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MainsSyllabusofGeography,DetailedUPSCSyllabusofGeography,IAS

GeographySyllabusforMainExamination
PaperI

PrinciplesofGeography
PhysicalGeography
1.Geomorphology:Factorscontrollinglandformdevelopmentendogeneticandexogeneticforces
Originandevolutionoftheearth'scrustFundamentalsofgeomagnetismPhysicalconditionsofthe
earth'sinteriorGeosynclinesContinentaldriftIsostasyPlatetectonicsRecentviewsonmountain
buildingVulcanicityEarthquakesandTsunamisConceptsofgeomorphiccyclesandLandscape
developmentDenudationchronologyChannelmorphologyErosionsurfacesSlopedevelopment
AppliedGeomorphology:Geohydrology,economicgeologyandenvironment.
2.Climatology:TemperatureandpressurebeltsoftheworldHeatbudgetoftheearthAtmospheric
circulationatmosphericstabilityandinstability.PlanetaryandlocalwindsMonsoonsandjetstreams
Airmassesandfrontogenesis,TemperateandtropicalcyclonesTypesanddistributionofprecipitation
WeatherandClimateKoppen's,Thornthwaite'sandTrewartha'sclassificationofworldclimates
HydrologicalcycleGlobalclimaticchangeandroleandresponseofmaninclimaticchanges,Applied
climatologyandUrbanclimate.
3.Oceanography:BottomtopographyoftheAtlantic,IndianandPacificOceansTemperatureand
salinityoftheoceansHeatandsaltbudgets,OceandepositsWaves,currentsandtidesMarine
resources:biotic,mineralandenergyresourcesCoralreefs,coralbleachingsealevelchangeslawof
theseaandmarinepollution.
4.Biogeography:GenesisofsoilsClassificationanddistributionofsoilsSoilprofileSoilerosion,
DegradationandconservationFactorsinfluencingworlddistributionofplantsandanimalsProblemsof
deforestationandconservationmeasuresSocialforestryagroforestryWildlifeMajorgenepool
centres.
5.EnvironmentalGeography:PrincipleofecologyHumanecologicaladaptationsInfluenceofmanon
ecologyandenvironmentGlobalandregionalecologicalchangesandimbalancesEcosystemtheir
managementandconservationEnvironmentaldegradation,managementandconservation
BiodiversityandsustainabledevelopmentEnvironmentalpolicyEnvironmentalhazardsandremedial
measuresEnvironmentaleducationandlegislation.
HumanGeography
1.PerspectivesinHumanGeography:ArealdifferentiationregionalsynthesisDichotomyanddualism
EnvironmentalismQuantitativerevolutionandlocationalanalysisradical,behavioural,humanand
welfareapproachesLanguages,religionsandsecularisationCulturalregionsoftheworldHuman
developmentindex.
2.EconomicGeography:Worldeconomicdevelopment:measurementandproblemsWorldresources
andtheirdistributionEnergycrisisthelimitstogrowthWorldagriculture:typologyofagricultural
regionsagriculturalinputsandproductivityFoodandnutritionproblemsFoodsecurityfamine:
causes,effectsandremediesWorldindustries:locationalpatternsandproblemspatternsofworld
trade.
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MainsSyllabusofGeography,DetailedUPSCSyllabusofGeography,IAS

3.PopulationandSettlementGeography:Growthanddistributionofworldpopulationdemographic
attributesCausesandconsequencesofmigrationconceptsofoverunderandoptimumpopulation
Populationtheories,worldpopulationproblemsandpolicies,Socialwellbeingandqualityoflife
Populationassocialcapital.TypesandpatternsofruralsettlementsEnvironmentalissuesinrural
settlementsHierarchyofurbansettlementsUrbanmorphology:Conceptsofprimatecityandranksize
ruleFunctionalclassificationoftownsSphereofurbaninfluenceRuralurbanfringeSatellitetowns
ProblemsandremediesofurbanizationSustainabledevelopmentofcities.
4.RegionalPlanning:ConceptofaregionTypesofregionsandmethodsofregionalisationGrowth
centresandgrowthpolesRegionalimbalancesregionaldevelopmentstrategiesenvironmentalissues
inregionalplanningPlanningforsustainabledevelopment.
5.Models,TheoriesandLawsinHumanGeography:SystemsanalysisinHumangeography
Malthusian,MarxiananddemographictransitionmodelsCentralPlacetheoriesofChristallerand
LoschPerrouxandBoudevilleVonThunen'smodelofagriculturallocationWeber'smodelofindustrial
locationOstov'smodelofstagesofgrowth.HeartlandandRimlandtheoriesLawsofinternational
boundariesandfrontiers.

PARTII

GeographyOfIndia
1.PhysicalSetting:SpacerelationshipofIndiawithneighboringcountriesStructureandreliefDrainage
systemandwatershedsPhysiographicregionsMechanismofIndianmonsoonsandrainfallpatterns,
TropicalcyclonesandwesterndisturbancesFloodsanddroughtsClimaticregionsNaturalvegetation
Soiltypesandtheirdistributions.
2.Resources:Land,surfaceandgroundwater,energy,minerals,bioticandmarineresourcesForest
andwildliferesourcesandtheirconservationEnergycrisis.
3.Agriculture:Infrastructure:irrigation,seeds,fertilizers,powerInstitutionalfactors:landholdings,land
tenureandlandreformsCroppingpattern,agriculturalproductivity,agriculturalintensity,crop
combination,landcapabilityAgroandsocialforestryGreenrevolutionanditssocioeconomicand
ecologicalimplicationsSignificanceofdryfarmingLivestockresourcesandwhiterevolutionaqua
culturesericulture,apicultureandpoultryagriculturalregionalisationagroclimaticzones
agroecologicalregions.
4.Industry:EvolutionofindustriesLocationalfactorsofcotton,jute,textile,ironandsteel,aluminium,
fertilizer,paper,chemicalandpharmaceutical,automobile,cottageandagrobasedindustriesIndustrial
housesandcomplexesincludingpublicsectorundertakingsIndustrialregionalisationNewindustrial
policiesMultinationalsandliberalizationSpecialEconomicZonesTourismincludingecotourism.
5.Transport,CommunicationandTrade:Road,railway,waterway,airwayandpipelinenetworksand
theircomplementaryrolesinregionaldevelopmentGrowingimportanceofportsonnationaland
foreigntradeTradebalanceTradePolicyExportprocessingzonesDevelopmentsincommunication
andinformationtechnologyandtheirimpactsoneconomyandsocietyIndianspaceprogramme.
6.CulturalSetting:HistoricalPerspectiveofIndianSocietyRacial,linguisticandethnicdiversities
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religiousminoritiesmajortribes,tribalareasandtheirproblemsculturalregionsGrowth,distribution
anddensityofpopulationDemographicattributes:sexratio,agestructure,literacyrate,workforce,
dependencyratio,longevitymigration(interregional,intraregionalandinternational)andassociated
problemsPopulationproblemsandpoliciesHealthindicators.
7.Settlements:Types,patternsandmorphologyofruralsettlementsUrbandevelopmentsMorphology
ofIndiancitiesFunctionalclassificationofIndiancitiesConurbationsandmetropolitanregionsurban
sprawlSlumsandassociatedproblemstownplanningProblemsofurbanizationandremedies.
8.RegionalDevelopmentandPlanning:ExperienceofregionalplanninginIndiaFiveYearPlans
IntegratedruraldevelopmentprogrammesPanchayatiRajanddecentralisedplanningCommandarea
developmentWatershedmanagementPlanningforbackwardarea,desert,droughtprone,hill,tribal
areadevelopmentmultilevelplanningRegionalplanninganddevelopmentofislandterritories.
9.PoliticalAspects:GeographicalbasisofIndianfederalismStatereorganisationEmergenceofnew
statesRegionalconsciousnessandinterstateissuesinternationalboundaryofIndiaandrelated
issuesCrossborderterrorismIndia'sroleinworldaffairsGeopoliticsofSouthAsiaandIndianOcean
realm.
10.ContemporaryIssues:Ecologicalissues:Environmentalhazards:landslides,earthquakes,
Tsunamis,floodsanddroughts,epidemicsIssuesrelatingtoenvironmentalpollutionChangesin
patternsoflandusePrinciplesofenvironmentalimpactassessmentandenvironmentalmanagement
PopulationexplosionandfoodsecurityEnvironmentaldegradationDeforestation,desertificationand
soilerosionProblemsofagrarianandindustrialunrestRegionaldisparitiesineconomicdevelopment
ConceptofsustainablegrowthanddevelopmentEnvironmentalawarenessLinkageofrivers
GlobalisationandIndianeconomy.

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