Arabic script

For the Arabic script as used to write the Arabic language, see Arabic alphabet.
Wikipedia in Arabic script of 5 languages

The Arabic script is a writing system used for writing

several languages of Asia and Africa, such as Arabic,
dialects of Mandinka, the Sorani and Luri dialects of
Kurdish, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, and others.[1] Even until the 16th century, it was used to write some texts in
Spanish.[2] It is the third-most widely used writing system in the world, after Latin and Chinese. [3]

and Urdu which are not Semitic. Such adaptations may

feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes
that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the
Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the [p]
sound), so many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though the specic letter used varies
from language to language. These modications tend to
fall into groups: all the Indian and Turkic languages written in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modied
letters, whereas the languages of Indonesia tend to imitate those of Jawi. The modied version of the Arabic
script originally devised for use with Persian is known as
the Perso-Arabic script by scholars.

The Arabic script is written from right to left in a cursive

style. In most cases the letters transcribe consonants, or
consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets
are abjads.

The script was rst used to write texts in Arabic, most

notably the Qurn, the holy book of Islam. With the
spread of Islam, it came to be used to write languages of
many language families, leading to the addition of new
letters and other symbols, with some versions, such as
Kurdish, Uyghur, and old Bosnian being abugidas or true In the cases of Kurdish, Kashmiri, and Uyghur writing
alphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabic systems, vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can
therefore be used in both abugida and abjad, although it
calligraphy.
is often as strongly as erroneously connected to the latter.
The Arabic script has the ISO 15924 codes Arab and 160.
Use of the Arabic script in West African languages, especially in the Sahel, developed with the spread of Islam. To
1 Languages written with the Ara- a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those
of the Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots in
bic script
the letters f and qf). Additional diacritics have come
into use to facilitate writing of sounds not represented in
the Arabic language. The term Ajam, which comes from
the Arabic root for foreign, has been applied to Arabicbased orthographies of African languages.

1.1 Languages currently written with the

Arabic alphabet
Today Afghanistan, Iran, India, Pakistan and China are
the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more ocial national languages,
including Baluchi, Brahui Persian, Pashto, Kurdish (Sorani dialect/Southern Kurdish), Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri,
punjabi language and Uyghur.

Basic Arabic alphabet

The Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide vari- An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following
ety of languages besides Arabic, including Persian, Malay languages:
1

1 LANGUAGES WRITTEN WITH THE ARABIC SCRIPT

1.1.1

Middle East and Central Asia

See also: Perso-Arabic alphabet

Arabic language

1.1.2 East Asia

The Chinese language is written by some Hui in the
Arabic-derived Xiao'erjing alphabet (see also sini
(script))
The Turkic Salar language is written by some Salar
in the Arabic alphabet

Garshuni (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th cen Uyghur alphabet

tury, when Arabic was becoming the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent, but Arabic
script was not yet fully developed and widely read.
1.1.3 South Asia
There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuni
inuenced the style of modern Arabic script. Af Ocial language Urdu and regional languages inter this initial period, Garshuni writing has contincluding
ued to the present day among some Syriac Christian
Balochi in Pakistan and Iran
communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the
Levant and Mesopotamia.
Dari in Afghanistan
Kazakh in China
Kurdish in Northern Iraq and Northwest Iran. (In
Turkey and Syria, the Latin script is used for Kurdish)

Kashmiri in India and Pakistan (Also written

in Devanagari in India)
Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan
Khowar in Northern Pakistan, which also uses
the Latin script

Kyrgyz by its 150,000 speakers in the Xinjiang

Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China

Punjabi (where the script is known as

Shahmukhi) in Pakistan, Punjabi is written
with the Brahmic Gurmukhi script in India

Turkmen in Afghanistan and Iran

Saraiki is written with a modied Arabic script

that has 45 letters

Uzbek in Afghanistan

Sindhi in Arabic script; British commissioner

in Sindh on August 29, 1857 ordered to change
Arabic script,[9] Sindhi is often written with
the Devanagari script in India

Somali in Somalia
Ocial Persian in Iran and related regional languages, like Dari (which diers to a degree from
the Persian of Iran) in Afghanistan. Tajik also differs only to a minor degree from Persian, and while
in Tajikistan the usual Tajik alphabet is an extended
Cyrillic script, there is also some use of Arabicscript Persian books from Iran in Tajikistan
Baluchi in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan[4] An
Academy for Baluchi Language Protection academy
was established in Iran in 2009[5]
Southwestern Iranian languages as Lori dialects and
Bakhtiari language[6][7]
Pashto in Afghanistan and Pakistan
Uyghur changed to Latin script in 1969 and back to
a simplied, fully voweled, Arabic script in 1983
Judeo-Arabic languages
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic[8]
Karaim language
Azerbaijani language in Iran

Aer language[10]
Bhadrawahi language[11]
Ladakhi language although it is more commonly written using the Tibetan script
Balti[12] (a sino-Tibitan language), which is
sometimes, albeit more rarely written in the
Tibetan script
Brahui language of Brahui people of Pakistan
and Afghanistan[13]
Burushaski or Burushko language a language
isolate in Pakistan[14]
Urdu (and historically several other Hindustani languages). Urdu is one of several ocial languages
in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh; Kashmiri also
uses Devanagari script, and more rarely the Sharada
script
Dogri language ( or )spoken by
about ve million people in India and Pakistan,
chiey in the Jammu region of Jammu and
Kashmir and in Himachal Pradesh, but also in
northern Punjab, although Dogri is more commonly written in Devanagari

1.1

Languages currently written with the Arabic alphabet

The Arwi language (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil) 1.1.5 Africa

uses the Arabic script together with the addition of
North Africa
13 letters. It is mainly used in Sri Lanka and the
South Indian state of Tamil Nadu for religious pur Arabic language
poses. Arwi language is the language of Tamil Nadu
Muslims.
Tunisian Arabic uses a modied Arabic script,
with additional letters, in order to support /g/
Malayalam language represented by Arabic script
(), /v/ ( )and /p/ ().[19][20]
variant is known as Arabi Malayalam. The script
Berber languages have often been written in an
has particular letters to represent the peculiar sounds
adaptation of the Arabic alphabet. The use of
of Malayalam. This script is mainly used in
the
Arabic alphabet, as well as the competing
madrasas of the South Indian state of Kerala and of
Latin
and Tinagh scripts, has political connoLakshadweep to teach Malayalam. In everyday life,
tations.
Malayalam is written with the Malayalam script
Tuareg language (also Tamasheq)
Chittagonian language of Chittagong people in
Coptic language of Egyptian Coptics as Coptic
Bangladesh,[15] although it is far more common to
text written in Arabic letters[21]
write this language in the Bengali script
Rohingya language (Ruingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of Arakan (Rakhine),
Burma (Myanmar). It is similar to Chittagonian language in neighboring Bangladesh[16] and sometimes
written using the Roman script or an Arabic- derived
script known as Hani.
1.1.4

Southeast Asia

Malay in the Arabic script known as Jawi. In some

cases it can be seen in the signboards of shops or
market stalls. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is used
in terms of writing or reading for Islamic religious
educational programs in primary school, secondary
school, college, or even higher educational institutes
such as universities. In addition, some television
programming uses Jawi, such as announcements,
advertisements, news, social programs, or Islamic
programs.
co-ocial in Brunei
Malaysia but co-ocial in Kelantan, an Islamic
state in Malaysia.
Indonesia (Only for some regional languages
with limited usage. The national language,
Indonesian, which is closely related to Malay,
is only written in Latin script, Javanese the
most spoken language is written in both the
Latin script and the Javanese script.)
Southern Thailand
Singapore
Predominantly Muslim areas of the
Philippines (especially Tausug language).
Ida'an language (also Idahan) a MalayoPolynesian language spoken by the Ida'an people of Sabah, Malaysia[17]
Cham language in Cambodia[18]

Northeast Africa
Bedawi or Beja, mainly in northeastern Sudan
Wadaads writing, used in Somalia
Nubian languages
Dongolawi language or Andaandi language of Nubians in Sudan and Egypt
Nobiin language is written in Arabic
scripts[22][23]
Fur language of Darfur, Sudan
Southeast Africa
Comorian (Comorian) in the Comoros, currently side by side with the Latin alphabet (neither is ocial)
Swahili, was originally written in Arabic alphabet, Swahili orthography is now based on
the Latin alphabet that was introduced by
Christian missionaries and colonial administrators.
West Africa
Zarma language (also spelled Djerma,
Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Adzerma,
Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma, Zarmaci, and
Zerma) of the Songhay languages. It is the
language of the southwestern lobe of the West
African nation of Niger, and it is the second
leading language of Niger, after Hausa, which
is spoken in south central Niger.[24]
Tadaksahak language or Dawsahak language is
a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist
Idaksahak of the Mnaka area of Mali.[25]
Hausa language, for many purposes, especially religious (known as Ajami), also includes newspapers, mass mobilization posters
and public information[26]

1 LANGUAGES WRITTEN WITH THE ARABIC SCRIPT

Dyula language is a Mande language spoken in Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic
Burkina Faso, Cte d'Ivoire and Mali.[27]
alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in Tajikistan,
to Persian allows di Jola-Fonyi language of the Casamance region whose languages close resemblance
[33]
rect
use
of
publications
from
Iran.
[28]
of Senegal
Balanta language a Bak language of west Most languages of the Iranian languages family continue
Africa spoken by the Balanta people and to use Arabic script, as well as the Indo-Aryan languages
of Pakistan and of Muslim populations in India, but the
Balanta-Ganja dialect in Senegal
Bengali language of Bangladesh is written in the Bengali
Mandinka, widely but unocially (known as alphabet.
Ajami), (another non-Latin script used is the
N'Ko script)
Fula, especially the Pular of Guinea (known as 1.2.1 Africa
Ajami)
Wolof (at zaouia schools), known as Wolofal.
Arabic script outside Africa
In writings of African American slaves
Writings of by Omar Ibn Said (1770
1864) of Sengal[29]
The Bilali Document also known as Bilali
Muhammad Document is a handwritten,
Arabic manuscript[30] on West African
Islamic law. It was written by Bilali Mohammet in the 19th century. The document is currently housed in the library at
the University of Georgia.
Letter written by Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
(17011773)
Arabic Text From 1768[31]
Letter written by Abdulrahman Ibrahim
Ibn Sori (17621829)

1.2

Languages formerly written with the

Arabic alphabet

Afrikaans (as it was rst written among the "Cape

Malays", see Arabic Afrikaans);
Berber in North Africa, particularly Shilha in
Morocco (still being considered, along with Tinagh
and Latin, for Central Atlas Tamazight);
French by the Arabs and Berbers in Algeria and
other parts of North Africa during the French colonial period.
Harari, by the Harari people of the Harari Region in
Ethiopia. Now uses the Geez and Latin alphabets.
For the West African languagesHausa, Fula,
Mandinka, Wolof and some morethe Latin alphabet has ocially replaced Arabic transcriptions for
use in literacy and education;
Malagasy in Madagascar (script known as Sorabe);
Nubian;
Somali (see Wadaads writing) has mostly used the
Latin alphabet since 1972;
Songhay in West Africa, particularly in Timbuktu;

Swahili (has used the Latin alphabet since the 19th

Speakers of languages that were previously unwritten
century);
used Arabic script as a basis to design writing systems for
their mother languages. This choice could be inuenced
Yoruba in West Africa (this was probably limited,
by Arabic being their second language, the language of
but still notable)
scripture of their faith, or the only written language they
came in contact with. Additionally, since most education was once religious, choice of script was determined 1.2.2 Europe
by the writers religion; which meant that Muslims would
Albanian called Elifbaja shqip
use Arabic script to write whatever language they spoke.
This led to Arabic script being the most widely used script
Aljamiado (script used sometimes for Mozarabic,
during the Middle Ages.
Berber, Spanish or Ladino)
In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally re Belarusian (among ethnic Tatars; see Belarusian
placed by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans, parts of
Arabic alphabet)
Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, while in the
[32]
Soviet Union, after a brief period of Latinisation, use
Bosnian (only for literary purposes; currently writof Cyrillic was mandated. Turkey changed to the Latin
ten in the Latin alphabet; Text example:
alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing rev = Molimo se tebi, Boe (We pray to you,
olution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991,
O God); see Arebica)
many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted
Crimean Tatar
to follow Turkeys lead and convert to a Turkish-style

5
Greek in certain areas and Greece and Anatolia
Mozarabic, Aragonese, Portuguese, and Spanish,
when the Muslims ruled the Iberian peninsula (see
Aljamiado)
Polish (among ethnic Lipka Tatars)
1.2.3

Central Asia

Adyghe language also known as West Circassian, is

an ocial languages of the Republic of Adygea in
the Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet before 1927
Avar as well as other languages of Daghestan:
Nogai, Kumyk, Lezgian, Lak, Dargwa
Azeri in Azerbaijan (now written in the Latin alphabet and Cyrillic script in Azerbaijan)
Bashkir (ocially for some years from the October
Revolution of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin,
now uses the Cyrillic script)
Chaghatai across Central Asia;
Chechen (sporadically from the adoption of Islam;
ocially from 1917 until 1928)[34]
Circassian and some other members of the Abkhaz
Adyghe family in the western Caucasus and sporadically in the countries of Middle East, like Syria;
Ingush
Karachay-Balkar in the central Caucasus;
Karakalpak
Kazakh in Kazakhstan (until the 1930s, changed to
Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)
Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan (until the 1930s, changed to
Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script)
Ottoman Turkish
Tatar before 1928 (changed to Latin Janalif), reformed in the 1880s (iske iml), 1918 (yaa iml
with the omission of some letters)
Belarus Belarusian Arabic alphabet
Mandarin Chinese and Dungan, among the Hui people (script known as Xiao'erjing)
Tat in South-Eastern Caucasus;
Turkmen in Turkmenistan (changed to Latin in
1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin
in 1991)
Uzbek in Uzbekistan (changed to Latin, then to the
Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991)

Some Northeast Caucasian languages of the Muslim

peoples of the USSR between 1918 and 1928 (many
also earlier), including Chechen, Lak etc. After
1928 their script became Latin, then later Cyrillic.
1.2.4 Southeast Asia
Acehnese in Sumatra, Indonesia
Banjarese in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Pegon alphabet of Javanese, Madurese and
Sundanese in Indonesia, used only in Islamic
schools and institutions.
Maguindanaon in the Philippines
Malay in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Although Malay speakers in Brunei and Southern
Thailand still use the script on a daily basis.
Minangkabau in Sumatra, Indonesia
Tausug in the Philippines
1.2.5 Middle East
Kurdish (Kurmanji dialect) in Turkey and Syria was
written in Arabic script until 1932, when a modied
Kurdish Latin alphabet was introduced by Jaladat
Ali Badirkhan in Syria
Turkish in the Ottoman Empire was written in Arabic script until Mustafa Kemal Atatrk declared the
change to Latin script in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as Ottoman Turkish and is held
by many to be a dierent language, due to its much
higher percentage of Persian and Arabic loanwords
(Ottoman Turkish alphabet)
Hebrew was written in Arabic letters in a number of
places in the past.[35][36]

2 Special letters
Pe, used to represent the phoneme /p/ in
Persian, Urdu, Kurdish and in loanwords within
Arabic.
, used to represent the phoneme // in Urdu.
, used to represent the phoneme // in Pashto.
teheh, used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when
written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the
phoneme /t/, q in Pinyin in Chinese Xiao'erjing .
(ch). It is used in
Che, used to represent /t/
Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish. // in Egypt.
in Pashto.
Ce, used to represent the phoneme /ts/

SPECIAL LETTERS

im, used to represent the phoneme /dz/ in

Pashto.

represents the retroex nasal // phoneme in

Pashto.

e/zhe, used to represent the voiced postalveolar

fricative // in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu and
Uyghur.

represents the retroex nasal // phoneme in

Sindhi.

e / e, used to represent the phoneme // // //

in Pashto.
Ga, used to represent the voiced velar plosive
// in Tunisian.
Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive // in
Persian, Urdu, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur,
and Ottoman Turkish.

used in Saraiki.
Nya // in the Jawi script.
Nga // in the Jawi script.
B , used to represent a voiced bilabial implosive
// in Hausa, Sindhi and Saraiki.
represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive
/b/ in Sindhi.

Gaf, used to represent the phoneme // in

Pashto.

h, represents the aspirated voiceless retroex

plosive // in Sindhi.

or Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive //

in the Jawi script of Malay.

e, used to represent (a voiceless retroex

plosive //) in Urdu.

Ng, used to represent the // phone in Ottoman

Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to represent the // in Morocco and in many dialects of
Algerian.

used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolar

implosive //.

Ee, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in

Somali.

used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retroex

implosive //.
// in Urdu.

E, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Somali.

al, used to represent the phoneme // in Pashto.

Ii, used to represent the phoneme /i/ in Somali

and Saraiki.

A, represents a retroex ap // in Urdu.

O, used to represent the phoneme /o/ in Somali.

Pasta Ye, used to represent the phoneme /e/ in
Pashto and Uyghur.

" e represents a retroex lateral ap in Pashto.

used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolopalatal fricative //, as well as in Torwali.

Nrna Ye, used to represent the phoneme [j]

and phoneme /j/ in Pashto.

used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroex

fricative //, and in Ormuri to represent a voiceless
alveolo-palatal fricative.

x na ye Ye, used to represent the phoneme [i]

in Pashto.

used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroex

fricative //.

FiliyaYe, used to represent the phoneme [i]

and /j/ in Pashto and Saraiki.

x n /n, used to represent the phoneme /x/ //

// in Pashto.

Oo, used to represent the phoneme /o/ in

Somali.

in
used to represent Spanish words with /t/
Morocco.

Uu, used to represent the phoneme /u/ in Somali.

used in Kurdish to represent rr // in Soran dialect.

represents a voiced velar implosive // in Sindhi

and Saraiki
represents the Velar nasal // phoneme in
Sindhi.

used in Kurdish to represent ll // in Soran dialect.

Kh, represents /k/ in Sindhi.

used in Marwari to represent a retroex lateral

ap //, and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateral
fricative //.

used to represent the phoneme //, ng in Pinyin

in Chinese .

Vi, used in Tunisian when written in Arabic

script to represent the sound /v/.

7
Ve, used in Kurdish language when written in
Arabic script to represent the sound /v/. Also used
as pa /p/ in the Jawi script.

Arabic Supplement (0750-077F)

Va in the Jawi script.

Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50-FDFF)

represents a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ in

Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and /w, w, w/
in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai.

Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70-FEFF)

represents O /o/ in Kurdish, and in Uyghur it

represents the sound similar to the French eu andu
// sound. It represents the "" close back rounded
vowel /u/ phoneme in Bosnian.

Rumi Numeral Symbols (10E60-10E7F)

Arabic Extended-A (08A0-08FF)

Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (1EE001EEFF)

4 See also

represents or /e/ in Kurdish.

Dochashmi he (two-eyed h), used in combination to represent aspirated consonants // in Urdu.
Ba ye ('big y'), represents ai or e in Urdu
//, /e/ and Punjabi.
used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter (palatalized glottal stop //) in some African
languages such as Fulfulde.
used to represent the phoneme /ts/, c in
Pinyin in Chinese .

Eastern Arabic numerals (digit shapes commonly

used with Arabic script)
Arabic (Unicode block)
Transliteration of Arabic
Xiao'erjing

5 References

z in Pinyin
used to represent the phoneme /ts/,
in Chinese .

[1] Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto:

A comparative orthographic analysis. Writing Systems Research Vol. 2, No. 1, 923.

represents the "" voiced alveolo-palatal affricate /d/ phoneme in Bosnian.

[2] Exposicin Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de Espaa.

Bne.es. Retrieved 2012-04-06.

represents the "" voiceless dental aricate /ts/

phoneme in Bosnian.

[3] Arabic Alphabet. Encyclopaedia Britannica online.

Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved
2015-05-16.

represents the "" voiceless alveolo-palatal af phoneme in Bosnian.

fricate /t/

[4] Arabic script text

represents the o open-mid back rounded vowel

// phoneme in Bosnian.
represents the "" palatal nasal // phoneme in
Bosnian.
represents the "" palatal lateral approximant
// phoneme in Bosnian.
represents the "" close front unrounded vowel
/i/ phoneme in Bosnian.

[5] Language Protection academy

[6] of the Bakhtiari dialect of Chahar-lang
[7] Language Video
[8] Arabic
[9] image of the ocial letter signed by a British commissioner in Sindh on August 29, 1857
[10] Aer written with Arabic script
[11] written with Arabic script

Unicode

Main article: Arabic characters in Unicode

[12] Balti language in Arabic script

[13] The Bible in Brahui. Worldscriptures.org. Retrieved
August 5, 2013.
[14] Burushaski Arabic script

As of Unicode 7.0, the following ranges encode Arabic [15] written with Arabic script
characters:
[16] Scribd

Arabic (0600-06FF)

[17] written with Arabic script

[18] Cham Arabic script in Dictionary of KAMUS CAMMELAYU

[19] Zribi, I., Boujelbane, R., Masmoudi, A., Ellouze, M.,
Belguith, L., & Habash, N. (2014). A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic. In Proceedings of the
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC),
Reykjavik, Iceland.
[20] Brustad, K. (2000). The syntax of spoken Arabic: A
comparative study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and
Kuwaiti dialects. Georgetown University Press.
[21] Coptic text in Arabic letters
[22] Nubian Alphabets
[23] language lessons
[24] Arabic script
[25] written with Arabic script
[26] Ajami script on UNESCO manuscripts
[27] Arabic script
[28] written with Arabic script
[29] Ibn Sayyid manuscript
[30] Muhammad Arabic letter
[31] Charno Letter. Muslims In America. Retrieved August
5, 2013.
[32] Alphabet Transitions The Latin Script: A New Chronology Symbol of a New Azerbaijan, by Tamam Bayatly
[33] Tajik Language: Farsi or Not Farsi? by Sukhail Siddikzoda, reporter, Tajikistan.
[34] Chechen Writing
[35] p. 20, Samuel Noel Kramer. 1986. In the World of Sumer:
An Autobiography. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
[36] J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: An
instance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, with
English summary). In Heritage and Innovation in JudaeoArabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the
Society For Judaeo-Arabic Studies, p. 27-31. Ramat Gan.

External links
Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Arabic script Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script?oldid=689763419 Contributors: SebastianHelm, GCarty, Tobias Conradi, Crissov, AnonMoos, Evertype, D6, Florian Blaschke, Dbachmann, Nabla, Kwamikagami, Moilleadir, Woohookitty, BD2412, DePiep, Shervinafshar, Zlobny, Aeusoes1, Perry Middlemiss, Deville, Josh3580, SmackBot, Hmains, Egsan Bacon, Johanna-Hypatia, JorisvS,
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7.2

Images

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