International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

VOLTAGE MODE CONTROL OF SOFT SWITCHED BOOST

CONVERTER BY TYPE II & TYPE III COMPENSATOR
NIKITA SINGH1
ELECTRONICS DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGY, M.TECH
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRONICS AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(NIELIT)
GORAKHPUR, INDIA

SHRI. S.K. SINGH2

SCIENTIST-D
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRONICS AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(NIELIT)
GORAKHPUR, INDIA

ABSTRACT
In this paper a comparative study of type II and type III
compensator is done for soft switched boost converter.
Compensators are the correction subsystems which are
introduced to compensate for the deficiency in the
performance of a plant. The transfer function for soft
switched boost converter is formulated by using system
identification toolbox of MATLAB. The analog
compensator is first designed based on the parameters of
the soft switched boost converter. Then the analog
transfer function of the compensator is transposed in the
digital domain using the bilinear transformation. The
loop gain will give the frequency domain analysis. Next,
the simulation model for both type of the compensator in
close loop with the converter is presented. The
experimental analysis of the model is done in the
MATLAB with input voltage varying from 24V-100V.
Through the comparative study it is clear that soft
switched boost converter attains more stability when it is
compensated by using type III compensator.
Index Termssoft switched boost converter (SSBC),
voltage-mode controller, type II compensator, type III
compensator.

INTRODUCTION
In the modern electronics field dc-dc boost converter is in
demand for converting low voltage source to high voltage
source. Till now we have seen that conventional boost
converter is capable enough to step up the voltages. But
conventional boost converter suffers from switching
losses and electromagnetic interference at high frequency
switching. Due to the advantages gained from the high
frequency switching converters, its application in low
power compact is increasing in the recent years. Light
weight, small size and high power density are the
advantages gained from the high frequency switching.
In the recent years, continuous-conduction-mode (CCM)
boost converters are widely used in the high-power
applications such as hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell
power conversion systems. The hard-switched boost
converter suffers from severe diode reverse-recovery
problem. The problem becomes more severe for high
switching frequency at high power level. Due to the

SH.NISHANT TRIPATHI3
SCIENTIST-C
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
ELECTRONICS AND
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (NIELIT)
GORAKHPUR, INDIA

reverse-recovery problem, there is significant turn-off

loss of the diode, turn-on loss of the main switch and
severe electromagnetic interference emission (EMI).
Recently many soft switching techniques have been
introduced to overcome the switching losses and severe
electromagnetic interference emission (EMI) occurring in
the conventional dc-dc converters [1],[2]. The most
recent soft switched high gain boost converter is reported
in the literature [3], [4].
Although controllers for SMPS are well known [5],[6],
this paper motive is to present the design of controller for
soft switched high gain boost converter. Several
compensator design approaches have been studied in the
literature. In practice, if a system is to be redesigned so as
to meet the required specifications it is necessary to alter
the system by adding an external device to it. Such a
redesign or alteration of system using an additional
suitable device is called compensation of a control
system. Compensators are basically external devices
which are used to alter the behavior of the system so as to
achieve given specifications. The compensator provides
whatever is missing in a system, so as to achieve required
performance. Depending upon where the compensator is
introduced in a system, the various type of compensation
are series compensation, parallel compensation (feedback
compensation) and series-parallel compensation.
In this paper in order to make the output voltage stable
and well regulated, compensation circuit in the feedback
loop is appropriately designed. Feedback compensation
circuit design method is established in the frequency
domain by means of bode plots [7]. The designing
procedure describes how to decide position of the poles
and zeros of the compensator circuit in order to
compensate the undesirable characteristics of a electronic
power circuit. This design method has been adopted to
design practical compensator circuits because of its
simple graphical nature.

FEEDBACK COMPENSATION CIRCUIT

The output voltage v(t) is measured using a sensor
with gain H(s). The sensor output signal H(s)v(s) is
compared with a reference input voltage vref(s) keeping in
mind that H(s)v(s) should be equal to the vref(s). This
objective is achieved despite the disturbing elements in

www.ijsret.org

1002

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

the compensator, pulse-width modulator, gate driver or

converter power stage. Gp(s) and Gc(s) represents the
transfer functions of power stage (switching converter
and PWM combined) and compensator circuit
respectively. The output voltage is the function of the
control input variations d(t), the power input voltage
variations and the load current variations iload(t) and vg(t).
The major causes for the disturbances are input voltage
variations and load current disturbances which make the
output voltage to be deviated from the desired value i.e vref(s). The feedback loop must be incorporated with the
compensator to regulated the output voltage to be close to
the reference input voltage vref(s). The fig 1 shows the
block diagram of the control system.

the quasi-resonance. Under such condition different

modeling technique is to be considered. For modeling
such converter and their corresponding resonant
behavior, a generalized state-space method has been
studied in previous works. But generalized state-space
modeling technique cannot give high level of accuracy
[4].

Fig 2(a). Soft Switched Boost Converter

Fig.1 Block Diagram of Control System

The converters control-to-output transfer function
Gvd(s) is predetermined from the chosen converter
topology, mode of operation (continuous conduction
mode, CCM or Discontinuous Conduction mode, DCM)
and control method (voltage mode control or current
mode control). In this paper soft switched boost converter
operating in continuous conduction mode and controlled
in voltage mode fashion is considered. The feedback
compensation design involves selection of a suitable
compensation circuit configuration and positioning of its
poles and zeros to yield an open loop transfer function.

I. MODELING THE TRANSFER FUNCTION

FOR SOFT SWITCHED BOOST
CONVERTER
The soft switched boost converter is comprised of an
auxiliary circuit and boost converter as a main circuit [3].
Fig 2(a) gives the circuit diagram; rectifier diode in the
conventional boost converter is replaced by upper switch
SB. Output voltage is regulated by asymmetrical
complementary switching of lower switch SA and upper
switch SB. An auxiliary circuit is composed of an inductor
LB, two capacitors CA and CB and two diodes DA and DB.
Output voltage of the converter is formed by the
combination of the capacitor CA and CB. The soft
switched boost converter uses the auxiliary circuit
resonance of Lr-Cr to reduce the switch turn-off current.
Also, auxiliary circuit helps in ZVS turn-on of switch SA
and SB.
For modeling the soft switched boost converter direct
application of the state-space is not a good option. The
reason being that during the operating modes of the soft
switched boost converter, the converter circuit is under

The reason is that the variables of the resonant tank

(Lr and Cr) are considered as input control variables
instead of as variables. Therefore, any disturbance in the
input variables will affect the model accuracy. Hence, the
model accuracy for soft switched boost converter is low
when it is modeled using generalized state-space. In order
to improve the accuracy of the model using generalized
state-space technique, the requirement is to use large
number of harmonics. This procedure will increase the
order of the model and hence its mathematical analysis
will be very difficult to conduct. To overcome all the
demerits of the modeling techniques till now, system
identification technique is analyzed. Using system
identification technique, discrete-time model of soft
switched boost converter is formulated.
For the formulation of the soft-switching converter
model Box-Jenkins methodology is used. Using this
system identification technique discrete-time transfer
function for the soft switched converter topology can be
obtained [8]. For the formulation of the soft switched
converter using the Box-Jenkins methodology, firstly the
soft switched converter is modeled in the SIMULINK
platform. Next, by varying the range of the pre-defined
parameters the response of the desired parameter is
generated. For the given values of the converter
parameters, shown in the table I below. The values of the
converter parameters are inductor LA is 25H, Inductor
LB is 10H, capacitor CA is 50F, capacitor CB is 110F,
capacitor Cc is 110F and resistance R is 150. The
switching frequency is 50kHz. And the input voltage is
24volts.
The range of the duty ratio varies from 0.3 to 0.7,
this ratio acts as a control signal. This range of the duty
ratio is equally divided into the intermediate points. At
each point, the random generator generates the signal
having the step time equal to the sampling time period.
Next, this signal is used to drive the switching device of
the converter when compared to the triangular ramp.
Now, in order to generate the discrete transfer function
of the converter, the perturbation signal and its
corresponding current or voltage signal is transferred on

www.ijsret.org

1003

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

to the system identification toolbox of the MATLAB

[10]. In this toolbox linear parametric model formulation
methodology is selected. Once the model is estimated its
accuracy is checked by the residual analysis. If the test of
the residual analysis of the converter is within the
allowable limits, then the model correctly represents the
actual behavior of the converter. The control-to-output
transfer function Gvd(z) of the converter in z-domain is
as follows.

designed in the z-domain using

transformation method as given below.

bilinear

The frequency response of the soft switched boost

converter is studied by plotting the bode plot. The fig
2(a) gives the bode plot of the converter.
Fig.3(a) Type II Compensator Network
From the transfer function the bode plot obtained is
shown in fig 3(b). It can be verified from the figure
that phase boost of 90 is obtained.

Fig.2(b) Bode Plot of SSBC

II. MODELING THE TRANSFER FUNCTION

FOR COMPENSATOR
In practice, if a system is to be redesigned so as to
meet the required specifications, it is necessary to alter
the system by adding an external device to it. Such a
redesign or alteration of system using an additional
suitable device is called compensation of a control
system. Soft switched boost converter suffers from
sharp slope downward and the gain will have a rather
high peak at the double pole [9] as seen in the fig 2(b).
Such systems will be more difficult to compensate
since the phase will need an extra boost to provide the
necessary phase margin for stability. Type II and type
III compensators are used to provide the phase boost
in order to compensate the system. Type II
compensator can provide phase boost of 90. It is also
called second order integral lead controller. It has one
pole at origin and one zero-pole pair at different
frequency. Fig 3(a) shows the network of type II
compensator. The transfer function of type II
compensator is given as follows.

Fig.3(b) Bode plot of Type II Compensator

Type III compensator is also called third order
integral lead controller. Type III compensator has one
pole at origin and two zero-pole pair at different
frequencies. Type III compensator can provide
maximum phase boost of 180. Fig 3(c) shows the type
III compensator network.

Fig.3(c) Type III Compensator Network

The transfer function of the type III compensator is
given as follows.

The values of the resistances R1 and R2 are 4.12k

and 124k respectively and capacitors C1 and C2 are
8.2pF and 2.2nF respectively. From these values
transfer function of the type II compensator is

The values of resistance R1, R2 and R3 are 4.12k,

20.5k and 150 respectively. The values of capacitors

www.ijsret.org

1004

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

are C1, C2 and C3 are 0.22nF, 2.7nF and 6.8nF

respectively. From these values transfer function of the
type III compensator is designed in the z-domain by
using bilinear transformation method as presented below.

system is more stable and fast when it is controlled by

using type III compensator. Relative high values of
phase margin and gain margin marks the stability of the
system. And higher the cutoff frequency, the faster is the
systems response.

From the transfer function the bode plot obtained is

shown in fig 3(d). It can be witnessed from the figure
that phase boost of 135 is obtained.

Fig.4(b) Bode Plot of Loop Gain

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.3(d) Bode Plot of Type III Compensator

III. MODELING TRNSFER FUNCTION FOR

THE LOOPGAIN
The loop gain T(z) is defined as the product of the
gains around the forward and feedback paths of the loop.
This transfer function shows how the addition of a
feedback loop modifies the transfer function and
performance of the system. The loop gain transfer
function is given as follows.
TL(z) = Gvd(z)Gc(z)

In this section simulation models, output voltage

waveforms and comparison in terms of overshoot and
settling time is established. In Fig 5(a) simulation model
of voltage mode controlled soft switched boost converter
by type II compensator is represented and its output
voltage waveform is shown in fig 5(b). Fig 5(c) show the
simulation model of the SSBC controlled by type III
compensator and its output voltage waveform is given in
fig 5(d). The input voltage given to models is 24volts.
The output voltage is boosted up to 30 volts. The circuits
transient response of both the models is analyzed through
overshoot as shown in fig 5(e) and settling time as in fig
5(f). All the measurements are made by varying input
voltage from 24volts to 100volts.

Fig 4(a) shows the loop gain of the system which is

controlled by type II compensator. We can deduce from
the figure that phase margin is 70, gain margin is 10dB
and cutoff frequency is 500Hz.

Fig.5(a) Simulation Model of SSBC controlled by

Type II compensator
Fig.4(a) Bode Plot of Loop Gain
Fig 4(b) shows the loop gain of the system which is
controlled by type III compensator. We can deduce from
the figure that phase margin is 110, gain margin is 24dB
and cutoff frequency is 5kHz.
From the above bode plots we can deduce that stability
margins for the loop gain using type III compensator is
good as compared to the type II compensator. The
www.ijsret.org

Fig.5(b) Output Voltage Waveform

1005

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

Fig.5(e) Graph of Overshoot v/s Input Voltage

Fig.5(c) Simulation Model of SSBC controlled by Type

III compensator

Fig.5(f) Graph of Settling Time v/s Input Voltage

VII.
Fig.5 (d) Output Voltage Waveform
The table II gives the comparative study of the soft
switched boost converter controlled by type II and type
III compensator. It is interesting to notice that systems
transient response is good when SSBC is controlled by
type III compensator. The overshoot is small and settling
time is faster for type III compensator as compared to the
type II compensator. For the type II compensated SSBC
overshoot is high and settling time is slower.
TABLE I. COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF
OVERSHOOT AND SETTLING TIME
S.No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Input
Voltage

Vin
=24V
Vin
=36V
Vin
=48V
Vin
=60V
Vin
=72V
Vin
=84V
Vin
=96V

SSBC Controlled
by Type II
Compensator

SSBC Controlled
by Type III
Compensator

Parameters
Over
Settling
shoot(%)
time
40%
0.0486

Parameters
Over
Settling
shoot(%)
time
15%
0.0475

37%

0.0481

15%

0.0469

41%

0.0486

14%

0.0464

40%

0.0475

15%

0.0453

34%

0.0480

14%

0.0459

42%

0.0486

13%

0.0469

42%

0.0475

14%

0.0453

CONCLUSION

In this paper voltage mode control of soft switched

boost converter is done by type II and type III
compensator. Simulation results show that type III
compensator provide better circuits transient response.
Since, it is capable to provide 180 phase boost, it ensures
stability margins. Different order compensators can be
designed which can further enhance the stability margins
and control. Once controller is designed then it is
converted into the real time/simulation implications.

REFERENCES
[1] K. Liu, R. Oruganti, and F. C. Lee, Resonant
switched-topologies and characteristics, IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. PE-2, no. 1, pp. 6274, Jan.
1987.
[2] A. Ostadi, X. Gao, and G. Moschopoulos, Circuit
properties od zerovoltage-transition PWM converters,
J. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 1,pp. 3550, Jan. 2008.
[3] Sungsik Park, Sewan Choi, Soft Switched CCM
Boost Converters With High Voltage Gain For HighPower Applications, IEEE Trans. On Power
Electronics, 2010, Vol. 25(5), pp. 1211-1217.
[4] Jianping Xu and C.Q.Lee, Unified Averaging
Technique for the Modeling of Quasi-Resonant
Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
Vol. 13(3), 1998, pp. 556-563.
[5] Veerachary. M, ``Two-loop voltage-mode control of
coupled inductor step-down buck converter,'' IEE Proc.
On Electric Power Applications, Vol. 152(6), pp. 1516
- 1524, 2005.
[6] R. D. Middlebrook, Cuk. S, A general unified
approach to modeling switching converter power
stage, IEEE Power electronics specialists conference,
1976, pp. 13-34.
[7] L. H. Dixon, Jr., Closing the feedback loop,
UnitrodePower Supply Design Seminar, Unitrode
Corporation,1983.

www.ijsret.org

1006

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 6, September 2014

[8] M. Veerachary, R. Shekar, Digital Voltage-mode

Controller Design For High gain Soft-switching Boost
Converter, IEEE Proc. On PEDES2010, pp. 1-5.
[9] K. Kittipeerachon, C. Bunlakasananusorn, Feedback
compensation design for switched mode power
supplies with a right-half plane (RHP) zero, Power
Electronics, Machines and Drives, 2004. (PEMD
2004). Second International Conference on (Conf.
Publ. No. 498), vol.1, no., pp.236,241 Vol, 31 March-2
April 2004.
[10] MATLAB, user manual, 2010.

www.ijsret.org

1007