International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2014

Design of Iris Recognition System Using Reverse Biorthogonal

Wavelet for UBIRIS Database
Shivani1, Er. Pooja kaushik2, Er. Yuvraj Sharma3
1
M.Tech Final Year Student,
2,3
Asstt. Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
1,2,3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
1,2,3
Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, INDIA.

ABSTRACT
In recent years, iris recognition has become a popular
recognition system as compare to the existing systems. It
is an important biometric method for human
identification with high accuracy. It is the most reliable
and accurate biometric identification system available
today. The most popular biometric types are: signature,
face, iris, finger prints, hand and voice. Among all these
biometric techniques, iris recognition is one of the
accurate due to its high reliability for personal
identification. A number of techniques are available for
iris recognition system like Morlet Wavelet, Reverse
Biorthogonal Wavelet, K-D Tree Method and
Biorthogonal Wavelet etc. In this paper Reverse
Biorthogonal Wavelet is used for Iris Recognition
system and using this technique Hamming distance
between iris codes is calculated to measure the
difference between two iris images in the database. Iris
recognition is then performed by matching the iris pair
with the minimum Hamming distance.

The iris recognition system consists of four steps, (1)

Normalization, (2) Segmentation, (3) Feature Extraction,
(4) Matching. Fig.1 shows the structure of the human
eye and their other parts such as pupil, sclera and eyelids
are present along with the iris.

1.1.

THE HUMAN IRIS

The iris is a thin circular diaphragm, which lies between

the cornea and the lens of the human eye [20]. The
image of the human eye is shown in figure1. The pupil is
surrounded by the area that is called iris. The function of
the iris is used to control the amount of light is to be
entered into the eye. The average diameter of the iris is
12 mm, and the pupil size can vary from 10% to 80% of
the iris diameter [20].
Iris

Upper Eyelid

Keywords: Iris Recognition and Personal Identification,

UBiris database.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Pupil

The iris recognition is the most accurate technology

available today. It has been a popular area of research in
the past decade. It plays the major role to identify the
person with the help of huge database. In 1987, Flom
and safir [12] obtained the first patent for an automated
iris recognition process, and a few years later Daugman
published a method that is the basis of near all of the
currently deployed systems. This research presents a
design of iris recognition system using reverse
Biorthogonal wavelet for UBIRIS.v1 database. It uses
the reverse Biorthogonal wavelet [4] for feature
extraction. The iris recognition rate is improved by
relatively accurately locating the iris as well as pupil and
eliminating the signal noise in an eye image.

Lower eyelid

Scelra

Fig. 1 The human eye

The unique patterns in the human iris are formed by 10
month of birth, and remain unchanged throughout ones
lifetime. Iris is a thin, circular structure in the eye. It
controls the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the
amount of light reaching the retina.

1.2.

PUPIL

The pupil is the black opening in the centre of the eye.

Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens,
which focuses the image on the retina. The size of the
pupil is controlled by muscles. When more light is
required, the pupil expands as per the need. In bright
light, the pupil becomes smaller. The function of the iris

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2014

is to control the amount of light entering through the

pupil. The larger the pupil, the more light can enter into
the pupil [3].

1.3.

and pupil. This step of segmentation helps to separating

the iris part from the eye image. The inner and outer
boundaries of iris are localized by finding the edge
image using the canny edge detector. In this recognition
system canny edge detector have three steps: finding the
gradient, non-maximum suppression and the hysteresis
thresholding. By the use of canny edge detector, it
reduces the pixels on the circle boundary. But with the
use of Hough transform, there is no change by the
absence of few pixels. It means that successful
localization boundary can be obtained. Edge detection is
used to detect the boundaries of the iris and the pupil.
Daugman [21] used the Integro-differential operator to
detect the boundaries and the radii. This Daugman
theory of edge detector behaves as a circular edge
detector by searching the gradient image along the
boundary of circle of increasing radii. Then, maximum
sum of all the circles is calculated and is used to find the
circle center and radii. The use of Hough transform in
another way is to detect the parameters of the object, and
in this case to find the circles in the edge image. That
means every edge pixel have different radii. The Hough
transform is used to calculate the outer boundary of the
iris using the whole image and then is used to calculate
the pupil boundary.

ADVANTAGES OF IRIS RECOGNITION

SYSTEM

Uniqueness: The iris pattern is unique as compared to

the other pattern because of texture details in iris image,
such as freckles, coronas, stripes and furrows. Even
twins do not have the same iris pattern. They have
totally different iris details. It is the most reliable and
informative biometric pattern.
Stability: The iris texture is to be formed during
gestation and the main structures of iris are shaped after
10 months of birth. It has also been shown that the iris is
essentially stable across oness lifetime.
Scalability: Image of the iris region can be normalized
into rectangle regions so that binary feature codes of
fixed length can be extracted. Therefore iris recognition
is used for large-scale personal identification
applications.
Security: The iris recognition is more secure simply
because of unique pattern. Human iris has many special
and physiological characteristics. This technology is
very secure as compare to the other.

II.

METHODOLOGY
The algorithm can be divided into four steps:
Segmentation, Normalization, Feature Extraction and
Matching. The block diagram given below:

(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3 Segmented outer and inner area of iris (a)
Localized outer and inner Area of iris
(b) Localized of pupil (c) Localized of iris boundary.

2.2

Fig. 2 Block Diagram of a iris recognition system

2.1

SEGMENTATION

The initial stage of iris recognition system is to acquire

an image called image acquisition. The second step is to
convert the acquired image into gray scale image. In this
paper digitized grayscale image is used. In a grayscale
image, each pixel contains the single value that indicates
the grayscale intensity, which may vary from 0 to 255.
This paper uses the part of the eye to carry the
information with the help of iris. Iris lies between sclera

NORMALIZATION
In order to remove the pupil; Dugman [18] rubber-sheet
method was used to unwrap the iris image. The main
aim of normalization is to convert the iris image from
cartesian coordinate (x,y) to polar coordinate (r, ). This
paper uses the polar coordinate transform to carry on the
normalization, because the inner and outer circle are not
cocentric [18]. Each iris image was normalized and
unwrapped to multiple rows and columns. This process
cuts the iris image at one point along the radial direction
and streches it into a rectangular shape [18].

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(a)

(b)

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2014

FEATURE EXTRACTION

2.4

MATCHING
The last step of iris recognition is matching the image
with the stored image or database. UBIRIS.v1 database
is to be used for this iris recognition system. It contains
the 765 grayscale images with 108 unique eye 5 and
different images of each unique eye. For the comparison
of the two iris codes, the hamming distance algorithm is
employed. Since the iris region contains features with
very high degrees of freedom, and each iris produces a
bit-pattern which is independent to that produced by
another iris, whereas the codes produced by the same iris
would be similar. If two bits patterns are completely
independent, then the ideal Hamming distance between
the two patterns will be equal to 0.5. It happens because
independent bit pattern are completely random.
Therefore, half of the bits will agree and half will
disagree between the two patterns. The Hamming
distance is the matching metric employed by Daugman
[21], and calculation of the Hamming distance is taken
only in bits that are generated from the actual iris region.
The Hamming distance will be defined as follows:

III.

(1)

RESULT
Inner-class and inter-class hamming distance: The
main objective of iris recognition system is to determine
the value of hamming distance which can separate innerclass and inter-class iris image. Hamming distance
between the iris images of same person is known as
inner-class and hamming distance between the iris
patterns of different persons is known as inter-class. A
much better iris recognition system tries to achieve the
overlapping of the hamming distance of two classes that
should as small as possible, because results depend upon
the separation value. When the hamming distance value
of two iris pattern is less than the separation point, then
results shows that the code of two iris is belongs to a
same person. Otherwise, the code of two iris is belongs
to a different person. The overlap between the two
distributions determines the error rate [2]. For the innerclass irises, the right side area of separation point creates
the false rejection rate. For the inter-class iris, the left
side area of the separation point creates the false
acceptance rate.

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500
450
400
Number Of Images

The iris pattern in a normalized iris image was

repersented by a group of feature vectors for pattern
comprasion (matching). This repersentation was built by
calculating a set of feature values to form a feature
vector, which was achieved by using a reverse
biorthogonal wavelet [2]. Transforming the input data
into the set of features is called feature extraction. The
use of reverse biorthogonal wavelet is used to extract
feature form the iris region. The main aim of feature
extraction is used to convert image(data) into the binary
form. The waveform of reverse biorthognal is very
simple i.e. in the form of -1 to +1. Reverse biorthogonal
wavelet uses both time and frequency domain thats why
this wavelet creates very simple wave forms.Wavelet
function is always equal to the window function
therefore, it solves the problem between the time
resolution and frequency resolution [11]. Time and
frequency analysis are characteristics of wavelet
transform. The wavelet transform coefficient can reflect
the signal or function. Then accuracy is to be improved.

Where
and
are the two bit wise template to
compare and N is the number of bits represented by each
templates. In the present case, the HD is 0.445 which
signifies that if the hamming distance between the two
templates is below 0.445 than both the irises are of same
eye and if the HD value falls above 0.445, it signifies
that both the irises are from different eye.

(c)
(d)
Fig. 4 The normalized iris images of different eyes.

2.3

350
inner-class
Mean=0.4

300

inter-class
Mean=0.54

250
200
150
100
50
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
Hamming Distance

0.7

0.8

0.9

Fig. 5 Distribution of Inner-class and Inter-class

Hamming Distance

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2014

Fig. 5 shows the distribution of inner-class and interclass hamming distance. This result clearly shows that
the separation between inter-class and inner-class
hamming distance. This result indicates that it was still
very much possible to clearly separate the iris codes of
different people by using this technique. In fig. 7 and 8
graph shows the distribution of inner-class and interclass hamming distance. This graph is shown in the form
of bar. The graph is the plot between hamming distance
and the number of images

12

10

Number Of Images

TABLE 1. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Time
12
(seconds)
Seperation
0.445
point
Inner
0.4
Mean
Inter
0.54
Mean

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4
0.5
0.6
Hamming Distance

0.7

0.8

0.9

Fig. 6 Distribution of Inner-class Hamming Distance

12

Number Of Images

10

IV.

0
-0.2

0.2

0.4
0.6
Hamming Distance

0.8

1.2

Fig. 7 Hamming Distance of Inner-class

500
450
400

Number Of Images

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-0.2

0.2

0.4
0.6
Hamming Distance

0.8

Fig. 8 Hamming Distance of Inter-class

1.2

CONCLUSION
This paper presents an iris recognition system using
reverse biorthogonal wavelet for UBIRIS.v1 database,
which was tested using database of grayscale eye images
that is a set of human eye images from UBIRIS.v1
database is used in the experiments. From UBIRIS.v1
database, 5 different images of 50 persons are taken(250
sample of the iris). Firstly, segmented algorithm was
presented, which would localize the iris region and the
segmentation was achieved through the use of the
circular hough transform for localizing the iris and pupil
region. It also uses the canny edge detection for wide
range of edges. Next, the normalization is used to
convert the cartesian coordinate into the polar
coordinate. This was achieved by implementing a
version of daugmans rubber sheet model, which is
unwrapped into a rectangular block with polar
dimensions. Finally in the feature extraction, the reverse
biothogonal wavelet is used to extract the feature of the
human iris. This decomposition obtained the coefficients
and converted into binary codes and is to be used for
calculation of hamming distance for matching purpose.
The results show that the average time for both search
and matching is approximately 12 seconds. Seperation
point between inner and inter class is 0.445. The innerclass mean of the Hamming distance is 0.4, while the
inter-class mean of the Hamming distance is 0.54. The
Proposed algorithm exactly finds iris regions with higher
reliability, greater efficiency and in small time duration.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 2, May 2014

V.

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Shivani is a final year student of M.Tech (Electronics and

communication engineering) at MM University, Mullana, she
has received her B.Tech (Electronics and communication
engineering) from Doaba Women Institute of Engineering and
Technology(DWIET), Punjab, India in 2008.

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