample size for estimating p:

n  z 2pqE 2

Chapter 9 Hypothesis Tests about the Mean

and Proportion
Test statistic z for a test of hypothesis about  using the
normal distribution when  is known:

sx  s 1n

x  zsx where sx  s 1n
Confidence interval for  using the t distribution when  is
not known:
x  tsx where sx  s 1n

z

Chapter 7 Sampling Distributions

Mean of x : mx  m
Standard deviation of x when nN  .05:
xm
z value for x : z 
sx

Chapter 8 Estimation of the Mean and Proportion

Point estimate of m  x
Confidence interval for  using the normal distribution
when  is known:

s  2x 2P1x2  m2

P1A or B2  P1A2  P1B2

Population proportion: p  XN

Sample proportion: p  xn
Mean of p : mp  p
Standard deviation of p when n N  .05: sp  1pqn
p  p
z value for p : z 
sp

z

xm
sx

where sx 

t

xm
sx

where sx 

s
1n

2n
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about  using the t distribution when  is not known:

Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about p for a large

sample:
z

p  p
sp
^

where sp 
^

pq
An

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Chapter 10 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing:

Two Populations

Mean of the sampling distribution of x1  x2:

mx1x2  m1  m2

s21
s22

n2
B n1

1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2
sx1x2

For two independent samples taken from two populations

with equal but unknown standard deviations:
Pooled standard deviation:
sp 

1n1  12s21  1n2  12s22

B
n1  n2  2

Estimate of the standard deviation of x1  x2:

1
1
sx1 x2  sp

n2
A n1
Confidence interval for m1  m2 using the t distribution:
1 x1  x2 2  tsx1 x2

Test statistic using the t distribution:

1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2
t
sx1 x2

1d2 2
n
sd 
R
n1
Mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of d:
md  md and s d  sd  1n
Confidence interval for d using the t distribution:

Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about 1  2 for two

independent samples using the normal distribution when 1
and 2 are known:
z

where sx1 x2 

For two independent samples selected from two populations

with unequal and unknown standard deviations:
s21
s22 2
 b
n1
n2
Degrees of freedom: df 
s21 2
s22 2
a b
a b
n1
n2

n1  1
n2  1

For two paired or matched samples:

Sample mean for paired differences: d  dn
Sample standard deviation for paired differences:
d 2 

Confidence interval for 1  2 for two independent

samples using the normal distribution when 1 and 2 are
known:
1 x1  x2 2  zsx1 x2

d  ts d where s d  sd  1n
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about d using the t
distribution:
d  md
t
sd
For two large and independent samples, confidence interval
for p1  p2:
1p 1  p 2 2  z sp1 p2
^

where sp1 p2 

^

p 1q 1
p 2q 2

n
n2
B 1

For two large and independent samples, for a test of

hypothesis about p1  p2 with H0: p1  p2  0:
Pooled sample proportion:
n1 p 1  n2 p 2
x1  x2
p
or
n1  n2
n1  n2
Estimate of the standard deviation of p 1  p 2:
sp1 p2 
^

Test statistic:

z

pqa

1
1
 b
n1
n2

1 p 1  p 2 2  1 p1  p2 2
sp1 p2
^

Estimate of the standard deviation of x1  x2:

sx1 x2 

s21
s22

n2
B n1

Confidence interval for m1  m2 using the t distribution:

1 x1  x2 2  tsx1 x2

Test statistic using the t distribution:

t

1 x1  x2 2  1m1  m2 2
sx1 x2

Chapter 11 Chi-Square Tests

Expected frequency for a category for a goodness-of-fit
test:
E  np
Degrees of freedom for a goodness-of-fit test:
df  k  1 where k is the number of categories
Expected frequency for a cell for an independence or homogeneity test:
1Row total21Column total2
E
Sample size
Degrees of freedom for a test of independence or
homogeneity:
df  1R  121C  12
where R and C are the total number of rows and columns,
respectively, in the contingency table

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Test statistic for a goodness-of-fit test and a test of independence or homogeneity:

1O  E2 2
x2  
E
Confidence interval for the population variance  2:
1n  12s 2
1n  12s 2
to
x 2a2
x 21a2
Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about  :
2

x2 

1n  12s2

b  SSxy SSxx and

x 2  the sum of the squares of values in all samples

For the F distribution:
Degrees of freedom for the numerator  k  1
Degrees of freedom for the denominator  n  k
Between-samples sum of squares:
1x2 2
T32
T12
T22
SSB  a 

 # # #b 
n1
n2
n3
n
Within-samples sum of squares:
SSW  x 2  a

T12
n1

T22
n2

T32
n3

 # # #b

Total sum of squares:

1x2 2
SST  SSB  SSW  x 
n
2

Variance between samples: MSB  SSB  1k  12

Variance within samples: MSW  SSW 1n  k2
Test statistic for a one-way ANOVA test:
F  MSB MSW

Chapter 13 Simple Linear Regression

Simple linear regression model: y  A  Bx  
 a  bx
Estimated simple linear regression model: y

1x21 y2
n
2
1x2
1y2 2
SSxx  x2 
and SSyy  y2 
n
n
Least squares estimates of A and B:
SSxy  xy 

s2

Chapter 12 Analysis of Variance

Let:
k  the number of different samples
(or treatments)
ni  the size of sample i
Ti  the sum of the values in sample i
n  the number of values in all samples
 n1  n2  n3  # # #
x  the sum of the values in all samples
 T1  T2  T3  # # #

Sum of squares of xy, xx, and yy:

a  y  bx

Standard deviation of the sample errors:

SSyy  b SSxy
se 
B
n2
Error sum of squares: SSE  e2   1y  y 2 2

1y2 2
n
Regression sum of squares: SSR  SST  SSE
Coefficient of determination: r 2  b SSxy SSyy
Confidence interval for B:
b  tsb where sb  se  1SSxx
Total sum of squares: SST  y2 

Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about B: t 

Linear correlation coefficient: r 

Test statistic for a test of hypothesis about :

n2
A 1  r2
Confidence interval for y | x:

bB
sb

SSxy
1SSxx SSyy

tr

y  t sym where sym  se

^

1x0  x 2 2
1

Bn
SSxx

Prediction interval for yp:

y  t syp where syp  se
^

1

1x0  x 2 2
1

n
SSxx

Chapter 14 Multiple Regression

Formulas for Chapter 14 along with the chapter are on the
Web site for the text.

Chapter 15 Nonparametric Methods

Formulas for Chapter 15 along with the chapter are on the
Web site for the text.

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Table IV Standard Normal Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the
cumulative area under the standard
normal curve to the left of z with the
values of z equal to 0 or negative.

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010
.0013

.0003
.0005
.0007
.0009
.0013

.0003
.0005
.0006
.0009
.0013

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0009
.0012

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0012

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0006
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0008
.0011

.0003
.0004
.0005
.0007
.0010

.0002
.0003
.0005
.0007
.0010

2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5

.0019
.0026
.0035
.0047
.0062

.0018
.0025
.0034
.0045
.0060

.0018
.0024
.0033
.0044
.0059

.0017
.0023
.0032
.0043
.0057

.0016
.0023
.0031
.0041
.0055

.0016
.0022
.0030
.0040
.0054

.0015
.0021
.0029
.0039
.0052

.0015
.0021
.0028
.0038
.0051

.0014
.0020
.0027
.0037
.0049

.0014
.0019
.0026
.0036
.0048

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0

.0082
.0107
.0139
.0179
.0228

.0080
.0104
.0136
.0174
.0222

.0078
.0102
.0132
.0170
.0217

.0075
.0099
.0129
.0166
.0212

.0073
.0096
.0125
.0162
.0207

.0071
.0094
.0122
.0158
.0202

.0069
.0091
.0119
.0154
.0197

.0068
.0089
.0116
.0150
.0192

.0066
.0087
.0113
.0146
.0188

.0064
.0084
.0110
.0143
.0183

1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5

.0287
.0359
.0446
.0548
.0668

.0281
.0351
.0436
.0537
.0655

.0274
.0344
.0427
.0526
.0643

.0268
.0336
.0418
.0516
.0630

.0262
.0329
.0409
.0505
.0618

.0256
.0322
.0401
.0495
.0606

.0250
.0314
.0392
.0485
.0594

.0244
.0307
.0384
.0475
.0582

.0239
.0301
.0375
.0465
.0571

.0233
.0294
.0367
.0455
.0559

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

.0808
.0968
.1151
.1357
.1587

.0793
.0951
.1131
.1335
.1562

.0778
.0934
.1112
.1314
.1539

.0764
.0918
.1093
.1292
.1515

.0749
.0901
.1075
.1271
.1492

.0735
.0885
.1056
.1251
.1469

.0721
.0869
.1038
.1230
.1446

.0708
.0853
.1020
.1210
.1423

.0694
.0838
.1003
.1190
.1401

.0681
.0823
.0985
.1170
.1379

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

.1841
.2119
.2420
.2743
.3085

.1814
.2090
.2389
.2709
.3050

.1788
.2061
.2358
.2676
.3015

.1762
.2033
.2327
.2643
.2981

.1736
.2005
.2296
.2611
.2946

.1711
.1977
.2266
.2578
.2912

.1685
.1949
.2236
.2546
.2877

.1660
.1922
.2206
.2514
.2843

.1635
.1894
.2177
.2483
.2810

.1611
.1867
.2148
.2451
.2776

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

.3446
.3821
.4207
.4602

.3409
.3783
.4168
.4562

.3372
.3745
.4129
.4522

.3336
.3707
.4090
.4483

.3300
.3669
.4052
.4443

.3264
.3632
.4013
.4404

.3228
.3594
.3974
.4364

.3192
.3557
.3936
.4325

.3156
.3520
.3897
.4286

.3121
.3483
.3859
.4247

0.0

.5000

.4960

.4920

.4880

.4840

.4801

.4761

.4721

.4681

.4641

(continued on next page)

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Table IV Standard Normal Distribution Table (continued from previous page)

The entries in this table give the
cumulative area under the standard
normal curve to the left of z with the
values of z equal to 0 or positive.

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

0.0

.5000

.5040

.5080

.5120

.5160

.5199

.5239

.5279

.5319

.5359

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915

.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591
.6950

.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628
.6985

.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664
.7019

.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700
.7054

.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736
.7088

.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772
.7123

.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808
.7157

.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844
.7190

.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879
.7224

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
.8413

.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186
.8438

.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212
.8461

.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238
.8485

.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264
.8508

.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289
.8531

.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315
.8554

.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340
.8577

.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365
.8599

.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389
.8621

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.9332

.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207
.9345

.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222
.9357

.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236
.9370

.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251
.9382

.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265
.9394

.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279
.9406

.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292
.9418

.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306
.9429

.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319
.9441

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9772

.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719
.9778

.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726
.9783

.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732
.9788

.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738
.9793

.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744
.9798

.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750
.9803

.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756
.9808

.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761
.9812

.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767
.9817

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9938

.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920
.9940

.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922
.9941

.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925
.9943

.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927
.9945

.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929
.9946

.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931
.9948

.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932
.9949

.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934
.9951

.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936
.9952

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9987

.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982
.9987

.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982
.9987

.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983
.9988

.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984
.9988

.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984
.9989

.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985
.9989

.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985
.9989

.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986
.9990

.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986
.9990

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997

.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997

.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997

.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997

.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998

This is Table IV of Appendix C.

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Table V The t Distribution Table

The entries in this table give the critical values
of t for the specified number of degrees
of freedom and areas in the right tail.

Area in the Right Tail under the t Distribution Curve

df

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

1
2
3
4
5

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

318.309
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893

6
7
8
9
10

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

11
12
13
14
15

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

16
17
18
19
20

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

21
22
23
24
25

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

26
27
28
29
30

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

31
32
33
34
35

1.309
1.309
1.308
1.307
1.306

1.696
1.694
1.692
1.691
1.690

2.040
2.037
2.035
2.032
2.030

2.453
2.449
2.445
2.441
2.438

2.744
2.738
2.733
2.728
2.724

3.375
3.365
3.356
3.348
3.340

(continued on next page)

1519T_fgatefold_01,08.qxd 12/8/05 1:35 AM Page 8

Table V The t Distribution Table (continued from previous page)

Area in the Right Tail under the t Distribution Curve
df

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

36
37
38
39
40

1.306
1.305
1.304
1.304
1.303

1.688
1.687
1.686
1.685
1.684

2.028
2.026
2.024
2.023
2.021

2.434
2.431
2.429
2.426
2.423

2.719
2.715
2.712
2.708
2.704

3.333
3.326
3.319
3.313
3.307

41
42
43
44
45

1.303
1.302
1.302
1.301
1.301

1.683
1.682
1.681
1.680
1.679

2.020
2.018
2.017
2.015
2.014

2.421
2.418
2.416
2.414
2.412

2.701
2.698
2.695
2.692
2.690

3.301
3.296
3.291
3.286
3.281

46
47
48
49
50

1.300
1.300
1.299
1.299
1.299

1.679
1.678
1.677
1.677
1.676

2.013
2.012
2.011
2.010
2.009

2.410
2.408
2.407
2.405
2.403

2.687
2.685
2.682
2.680
2.678

3.277
3.273
3.269
3.265
3.261

51
52
53
54
55

1.298
1.298
1.298
1.297
1.297

1.675
1.675
1.674
1.674
1.673

2.008
2.007
2.006
2.005
2.004

2.402
2.400
2.399
2.397
2.396

2.676
2.674
2.672
2.670
2.668

3.258
3.255
3.251
3.248
3.245

56
57
58
59
60

1.297
1.297
1.296
1.296
1.296

1.673
1.672
1.672
1.671
1.671

2.003
2.002
2.002
2.001
2.000

2.395
2.394
2.392
2.391
2.390

2.667
2.665
2.663
2.662
2.660

3.242
3.239
3.237
3.234
3.232

61
62
63
64
65

1.296
1.295
1.295
1.295
1.295

1.670
1.670
1.669
1.669
1.669

2.000
1.999
1.998
1.998
1.997

2.389
2.388
2.387
2.386
2.385

2.659
2.657
2.656
2.655
2.654

3.229
3.227
3.225
3.223
3.220

66
67
68
69
70

1.295
1.294
1.294
1.294
1.294

1.668
1.668
1.668
1.667
1.667

1.997
1.996
1.995
1.995
1.994

2.384
2.383
2.382
2.382
2.381

2.652
2.651
2.650
2.649
2.648

3.218
3.216
3.214
3.213
3.211

71
72
73
74
75


1.294
1.293
1.293
1.293
1.293
1.282

1.667
1.666
1.666
1.666
1.665
1.645

1.994
1.993
1.993
1.993
1.992
1.960

2.380
2.379
2.379
2.378
2.377
2.326

2.647
2.646
2.645
2.644
2.643
2.576

3.209
3.207
3.206
3.204
3.202
3.090

This is Table V of Appendix C.