International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

Modeling of Wind Hydro Hybrid System Using Cage Generators

Controlling Voltage and Frequency and Mitigation of Harmonics
B.Sharavan Kumar1, T.Achyutha Rao2, P.Sreenath3
1

Department of EEE, JNTU University, Hyderabad

Department of EEE, Osmania University. Hyderabad
3
Department of EEE, JNTU University, Hyderabad

Abstract
A voltage and frequency control of windhydro hybrid system in isolated locations in
which one squirrel cage induction generator
(SCIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine
and another SCIG driven by a constant power
hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local
loads..In this paper wind turbine, hydro turbine,
MPT controller, and a voltage and frequency
controller are modeled and simulated in
MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power
System set toolboxes, and different aspects
of the proposed system are studied for various
types of loads, and under varying wind-speed
conditions. The performance of the proposed
system is presented to demonstrate its capability
of MPT, voltage and frequency control (VFC),
harmonic elimination, and load balancing.
Keywords Battery energy storage system
(BESS) ; MPT; small hydro; squirrel-cage
induction generator (SCIG).

1. Introduction
Wind energy generation has been noted as
the most rapidly growing technology, among
renewable energy sources, being one of the most
cost-effective and environmental friendly mean to
generate electricity from renewable sources.
Renewable energy sources are considered to be
important in improving the security of energy
supplies by decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels
and in reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.
Renewable energy sources are the natural energy
resources that are inexhaustible, for example, wind,
solar, geothermal, biomass, and small hydro
generatio.
The function of hydroelectric plants to convert the
kinetic energy of a waterfall into electric energy. The
power available in a flow of water depends on the
vertical distance the water falls (i.e., head) and the
volume of flow of water in unit time (i.e., discharge).
The water drives a turbine, and its rotational
movement i s transferred through a shaft to an
electric generator. When SCIG is used for small or

micro hydro applications, its reactive power

requirement is met by a capacitor bank at its
stator terminals. The SCIG has advantages like
being simple, low cost, rugged, maintenance free,
absence of dc, brushless, etc., as compared with
the conventional synchronous generator for hydro
applications.
There are two types of wind turbine generators,
fixed speed and variable speed in which rotational
speed varies in accordance with wind speed. The
disadvantage of fixed-speed wind turbines is their
energy-conversion efficiency is very low for widely
varying wind speeds. In nowadays, wind turbine
technology has switched from fixed speed to
variable speed. The advantages of variable speed
machines are they reduce mechanical stresses,
dynamically compensate for torque and power
pulsations, and improve power quality and system
efficiency.
In this paper, a new three-phase four-wire
autonomous (or isolated) windsmall hydro hybrid
system is proposed for isolated locations, which
cannot be connected to the grid and where the wind
potential and hydro potential exist simultaneously.
The system uses one SCIGw (subscript w
for wind) driven by a variable speed wind turbine,
and another SCIGh (subscript h for hydro) driven by
a constant power small
hydro turbine. A battery
energy storage system (BESS) is used in the dc
link, which performs the function of load leveling
in the wake of uncertainty in the wind speed and
variable loads. In order to remove the ripples from
the battery current an inductor is connected in series
with the BESS. For filtering of zero-sequence
components of the load currents as well as to trap
the triplen harmonics a zigzag transformer is
connected in parallel to the load.
A new control algorithm is proposed for the
hybrid system it has the capability of MPT,
harmonic elimination, load leveling, load balancing,
and neutral current compensation along with
voltage and frequency control(VFC).

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

For the proposed system, there are three modes

of operation. In the first mode, the required active
power of the load is less than the power generated
by the SCIGh, and the excess power generated by
the SCIGh is transferred to the BESS through the
load-side converter. Moreover, the power generated
by the SCIGw is transferred to the BESS. In the
second mode, the required active power of the load
is more than the power generated by the SCIGh but
less than the total power generated by SCIGw and
SCIGh. Thus, portion of the power generated by
SCIGw is supplied to the load through the load-side
converter and remaining power is stored in BESS. In
the third mode, the required active power of the
load is more than the total power generated by
SCIGw and SCIGh. Thus, the deficit power is
supplied by the BESS, and the power generated by
SCIGw and the deficit met by BESS are supplied to
the load through the load-side converter.

2. Principle of Operation
The load-side converter is controlled for the
regulation of load-voltage magnitude and load
frequency. To maintain the load-frequency constant,
it is essential that any surplus active power in the
system is diverted to the battery. Also, the battery
system should be able to supply any deficit in the
generated power. Similarly, the magnitude of the
load voltage is maintained constant in the system by
balancing the reactive- power requirement of the
load through the load side converter.
In this work in order to achieve MPT pitch angle
control is used. The pitch angle reference, ref, is
controlled by three values, they are:
1) Wind speed. Ideally, the pitch angle reference
can be obtained from the curve of the pitch angle
versus wind speed. This control strategy is simple as
the wind speed is directly measured. However, this
is not an appropriate procedure, since it is not
possible to measure the wind speed precisely.
2) Generator rotor speed. The controlling rotor
speed is compared with its reference. The error
signal is then sent to the PI controller and produces
the reference value of the pitch angle, ref.

3. Control Algorithm
The objective of the load-side converter is
to control the magnitude and the frequency of the
load voltage.
3.1. Control of Load-Side Converter
The objectives of the load-side converter are
to maintain rated voltage and frequency at the load
terminals irrespective of connected load. The power
balance in the system is maintained by diverting the
surplus power generated to the battery or by
supplying power from the battery in case of deficit
between generated power and load requirement.
Similarly, the required reactive power for the
load is supplied by the load-side converter to
maintain constant value of the load voltage.
3.2. Generation of Reference Three-Phase SCIGh
Currents:

The reference voltages (V *an, V*bn, and

V*cn) for the control of the load voltages at
time t are given as
sin(2ft)
(1)
V*an=
(2)
V*bn= sin(2ft-120)
V*cn=
sin(2ft+120)
(3)
where f is the nominal frequency,
which is considered as 50 Hz, and Vt is the
rms phase-to-neutral load voltage, which is
considered as 240 V.
The load voltages (Van, Vbn, and Vcn) are
sensed and compared with the reference
voltages. The error voltages (Vanerr, Vbnerr and
Vcnerr) at the nth sampling instant are calculated
as
Vanerr(n)={V*an(n)Van(n)}
Vbnerr(n)={V*bn(n)Vbn(n)}
Vcnerr(n)={V*cn(n)Vcn(n)}

(4)
(5)
(6)

The reference three-phase SCIGh

currents (i*sha, i*shb, i*shc) are generated by
feeding the voltage error signals to PI
voltage controller with proportionate gain
Kpv and integral gain Kiv as

3) Generator power. The error signal of the

generator power is sent to a PI controller. The PI
controller produces the reference pitch angle.
Here the pitch angle reference is controlled
by the input value, generator power. Reference
power and generated power is compared and the
error signal is given to the PI controller. The output
of the PI controller produces reference pitch angle,
ref.
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i*sha(n)
=isha(n-1) + Kpv[Vanerr(n) Vanerr(n(7)
1)]+KivVanerr(n)
i*shb(n)
=ishb(n-1) + Kpv[Vbnerr(n) Vbnerr(n(8)
1)]+KivVbnerr(n)
i*shc(n)=ishc(n-1) + Kpv[Vcnerr(n) Vcnerr(n1)]+KivVcnerr(n)
(9)

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

The reference three-phase SCIGh currents

are then compared with the sensed SCIGh
currents (isha, ishb, and ishc) to compute the SCIGh
current errors as
w
ishaerr=i*shaisha
ishberr=i*shbishb
ishcerr=i*shcishc

(10)
(11)
(12)

These current errors are amplified and the

amplified signals are compared with a fixed
frequency (10 kHz) triangular carrier wave of
unity amplitude to generate gating signals for
IGBTs of the load-side converter.
To achieve maximum power tracking pitch angle
control is used. pitch angle reference is generated
by the generated power.

4. Design of Scig-Based Wind-Hydro

Hybrid System
The system is designed for an isolated
location with the load varying from 30 to 90
kW at a lagging power factor (PF) of 0.8. The
average load of the system is considered to be
60 kW
4.1. Selection of Rating of SCIGs
The rating of the wind turbine is considered
as 55Kw and that of hydro turbine is t 55Kw
and that of hydro turbine is taken as 35Kw.Both
turbines are coupled to SCIGs. The rating of the
SCIGw is equal to the rating of the wind turbine,
which is 55 kW. The rating of the SCIGh should
be equal to the rating of the hydro turbine, which
is 35 kW.
4.2. Modeling of hydro turbine
The power available in a hydro scheme
is proportional to the product
of head and
flow rate. The general formula for any hydro
system poweroutput.
P=gQH

(13)

where P, is the mechanical power

produced at the turbine shaft in watts, is the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine, is the
density of water (1000 Kg/m3), g is the
acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2), Q is the
volume flow rate passing through the turbine
(m3/s) and H is the effective pressure head of
water across the turbine (m).Small and microhydro systems can have hydraulic efficiency in
the range 60 to 80%,this will reduce the size.

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4.3.Modeling Of Wind Turbine

The mechanical power Pm captured by the wind

turbine is
Pm=0.5Cpr2V 3
(14)

Where Cp=coefficient of performance, r=radius of

turbine, Vw=wind speed, =density of air.
The relationship between the coefficient of
performance and tip speed ratio for a typical wind
turbine is shown in Fig. 1. The maximum coefficient
of performance (Cpmax) is achieved at optimum tip
ratio (*w). The values of Cpmax and *w obtained
from the Fig. 1 are 0.4411 and 5.66, respectively.
Substituting, Pm = 55 kW, Cp = 0.4411, wind
speed Vw = 11.2 m/s, and density of air = 1.1544
kg/m3 in eqn(14) ,the radius of the wind turbine rw is
obtained as

At 11.2 m/s wind speed, the

generator rotor speed is considered as 100 rad/s.
Substituting the value of tip speed ratio = 5.66,
radius of the wind turbine = 7.5 m, wind speed =11.2
m/s, and generator speed = 100 rad/s, the gear ratio is
obtainedas
=11.
811
12

Cp is a function of tip speed ratio and blade

pitch angle
(15)
(16)

These equations are used to simulate wind

turbine.
4.4 Selection Of Voltage Of Dc Link And
Battery Design
For satisfactory PWM control , the dc bus
voltage (Vdc) must be more than the peak of the line
voltage.

(17)

where ma is the modulation index normally

with a maximumvalue of one and Vac is the rms value
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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

of the line voltage on the ac side of the PWM

converter. The maximum rms voltage at SCIGw
terminals as well as the rms value of the line voltage at
the load terminals is 415 V. Substitute the value of
Vac=415V, the value of Vdc should be obtained as 677.7
V. The voltage of the dc link and the battery bank is
selected as 700 V.

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750 V, Vocmin = 680 V, and kW h = 600, the

value of Cb obtained is 43 156 F.

4.5. Selection of Rating of Load-Side Convertor

The rating of the load-side converter
is determined by the case when the connected
load is at its maximum value, i.e., 90 kW at
0.8 lagging PF. The reactive power of the
load is supplied by the load-side converter.
Hence, the reactive- power flow through loadside converter (Qlsc) is equal to the reactive
power demand of the load (QL). At a load of 90 kW
at 0.8 lagging power factor,
Qlsc = QL = (90/0.8) 0.6 = 67.5 kvar.
Therefore, the kVA rating of the load-side
converter (kVAlsc) is

Fig1. Coefficient of performance(Cp)versus tip

speed ratio () or wind turbine

kVAlsc =

112.5kVA

The maximum rms current through the load-side

converter (Ilsc) is calculated as
Ilsc = VAlsc /(3Vlsc) =

Fig 2. Mechanical power output of the wind

turbine versus SCIGw speed for different wind
speeds
Battery is an energy storage unit, its energy is
represented in kilowatthour, when a capacitor is
used to model the battery unit, the equivalent
capacitance Cb is given as[7].
(18)
Where Vocmin and Vocmax are the minimum and
maximum open circuit voltage of the battery under
fully discharged and charged conditions. Here
Thevenins model is used for describing the
battery in which the parallel combination of
capacitance(Cb) and resistance(Rb) in series with
internal resistance(Rin) and an ideal voltage source
of voltage 700V Taking the values of Vocma x =

156.5A

where Vlsc is the rms voltage on the ac side

of the load side converter, which is 415 V. The
maximum current through the switching devices
in the load-side converter = 1.25{Ir(pp)lsc+I(peak)lsc }
where I(peak)lsc is the peak line current through the
load-side converter = (2) 156.5 = 221.3A,
Ir(pp)lsc is the peak-to-peak ripple current in the
load- side converter, which is considered as 5%
of the peak line current =(5/100)221.3= 11.1A.
For the design purpose, safety margin is taken
as 1.25. Thus, the maximum current through
the switching device = 1.25 (11.1 + 221.3) =
290.5 A.
The voltage rating of the switching devices
is decided by the dc-link voltage, whose maximum
value is 750V.Taking a 25% margin, the voltage
rating of the switching devices of the load-side
converter should be more than 1.25750 V, i.e.,
937.5 V.
The maximum voltage across the device may
be 937.5 V, and the current through the device may be
290.5 A. The commercially available rating for
switching device (IGBT) higher than 937.5 V and 290.5
A is 1200 V and 300 A.

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

1092

4.6. Selection Of Rating of AC Inductor And RC Filter

on Ac Side of Load-Side Converter
An inductor is used on the ac side of the loadside converter for boost function. For 5% ripple in the
current through the inductive filter, inductance (Lf ) of
the inductive filter can be calculated as
Lf={(3/2)maVdc/(6afsIr(p-p)lsc}

(19)

Where fs=switching frequency=10kHz

Lf={(3/2)1700/(61.21000011.1}=0.76mH
A high-pass first-order filter tuned at half the
switching frequency is used to filter out the noise from
the voltage at the load terminals. The time constant of
the filter should be very small compared with the
fundamental time period (T), or RC<< T/10.When T =
20 ms.

Fig.4. performance of hybrid system with

balanced linear load (80Kw)at wind speed of 11
m/s

5. Matlab Based Modeling

A simulation model is developed in
MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power
System
set
toolboxes.
The developed
MATLAB model for the wind-hydro hybrid
system is shown in.

Fig.5. performance of hybrid system with

balanced linear load (100kw)at wind speed of
8m/s

Fig.3. matlab simulation diagram of wind-hydro hybrid system

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International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 3, Issue 7, October 2014

1093

voltage and frequency. Moreover, it has shown

capability of MPT, neutral-current compensation,
harmonics elimination, and load balancing.
References
[1]Puneet K. Goel, Bhim Singh, and Navin Kishore , S. S.
Murthy, Isolated WindHydro Hybrid System Using Cage
Generators and Battery Storage , IEEE transactions on
industrial electronics, VOL. 58, NO. 4, APRIL 2011
[2] R.Uhunmwangho, Ph.D. and E.K. Okedu, Small
Hydropower for Sustainable Development The Pacific
Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 10. Number 2.
November 2009
[3] B. Singh, S. S. Murthy, and S. Gupta, An improved
electronic load controller for self-excited induction
generator in micro-Hydel applications, in Proc. IEEE
Annu. Conf. Ind. Electron. Soc., Nov. 2003, vol. 3, pp.
2741276.

6. Simulation Results
The performance of the wind-hydro hybrid
system with the proposed control algorithm is
demonstrated under different dynamic conditions
(various electrical conditions and mechanical
conditions) as shown in Figs. 4-5. Moreover,
performance of the wind-hydro hybrid system is
studied with various electrical load . The
performance of the system is also studied under
varying SCIGw rotor speeds due to wind speed
variations .The simulated transient waveforms of
the three phase load voltage(VL) ,load
frequency(fL), load current(iL), SCIGw stator
power(Pw),SCIGh
stator power(Ph), battery
power(Pb), load power(PL) are shown for different
operating conditions. Thus it verifies the three
modes of operation

[4] D. Joshi, K. S. Sindhu, and M. K. Soni, Constant

voltage constant frequency operation for a self-excited
induction generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21,
[5] L. A. C. Lopes and R. G. Almeida, Wind-driven
induction generator with voltage and frequency regulated by
a reduced rating voltage source inverter,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 297
304, Jun. 2006
[6] B. Singh and G. K. Kasal, Voltage and frequency
controller for a three- phase four-wire autonomous wind
energy conversion system, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 505518, Jun. 2008.
[7] L.-R. Chen, R. C. Hsu, and C.-S. Liu, A design of a
grey-predicted Li-ion battery charge system, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 36923701, Oct. 2008.

7. Conclusion
Among the renewable energy sources,
small hydro and wind energy have the ability to
complement each other. A new three-phase four
wire autonomous wind-hydro hybrid system, using
one cage generator driven by wind turbine and
another cage generator driven by hydro turbine
along with BESS has been modeled and simulated
in MATLAB using Simulink and sim power
system.The performance of the hybrid system
has
been
demonstrated
under
different
electrical and mechanical dynamic conditions.
It has been demonstrated that the proposed hybrid
system performs satisfactorily under different
dynamic conditions while maintaining constant
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