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NOMENCLATURE
B
Ce
K
M
1=n
q
R
Weff
X
INTRODUCTION
746
EXPERIMENTAL
Table 1. Chemical composition and ash content of delayed petroleum coke and coconut charcoal (after Watkinson et al., 1989 and
Majid et al., 1989)
Parameter
Volatile (wt%)
Moisture content (wt%)
BET-surface area (m2/g)
Iodine number
Ash content (wt%)
SiO2 (wt%)
Al2O3 (wt%)
Fe (wt%)
Ti (wt%)
Ni (wt%)
V (wt%)
Delayed petroleum
coke
5-590-A
coconut charcoal
11.9
1.8
9
28
3
41.7
19.2
16
1.5
1.6
2.8
}
2
1237
1110
7
}
}
}
}
}
}
Concentration
2126
575
80.2
13.11
2300
2.1
747
748
q X=M KCen
where q is the amount of color465 adsorbed per mg of
applied activated coke, X is adsorbed amount of
color465, M is the weight of carbon, Ce is the
equilibrium concentration of color465 in solution
and K and n are Freundlich adsorption constants.
The Freundlich constant K represents the adsorption
capacity of the carbon for specific adsorbate, at a
given equilibrium concentration Ce . In general, a
high value for K is desirable for higher color
reduction.
Adsorption isotherms for color465, COD, DOC
and UV254 were developed for activated coke with 4 h
activation period. The isotherm data for color465
were plotted as log q versus log Ce shown in Fig. 6.
The bleached effluent contained both easily and
poorly adsorbable compounds, which competed for
activated carbon sites. At activated coke dosages
ranging from 100 to 2500 mg/L, only the easily
adsorbable compounds were removed from the
solution and the equilibrium concentration is determined by the poorly adsorbable compounds left in
the solution (Sontheimer et al., 1988). As a result, a
steep isotherm is obtained, which is shown in region 1
of Fig. 6. Similar trends were observed for COD,
DOC and UV254. The Freundlich constants K and n
based on region 1 were determined as 5 10 22 mg
color/mg activated coke and 6.6, respectively.
The adsorption isotherm for color465 also showed
that as the activated coke dose increased from 2500
to 15000 mg/L, the amount of easily adsorbable
compounds per unit mass decreased. The isotherm
flattened and would reflect only the behavior of
poorly adsorbable compounds, or the high molecular
weight chlorolignins (Chen and Horan, 1998). This
part of the isotherm is represented by region 2 of
Fig. 6. Similar trends were observed for COD, DOC
and UV254. The Freundlich constants K and n based
on region 2 were determined as 0.05 mg color/mg
activated coke and 0.2, respectively.
0.0457
0.0241
0.0514
0.0093
0.2303
0.2541
0.2024
0.4611
The K values for color, COD and DOC are given in mg/mg
activated coke and for UV in cm 1/mg activated coke.
749
REFERENCES