BLOOD

RBC non nucleated

Hemoglobin
- is the molecule that imparts the red color in the blood
- molecule for which the oxygen combines with, therefore blood can carry oxygen
- Oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin with the attached oxygen
Blood cell formation or hematopoiesis or hemapoesis
Formation of red blood cells erythropoesis
- erthyropoetin (the hormone)
- only happens when there is decrease in oxygen in the blood
- hypoxia lack of oxygen
- negative feedback mechanism
Formation of platelets thrombopoesis
Fate of Old Erythrocytes and hemoglobin
- old RBS are removed from the blood by the macrophages or phagocytes in the
spleen (divided into a red pulp and white pulp) and liver
o red pulp is considered as the graveyard of effete RBC
o splenic macrophage the macrophage in the spleen
o Kupffer cells macrophage in the liver
- Hemoglobin is broken down into its two components: globin and heme
- Globin reduced to amino acid
- hemoglobins iron is recycled, others will go to the blood
- Heme is converted to bilirubin which is taken up by liver and it will go to the
intestine and is added to the bile when needed
WBC
- considered to be cells with a nucleus
- is considered as the true cell because they are the only one that has a real nucleus
- 5-10,000 cells in a cubic milliliter of a cell
- immune cells
- some will function as phagocytes (neutrophil and monocytes)
- types:
o depending on the presence of absence of SSG or staining granules
1. granulocytes with staining
containing granules
a. neutrophils do not change in form and functionally are phagocytes and
involved in acute infections
a. HYPERSEGMENTED OR POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NUCLEOPHIL
b. eisinophils reduce inflammation and only has 2 lobes and its granules
contains histamine and heparin
c. basophils least common
- the shape of the nucleus may be S,C,U
2. agranulocytes
a. monocytes when they enter the tissue, they turn into macrophages
largest
involved in chronic
kidney shaped with gray
b. lymphocytes main cells involved in the immune response
PLATELETS
- blood clotting cells produced in the red bone marrow

HEMATOPOIESIS
- starting from fetal life, there is already the formation of blood cells
- in infants, the liver,thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes takes care of the formation
- all the different blood cell comes from one stem cell which is called hemacytoblast
Blood Loss
- must be replaced by the bone marrow
- if there is too much loss and erythropoiesis cannot compensate with the loss, then
blood transfusion must be done
- hemostasis arrest of bleeding or stoppage of blood flow
o vascular spasm the contraction of the smooth muscle which is the first step
o platelet plugs platelet adheres on the wet surface, which is the surface with
the exposed collagen.
Factors in the platelets:
o Coagulation
transformation of liquid blood to gel medium
clotting factors: synthesized in liver and requires vitamin K
o growth of fibrostation (?)
damaged vessel
1. generation of the thromboplastin
2. prothrombinase -> thrombin
3. fibrimosyn -> fibrin
-ia and cytosis it means there is an increase
-enia - decrease
normochromic normal level of hemoglobin
hypochromic low level of hemoglobin
hyperchromic high level of hemoglobin
normocytic the size of the red blood cell is normal
microcytic smaller than the normal
macrocytic larger than the normal
anisocytosis- condition wherein there is a variation in size of red blood cells
poikilocytosis - condition wherein there is a variation in shape of red blood cells