Etiologi muscle cramps

Causes
Muscle cramps are common and often occur when a muscle is overused or injured. Working out when you
haven't had enough fluids (dehydration) or when you have low levels of minerals such as potassium or calcium
can also make you more likely to have a muscle spasm.
Muscle cramps can occur while you play tennis or golf, bowl, swim, or do any other exercise.
They can also be triggered by:

Alcoholism

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

Kidney failure

Medications

Menstruation

Pregnancy

Muscle cramps are felt to be caused by excessively excited nerves that stimulate the muscles. This can occur
particularly after injury to nerve and/or muscle; dehydration; with low blood levels of calcium, magnesium, or
potassium; from certain medications; and even at rest. The pain that is associated with muscle cramps that are
caused by poor circulation to the legs that worsens with walking is referred to as claudication. Deficiencies of
certain vitamins, including thiamine (B1), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6), can also cause muscle
cramps.

Common medications that can cause muscle cramps include furosemide (Lasix
diuretic),donepezil (Aricept for Alzheimer's disease),neostigmine (Prostigmin for myasthenia
gravis),raloxifene (Evista to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women), tolcapone (Tasmar for
Parkinson's disease), nifedipine (Procardia for angina, high blood pressure), and
theasthma drugs terbutaline (Brethine) andalbuterol (Proventil, Ventolin, and others). Some medicines
used to lower cholesterol, including clofibrate (Atromid-S), pravastatin(Pravachol), atorvastatin (Lipitor),
and lovastatin (Mevacor), can also cause cramps.

Etiologi Kram otot

Dapat terjadi karena cetusan spontan dari sel kornu anterior yang diikuti
dengan kontraksi beberapa unit motorik
dehidrasi > Ketidaksimbangan Elektrolit
Yang dimaksud dengan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit adalah gangguan kadar mineral dalam tubuh yang
berperan dalam kerja otot.
Elektrolit yang dimaksud adalah natrium, kalium, kalsium, dan magnesium.
Natrium, kalium, dan kalsium adalah mineral ( elektrolit ) yang berperan dalam kontraksi otot.
Jika keseimbangan kadarnya terganggu, maka tidak mustahil kontraksi otot mengalami gangguan.

Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Kram otot

Gangguan dalam keseimbangan cairan atau air pada tubuh. Hal ini terjadi karena
pengeluaran air lebih banyak dari pada pemasukan. Di daerah suhu dingin
secara otomatis tubuh akan banyak mengeluarkan panas sehingga akan
menyebabkan pemakaian energi dan cairan yang berlebih sehingga dapat
menyebabkan dehidrasi.