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Anatomy&Physiology1Chapter9theNervousSystemflashcards|Quizlet

Anatomy & Physiology 1; Chapter 9 the


Nervous System

61 terms by ghrusso3

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2 major categories of human nervous


system

Central Nervous System - CNS


Peripheral Nervous System - PNS

2 components of the central nervous


system

Brain
Spinal cord

3 functions of the nervous system

Sensory Function
Integrative Function
Motor Function

Sensory Function of the nervous


system

Gathers internal & external


environmental information

Integrative Function of the nervous


system

Makes the decision as to what needs to


be done. "thinking".

Motor Function of the nervous system

Effects a change to maintain


homeostasis

Neurons

Nervous tissues cells that transmit


nerve impulses (messages)

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3 parts of a neuron

Dendrite - transmit nerve impulses


toward the cell body
Cell Body
Axon - transmit nerve impulses away
from the cell body

4 Types of Neurons

SAME*
Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

Sensory Neurons

Afferent neurons carry information to


the CNS

Motor Neurons

Efferent neurons carry information


away from the CNS

Interneurons

Association neurons carry information


between neurons

3 processes / phases in conduction of


nerve impluse

Polarization - resting phase


Depolarization - action phase
Repolarization - return to resting phase

Difference between white and grey


matter tissue within the CNS

- the neurons of white matter have


myelin sheaths
- the neurons of of grey matter don't
have myelin sheaths

The Axons of long nerves

are covered in fatty myelin sheaths


which increase the speed of
transmission of a nerve impulse.

neuroglia or glial cells

nervous tissue cell that do not transmit


nerve impulses, but support protect
insulate and nourish neurons

5 types of Neuroglia

microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes,


ependymal cells, and schwann cells

Microglia

Phagocytosis of pathogens and


removal of debris

Ependymal Cells

type of neuroglial cell found in the


ventricles, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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Astrocytes

support cells holding neurons and


blood vessels close together

Oligodendrocytes

produces myelin sheath in CNS

Schwann Cells

forms myelin sheath in PNS

4 structures that protect the central


nervous system

Bone - (brain and vertebral column)


The Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Blood-Brain Barrier

3 meninges

dura mater - outermost


arachnoid mater - middle
pia mater - innermost

sub-arachnoid space

the cerebrospinal fluid circulates


between the pia mater and the
arachnoid

3 functions of the spinal cord

~Pathway for sensory information


traveling from the periphery to the
brain.
~Pathway for motor information
traveling from the brain to the
periphery
~Acts as a major reflex center

Ascending Tracts

Nerve tracts of the spinal cord carrying


sensory information up the spinal cord
to the brain.

Dorsal Horns

where sensory nerve impulses enter


the spinal cord

Descending Tracts

Carry nerve impulses away from the


brain.

Ventral Horns

where motor impulses exit the spinal


cord

peripheral nervous system

all the nerves located outside the


central nervous system; connects the
central nervous system to all parts of
the body

# Pairs of spinal nerves

31 pairs that arise from the spinal cord

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# Pairs of cranial nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves - sensory,


motor and mixed

Dermatomes

Distinct regions of the skin supplied by


a single nerve

Components of a Reflex Arc

~Receptor - detects stimulus


~Sensory neuron -transmits nerve
impulses towards the CNS
~Integration center- within the spinal
cord
~Motor neuron- transmits nerve
impulses away from the CNS
~Effector- muscles or glands outside
the CNS that carries out a response

4 Parts of the Brain

Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

Cerebrum

largest part of the brain that controls


the senses and thinking

Gyri

Elevated portions of the folds of the


cerebral cortex

Sulci

Small grooves within cerebral cortex

Longitudinal Fissure

Deep groove running from the front to


the back of the brain, separating the
two different hemispheres

Corpus Collosum

connects the left & right hemispheres


of the brain

4 lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Frontal Lobe

The lobe of the brain primary motor


area, personality, behavior, judgement
and emotions, memory storage,
thinking. smell, speech

Parietal Lobe

The lobe of the brain primary sensory


area

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Occipital Lobe

The lobe primary visual receiving and


integration area

Temporal Lobe

The lode hearing taste language


comprehension, integration of
emotions.

Functions of the Cerebellum

~ Coordinate skeletal muscle activity


~ Maintains balance (equilibrium)
~Maintains muscle tone and controls
postural muscles

3 Parts of the Brain Stem

Midbrain - reflexes center for vision


and hearing
Pons - regulation of breathing rate and
rhythm
Medulla Oblongata - controls heart
rate, blood pressure and respiration,
Vital Center

4 parts of the Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body,


pituitary gland

Function of the Thalamus

Collect, Sort, and Direct sensory


impulses to particular areas of the
brain

Function of the Hypothalamus

Maintains Homeostasis by regulating


the autonomic nervous system.
Contains the body temperature center,
thirst center, hunger center, and wakeup / sleep center and controls most of
the endocrine system due to
controlling the pituitary gland

Division of the Peripheral Nervous


System

Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic


Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

division of the peripheral nervous


system that its motor function gives us
voluntary control skeletal muscle. Its
sensory function allows it to experience
the general senses; pain touch
pressure cold heat and proprioception

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Autonomic Nervous System

division of the peripheral nervous that


is composed of nerves that transmit
impulses to organs, involuntary
smooth muscle, glands. Its sensory
function is to gather information about
homeostasis

Division of the Autonomic Nervous


System

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic Nervous System

the division of the Autonomic Nervous


System that is activated during times of
physical activity or stress. - Fight or
Flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

the division of the Autonomic Nervous


System that is responsible for bringing
your body back to homeostasis and is
most active during quiet, non-stressful
conditions - Rest and Digestion.

Functions Cranial Nerves

- Transmit Sensory Impulses for the


special senses: smell, taste vision, and
hearing
- Transmit General Sensory Impulses:
touch, pressure, pain, temperature.
and vibration
- Transmit Somatic Motor Impulses:
results in voluntary muscle movements
- Transmit Visceral Motor Impulses that
results in secretion by glands and the
contraction of cardiac and smooth
muscle

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12 Cranial Nerves

- Olfactory Nerve - (1) sensory fibers for


the sense of smell
-Optic Nerve (2) - sensory fiber for the
sense of vision
- Trigeminal Nerve (5) - motor fibers for
chewing / sensory for facial
- Facial Nerve (7) - motor fibers for
facial expression lacrimal and salivary
glands / sensory fibers for taste
- Vestibulocochlear Nerve (8) - sensory
fibers for hearing and balance
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (9) - motor
fibers control swallowing and saliva /
sensory fibers for taste
- Vagus Nerve ( 10) - motor fibers
control muscle of the throat / larynx
and controls muscles of abdominal
(digestive) organs
- Accessory Nerve (11) - motor fibers
control muscle movements of the
tongue
- Hypoglossal (12) - motor fibers
controls movements of the tongue
- Occulomotor (3) - Trochlear (4) and
Abducens (6) control the movement of
the eyes.

Trigeminal Nerve

controls the muscles involved in


chewing "chew trident gum"

Vagus Nerve

controls the organs of digestion "eat


and digest a buffet meal in Vegas"

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