Pakistan 1

Pakistan

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

‫اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان‬
Islāmī Jumhūrī-ye Pākistān

Motto: ‫ يقين مُحکم‬،‫ تنظيم‬،‫اتحاد‬

Ittehad, Tanzim, Yaqeen-e-Muhkam  (Urdu)
"Unity, Discipline and Faith"

Anthem: "Qaumi Tarana"

Capital Islamabad
33°40′N 73°10′E

Largest city Karachi

Official languages Urdu (National)

English (Government)

Regional languages Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Seraiki and Balochi

Demonym Pakistani

Government Federal semi-presidential republic

 -  President Asif Ali Zardari (PPP)

 -  Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP)

 -  Chair of Senate Farooq Hamid Naek (PPP)

 -  House Speaker Fahmida Mirza (PPP)

 -  Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry

Formation

 -  Independence from the United Kingdom

Pakistan 2

 -  Declared 14 August 1947 

 -  Islamic 23 March 1956 

republic

Area

 -  Total 803,940 km2 (36th)

340,403 sq mi

 -  Water (%) 3.1

Population

 -  2009 estimate [1]

180,808,000  (6th)

 -  1998 census [2]

132,352,279

 -  Density 2
224.9/km  (55th)
531.1/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate

 -  Total [3]

$422.392 billion  (27th)

 -  Per capita [3]

$2,624  (133rd)

GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate

 -  Total [3]

$164.557 billion  (48th)

 -  Per capita [3]

$1,022  (142nd)

Gini (2002) 30.6 (medium) 

HDI (2007) [4]
▲ 0.572  (medium) (141st)

Currency Pakistani Rupee (Rs.) (PKR)

Time zone PST (UTC+5)

 -  Summer (DST) PDT (UTC+6)

Drives on the left

Internet TLD .pk

Calling code 92

Pakistan (Urdu: ‫)پاکِستان‬, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.[5] [6] [7] [8] It
has a 1046 kilometres (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by
Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and the People's Republic of China in the far northeast.[9]
Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Thus, it occupies a
crossroads position between South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.[10]
The region forming modern Pakistan was at the heart of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and then later was the
recipient of Vedic, Persian, Indo-Greek, Turco-Mongol, Islamic and Sikh cultures. The area has witnessed invasions
and/or settlements by the Indo-Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Mongols and the British.[11]
In addition to the Indian independence movement which demanded an independent India, the Pakistan Movement
(led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League), which also sought an independent India, sought independent
states for the majority Muslim populations of the eastern and western regions of British India. The British granted
independence and also the creation of one Muslim majority state of Pakistan that comprised the provinces of Sindh,
North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in
1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of
Pakistan 3

Bangladesh.
Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule and political instability. It is a developing
country that faces problems with high levels of poverty and illiteracy. It is also the sixth most populous country in
the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Pakistan has the second largest Shia Muslim population in the world.[14] It is the world's only Muslim-majority
nuclear state. Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Next Eleven economies, D8, the United
Nations, and a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.

Etymology
The name Pakistan (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪsˈtaːn]  ( listen)) means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian (Farsi).
It was coined in 1934 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never.[20] The
name is a portmanteau representing the "thirty million Muslims of PAKISTAN, who live in the five Northern Units
of British Raj — Punjab, Afghania (now known as North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and
Balochistan."[21]

History
The Indus region, which covers a considerable amount of Pakistan, was the site of
several ancient cultures including the Neolithic era Mehrgarh and the bronze era
Indus Valley Civilisation (2500 BCE – 1500 BCE) at Harappa in district Sahiwal
and Mohenjo-Daro.[22]
Waves of conquerors and migrants from the west — including Harappan,
Indo-Aryan, Persian, Greek, Saka, Parthian, Kushan, Hephthalite, Afghan, Arab,
Turkics and Mughal — settled in the region through out the centuries, influencing
the locals and being absorbed among them.[23] Ancient empires of the east — such
as the Nandas, Mauryas, Sungas, Guptas and the Palas — ruled these territories at
different times from Patliputra.
"The Priest King" Wearing
Sindhi Ajruk, ca. 2500 BC. However, in the medieval period, while the eastern provinces of Punjab and Sindh
National Museum, Karachi, grew aligned with Indo-Islamic civilisation, the western areas became culturally
Pakistan
allied with the Iranian civilisation of Afghanistan and Iran.[24] The region served as
crossroads of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road, and as a maritime
entreport for the coastal trade between Mesopotamia and beyond up to Rome in the west and Malabar and beyond up
to China in the east.

Modern day Pakistan was at the heart of the Indus Valley Civilisation; that collapsed in the middle of the second
millennium BCE and was followed by the Vedic Civilisation, which also extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic
plains. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Achaemenid Persian empire[25] around 543
BCE, Greek empire founded by Alexander the Great[26] in 326 BCE and the Mauryan empire there after.
Pakistan 4

The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and

Punjab from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest extent under Menander, establishing
the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture. The city of Taxila
(Takshashila) became a major centre of learning in ancient times — the remains of
the city, located to the west of Islamabad, are one of the country's major
archaeological sites. The Rai Dynasty (c.489–632) of Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this
region and the surrounding territories.

In 712 CE, the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim[27] conquered Sindh and Multan
Menander I was one of the rulers
of the Indo-Greek Kingdom in southern Punjab. The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its
which existed in present-day foundation was laid" as a result of this conquest.[28] This Arab and Islamic victory
Pakistan.
would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in South Asia, including
the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal
Empire. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist
and Hindu population to Islam.

The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth

17th Century Badshahi Masjid built during
Mughal rule
civil disobedience.[30]
century provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to
exercise control over large areas until the British East India
Company[29] gained ascendancy over South Asia. The Indian
Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's
last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the
foundations for the generally unarmed freedom struggle led by the
Indian National Congress in the twentieth century. In the 1920s and
1930, a movement led by the Hindu politician Mahatma Gandhi, and
displaying commitment to long enshrined Jain tenet of ahimsa , or
non-violence, engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of

The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of
Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in
northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India."[31] Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the
Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the
Pakistan Resolution. In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India. In June 1947, the
nationalist leaders of British India — including Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah
representing the Muslim League and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs — agreed to the proposed terms of
transfer of power and independence.

The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in the Islamic Calendar), carved
out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the
provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sindh. The controversial,
and ill-timed, division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan —
millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over
several princely states including Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India
following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948.
Pakistan 5

From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion in the Commonwealth of

Governor General Jinnah delivering
the opening address on 11 August
1947 to the new state of Pakistan.
Nations. It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled
by a coup d’état by General Ayub Khan, who was president during
1958–69, a period of internal instability and a second war with India in
1965. His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with a
devastating cyclone — which caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan
— and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political
dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military
repression that escalated into a civil war.[32] After nine months of
guerrilla warfare between Pakistan Army and the Bengali Mukti Bahini
militia backed by India, later Indian intervention escalated into the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East
Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.[33]

Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by
General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president.
Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious
influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of
President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of
Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz
Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened.
Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as
part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi
Arabia.[34]

Military tensions in the Kargil conflict[35] with India were followed by

The two wings of Pakistan in 1970; East Pakistan
a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999[36] in which General Pervez
separated from the West wing in 1971 as an
independent Bangladesh.
Musharraf assumed vast executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became
President after the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the
2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to newly-elected Prime Minister Zafarullah
Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz. On 15 November 2007 the
National Assembly completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto
and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. However, the assassination of Benazir Bhutto during the
election campaign in December led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples
Party (PPP) won the largest number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza
Gillani was sworn in as Prime Minister.[37] On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharaff resigned from the presidency
when faced with impeachment.[38] Presently, (as the year 2009 nears its end), more than 3 million Pakistani civilians
have been displaced by the on going conflict in North-West Pakistan between the government and Taliban
militants.[39]
Pakistan 6

Government and politics

[40]
National Symbols of Pakistan

Flag Flag of Pakistan

Emblem Faith, Unity,

Discipline

Anthem Qaumi Tarana

Animal Markhor

Bird Chukar

Flower Jasmine

Tree Cedrus deodara

Juice Sugarcane juice

Sport Field hockey

Dress Shalwar Kameez

The first Constitution of Pakistan was adopted in 1956, but was suspended in 1958 by General Ayub Khan. The
Constitution of 1973 — suspended in 1977, by Zia-ul-Haq, but re-instated in 1985 — is the country's most important
document, laying the foundations of the current government.[23] Pakistan is a semi-presidential federal democratic
republic with Islam as the state religion.[41]
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The President is
the Head of State and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and is elected by an electoral college. The prime
minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly. Each province has a similar system of
government with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or alliance becomes
Chief Minister. Provincial Governors are appointed by the President.[41]
The Pakistani military has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's history, with
military presidents ruling from 1958–71, 1977–88 and from 1999–2008.[42] The leftist Pakistan Peoples Party, led
by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, won support after the loss of East Pakistan but was overthrown amidst riots in 1977.[43]
Under the military rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, during the 1980s, the anti-feudal, pro-Muhajir Muttahida Qaumi
Movement (MQM) was started by unorthodox and educated urban dwellers of Sindh and particularly Karachi. A
politically nationalist insurgency in Balochistan was also bloodlessly quelled by military governor Rahimuddin.[44]
The 1990s were characterized by coalition politics dominated by the Pakistan Peoples Party and a rejuvenated
Muslim League.[41]
Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations (UN) and the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the latter of which
Pakistan has used as a forum for Enlightened Moderation, a plan to
promote a renaissance and enlightenment in the Muslim world.[41]
Pakistan is also a member of the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic Cooperation Organisation
(ECO).[41] In the past, Pakistan has had mixed relations with the
United States; in the early 1950s, Pakistan was the United States' "most
allied ally in Asia"[45] and a member of both the Central Treaty Prime Minister's Secretariat, Islamabad

Organisation (CENTO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation

(SEATO).
Pakistan 7

During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s Pakistan was a major U.S. ally. But relations soured in the 1990s, when
sanctions were imposed by the U.S. over Pakistan's refusal to abandon its nuclear activities.[46] However, the
American War on Terrorism, as an aftermath of 11 September 2001 attacks in U.S.A., led to an improvement in
U.S.–Pakistan ties, especially after Pakistan ended its support of the Taliban regime in Kabul. Its positive side was
evidenced by a major increase in American military aid, providing Pakistan $4 billion more in three years after the
9/11 attacks than before.[47] On the other hand, Pakistan is presently burdened with nearly 3 million displaced
civilions due to the on going Afghan war. Since 2004, Pakistan has been referred to as part of the Greater Middle
East by the U.S.[48]
On 18 February 2008, Pakistan held its general elections after Benazir Bhutto's assassination postponed the original
date of 8 January 2008.[49] The Pakistan Peoples Party won the majority of the votes and formed an alliance with the
Pakistan Muslim League (N). They nominated and elected Yousaf Raza Gilani as Prime Minister of Pakistan.[50] On
18 August 2008, Pervez Musharraf resigned as President of Pakistan amidst increasing calls for his impeachment.[51]
In the presidential election that followed, Asif Ali Zardari of Pakistan People's Party won by a landslide majority and
became President of Pakistan.[52]

Subdivisions
Pakistan is a federation of four provinces, a capital territory and federally administered tribal areas. The government
of Pakistan exercises de facto jurisdiction over the western parts of the disputed Kashmir region,[9] organized as two
separate political entities (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas)

Provinces and territories of Pakistan

Provinces: Territories:
1. Balochistan 1. Islamabad Capital Territory (IST)
2. North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) 2. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
3. Punjab [9]
3. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (or simply Azad Kashmir)
4. Sindh (AJK)
4. Gilgit-Baltistan

• Balochistan and NWFP also have Provincially Administered Tribal Areas.[53] (PATA)
The third tier of government was composed of 26 divisions with two further tiers (districts and tehsils) administered
directly from the provincial level. The divisions were abolished in 2001[54] and a new three-tiered system of local
government came into effect comprising districts, tehsils and union councils with an elected body at each tier. There
are currently 107 districts in Pakistan proper, each with several tehsils and union councils. The tribal areas comprise
seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts whilst Azad Kashmir
comprises seven districts and Northern Areas comprises six districts.[55]
Pakistan 8

Demographics
The estimated population of Pakistan in 2009 was over 180,800,000[1]
[56]
making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind Brazil
and ahead of Russia. By the year 2020, the country's population is
expected to reach 208 million, owing to a relatively high growth
rate.[57] About 20 % of the population live below the international
poverty line of US$1.25 a day.[58] Population projections for Pakistan
are relatively difficult because of the differences in the accuracy of
each census and the inconsistencies between various surveys related to
the fertility rate, but it is likely that the rate of growth peaked in the
1980s and has since declined significantly.[59]

The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus

River. By population size, Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan.[60] In Population density in Pakistan

the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by
the cities of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sargodha and
Sheikhupura. In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has, however, been
moderated by declining fertility and birth rates. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the
emergence of megacities. During 1990–2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanized nation in
South Asia, with city dwellers making up 36% of its population.[61]

Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world as
well as a young population. Approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan.[62] Nearly half of this
population actually was born and grew up in Pakistan during the last 30 years, so they have never seen
Afghanistan.[63] [64] They are not counted in the national census, even the ones born in Pakistan, because they are
still considered citizens of Afghanistan. About 8 million Muhajirs—then roughly one-fourth of the country’s
population—arrived from India after the independence in 1947.[65] The Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up nearly half
of the Karachi’s 17 million residents,[66] with Punjabis and Pashtuns also having sizable communities in the city.[67]

[68]
Cities by population (2009 estimate)

Rank City Location Population Rank City Location Population

1 Karachi Sindh 12,827,927 11 Sargodha Punjab 586,922

2 Lahore Punjab 6,936,563 12 Bahawalpur Punjab 530,438

Karachi, Sindh
3 Faisalabad Punjab 2,793,721 13 Sialkot Punjab 502,721

4 Rawalpindi Punjab 1,933,933 14 Sukkur Sindh 476,776

5 Multan Punjab 1,566,932 15 Larkana Sindh 435,817 Lahore,

Punjab
6 Hyderabad Sindh 1 536 398 16 Sheikhupura Punjab 411,834

7 Gujranwala Punjab 1,526,168 17 Jhang Punjab 365,198

8 Peshawar NWFP 1,390,874 18 Mardan NWFP 340,898

9 Quetta Balochistan 859,973 19 Rahim Yar Punjab 340,810

Khan

10 Islamabad Capital 673,766 20 Gujrat Punjab 328,512

Territory
Pakistan 9

Languages

Numbers of speakers of larger languages

Rank Language 2008 estimate: Speakers 1998 census: Speakers Percentage Native Speakers

1 Punjabi 76,367,360 58,433,431 (44.15%) Punjab

2 Pashto 26,692,890 20,408,621 (15.42%) NWFP

3 Sindhi 24,410,910 18,661,571 (14.1%) Sindh

4 Seraiki 18,019,610 13,936,594 (10.53%) South Punjab

5 Urdu 13,120,540 10,019,576 (7.57%) Karachi

6 Balochi 6,204,840 4,724,871 (3.57%) Balochistan

7 Others 8,083,850 6,167,515 (4.66%) Pakistan

8 Total 172,900,000 132,352,279 (100%) Pakistan

Pakistan is a multilingual country with more than sixty languages being spoken.[69] English is the official language
of Pakistan and used in official business, government, and legal contracts,[23] while Urdu is the national language.
Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. Pashto is the provincial
language of NWFP. Sindhi is the provincial language of Sindh and
Balochi is the provincial language of Balochistan.
Other languages include Aer, Badeshi, Bagri, Balti, Bateri, Bhaya,
Brahui, Burushaski, Chilisso, Dameli, Dehwari, Dhatki, Domaaki,
Farsi (Dari), Gawar-Bati, Ghera, Goaria, Gowro, Gujarati, Gujari,
Gurgula, Hazaragi, Hindko (two varieties), Jadgali, Jandavra, Kabutra,
Kachchi (Kutchi), Kalami, Kalasha, Kalkoti, Kamviri, Kashmiri, Kati,
Khetrani, Khowar, Indus Kohistani, Koli (three varieties), Lasi, Loarki,
Marwari, Memoni, Od, Ormuri, Pahari-Potwari, Pakistan Sign
Language, Palula (Phalura), Sansi, Savi, Shina (two varieties), Torwali,
Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan
Ushojo, Vaghri, Wakhi, Waneci, and Yidgha.[70] Some of these are
endangered languages with a relatively small number of speakers and
others have hundreds of thousands of speakers.

Most of the languages belong to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. The exceptions are
Burushaski, which is a language isolate; Balti, which is Sino-TIbetan; and Brahui, which is Dravidian.

Religions
Pakistan is the second-most populous Muslim-majority country[12] [13] and also has the second-largest Shi'a
population in the world.[14] About 95% of the Pakistanis are Muslim, of which nearly 75% are Sunni and 20% are
Shi'a.[23] Although the two groups of Muslims usually coexist peacefully, sectarian violence occurs sporadically.[71]
The religious breakdown of the country is as follows:[23]
• Islam 173,000,000 (96%) (nearly 70% are Sunni Muslims and 20% are Shi'a Muslims).
• Hinduism 3,200,000 (1.85%)
• Christianity 2,800,000 (1.6%)
• Sikhs Around 20,000 (0.001%)
• The remaining are Parsis, Ahmadi Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, Bahá'ís, and Animists (mainly the Kalasha of
Chitral).[72]
Pakistan 10

Religion in Pakistan

Religion Percent

Islam 96%
Hinduism 1.85%

Sikhism 0.001%

Christianity 1.6%

Other 0.549%

Health
Life expectancy at birth was 63 for females and 62 for males in 2006.[73] Healthy life expectancy at birth was at 54
for males and 52 for females in 2003.[73] Expenditure on health was at 2% of the GDP in 2006.[73] The mortality
below 5 was at 97 per 1,000 live births in 2006.[73]

Military
The armed forces of Pakistan are an all-volunteer force and are the
sixth-largest in the world. The three main services are the Army, Navy
and the Air Force, supported by a number of paramilitary forces which
carry out internal security roles and border patrols. The National
Command Authority is responsible for exercising employment and
development control of all strategic nuclear forces and organizations.

The Pakistan military first saw combat in the First Kashmir War,
gaining control of what is now Azad Kashmir. In 1961, the army
repelled a major Afghan incursion on Pakistan's western border.[74] Pakistan Air Force F-16 fighter aircraft

Pakistan and India would be at war again in 1965 and in 1971. In 1973,
the military quelled a Baloch nationalist uprising. During the
Soviet-Afghan war, Pakistan shot down several intruding pro-Soviet
Afghan aircraft and provided covert support to the Afghan mujahideen
through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency. In 1999, Pakistan was
involved in the Kargil conflict with India. Currently, the military is
engaged in an armed conflict with extremist Islamic militants in the
north-west of the country.

The Pakistani armed forces contributed to United Nations Pakistan's nuclear capable Babur cruise missile

peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,000 personnel deployed in

2007,[75] and are presently the largest contributor. In the past, Pakistani personnel have volunteered to serve
alongside Arab forces in conflicts with Israel. Pakistan provided a military contingent to the U.N.-backed coalition in
the first Gulf War.[76]
Pakistan's military employs armaments that include atomic weapons, mobile vehicle ballistic missile systems, laser
communication systems, armored cars and tanks, and multi-role fighter/bomber jets.
Pakistan 11

Geography and climate

Pakistan covers 340403 square miles (881640 km2),[77] approximately
equalling the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom.
Its eastern regions are located on the Indian tectonic plate and the
western and northern regions on the Iranian plateau and Eurasian
landplate. Apart from the 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) Arabian Sea
coastline, Pakistan's land borders total
6,774 kilometres—2,430 kilometres (1,509 mi) with Afghanistan to the
northwest, 523 kilometres (325 mi) with China to the northeast,
K2 at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) is the second
2,912 kilometres (1,809 mi) with India to the east and 909 kilometres highest peak in the world
(565 mi) with Iran to the southwest.[23]

The northern and western highlands of Pakistan contain the towering

Karakoram and Pamir mountain ranges, which incorporate some of the
world's highest peaks, including K2 (28,250 ft; 8,611 m) and Nanga
Parbat (26,660 ft; 8,126 m). The Balochistan Plateau lies to the west,
and the Thar Desert and an expanse of alluvial plains, the Punjab and
Sind, lie to the east. The 1,000-mile-long (1,609-km) Indus River and
its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the
Arabian Sea.[78]

Mango Orchard in Multan, Punjab Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through
February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer
rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of
October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.[79] Rainfall
can vary radically from year to year, and successive patterns of flooding and drought are also not uncommon.[80]

Flora and fauna

The national animal of Pakistan is the Markhor and the national bird is
the Chukar, also known as Chakhoor in Urdu.[81] The wide variety of
landscapes and climates in Pakistan allows for a wide variety of wild
animals and birds. The forests range from coniferous alpine and
subalpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the northern
mountains to deciduous trees such as the mulberry-type Shisham in the
Sulaiman range in the south. The western hills have juniper and
tamarisk as well as coarse grasses and scrub plants. Along the southern
coast are mangrove forests which form much of the coastal
wetlands.[82]

In the south, there are crocodiles in the murky waters at the mouth of
the Indus River whilst on the banks of the river, there are boars, deer,
porcupines, and small rodents. In the sandy scrublands of central
Pakistan are found jackals, hyenas, wild cats, panthers, and leopards
while the clear blue skies abound with hawks, falcons, and eagles. In
Markhor, Pakistan's national animal
the southwestern deserts are rare Asiatic cheetahs. In the northern
Pakistan 12

mountains are a variety of endangered animals including Marco Polo sheep, Urial sheep, Markhor and Ibex goats,
black and brown Himalayan bears, and the rare Snow Leopard. During August 2006, Pakistan donated an orphaned
snow leopard cub called Leo to USA.[83] Another rare species is the blind Indus River Dolphin of which there are
believed to be about 1,100 remaining, protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh.[84] In recent years the
number of wild animals being killed for fur and leather trading led to a new law banning the hunting of wild animals
and birds and the establishment of several wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves. The number of hunters have
greatly dwindled since then.[85]

Economy
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized
economy.[86] [87] [88] The growth poles of
the Pakistani economy are situated along the
Indus River,[88] [89] diversified economies of
Karachi and Punjab's urban centers, coexist
with lesser developed areas in other parts of
the country.[88] Despite being a very poor
country in 1947, Pakistan's economic
growth rate has been better than the global A View of I. I. Chundrigar Road road, which is
average during the subsequent four decades, the financial hub of pakistan

but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in

the late 1990s.[90] Recently, wide-ranging
economic reforms have resulted in a
stronger economic outlook and accelerated
growth especially in the manufacturing and
financial services sectors.[90] Since the
1990s, there has been great improvement in
the foreign exchange position and rapid
growth in hard currency reserves.[90]

The 2005 estimate of foreign debt was close

to US$40 billion. However, this has
decreased in recent years with assistance
GDP by Province
from the International Monetary Fund and
significant debt-relief from the United
States. Pakistan's gross domestic product, as measured by purchasing power parity, is estimated to be
US$475.4 billion[91] while its per capita income stands at $2,942.[91] The poverty rate in Pakistan is estimated to be
between 23%[92] and 28%.[93]

GDP growth was steady during the mid 2000s at a rate of 7%;[94] [95] however, slowed down during the Economic
crisis of 2008 to 4.7%.[23] A large inflation rate of 24.4% and a low savings rate, and other economic factors,
continue to make it difficult to sustain a high growth rate.[96] [97] [98] Pakistan's GDP is US$167 billions, which
makes it the 48th-largest economy in the world or 27th largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. Today,
Pakistan is regarded as to having the second largest economy in South Asia.[99]
The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural base to a strong service base.
Agriculture now only accounts for roughly 20% of the GDP, while the service sector accounts for 53% of the
GDP.[100] Significant foreign investments have been made in several areas including telecommunications, real estate
and energy.[101] [102] Other important industries include apparel and textiles (accounting for nearly 60% of exports),
Pakistan 13

food processing, chemicals manufacture, and the iron and steel industries.[103] Pakistan's exports in 2008 amounted
to $20.62 billion (USD).[23] Pakistan is a rapidly developing country.[104] [105] [106]
However, the Economic crisis of 2008 led Pakistan to seek more than $100 billion in aid in order to avoid possible
bankruptcy.[107] [108] This was never given to Pakistan and therefore it had to depend on a more aggressive fiscal
policy, backed by the IMF. A year later Asian Development Bank Reports Pakistan economic crisis easing in
2009.[109] Furthermore it is projected that in 2010 Pakistan economy would grow at least 4 percent and could grow
more with strong international economic recovery.[110]

Education
Education in Pakistan is divided into
five levels: primary (grades one
through five); middle (grades six
through eight); high (grades nine and
ten, leading to the Secondary School
Certificate); intermediate (grades
eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher
Secondary School Certificate); and
university programmes leading to
graduate and advanced degrees.[113]

Pakistan also has a parallel secondary

school education system in private Literacy Rate – Pakistan, Sources:
[111] [112]
schools, which is based upon the
curriculum set and administered by the
Cambridge International Examinations,
in place of government exams. Some
students choose to take the O level and
A level[114] exams through the British
Council.

There are currently 730 technical &

vocational institutions in Pakistan.[115]
The minimum qualifications to enter
Aitchison College, Lahore
male vocational institutions, is the
completion of grade 8. The
programmes are generally two to three years in length. The minimum qualifications to enter female vocational
institutions, is the completion of grade 5.[116] All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the
provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some
financing of research.

English medium education is to be extended, on a phased basis, to all schools across the country.[117] Through
various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels
amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10.[118]
Pakistan also has madrassahs that provide free education and also offer free boarding and lodging to students who
come mainly from the poorer strata of society.[119] After criticism over terrorists using them for recruiting purposes,
efforts have been made to regulate them.[120]
Pakistan 14

Society and culture

View of Food Street in Lahore

Cloth market in Karachi A sitar workshop in Islamabad

Pakistani society is largely hierarchical, with high regard for traditional Islamic values, although urban families have
grown into a nuclear family system because of the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional joint family
system.[121] Recent decades have seen the emergence of a middle class in cities like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi,
Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Peshawar that wish to move in a more centrist direction, as opposed to the
northwestern regions bordering Afghanistan that remain highly conservative and dominated by centuries-old
regional tribal customs. Increasing globalization has resulted in ranking 46th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization
Index.[122]
The variety of Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and
Ghazal Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western music, such as the synchronisation of Qawwali and
western music by the world renowned Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. In addition Pakistan is home to many famous folk
singers such as the late Alam Lohar, who is also well known in Indian Punjab. However, majority of Pakistanis listen
to Indian music produced by Bollywood and other Indian film industries. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the
western provinces has rekindled Pashto and Persian music and established Peshawar as a hub for Afghan musicians
and a distribution centre for Afghan music abroad.[123]
State-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation were the dominant
media outlets, but there are now numerous private television channels. Various American, European, and Asian
television channels and films are available to the majority of the Pakistani population via private Television
Networks, cable, and satellite television. There are also small indigenous film industries based in Lahore and
Peshawar (often referred to as Lollywood). And while Bollywood films have been banned from being played in
public cinemas since 1965 they have remained popular in popular culture.[124]
The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be designated to four distinct periods—pre-Islamic,
Islamic, colonial and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd
millennium[125] B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural
facilities, some of which survive to this day.[126] Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era
settlements. The rise of Buddhism and the Persian and Greek influence led to the development of the
Greco-Buddhist style, starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached with the culmination
of the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in
the northwest province.
The arrival of Islam in today's Pakistan meant a sudden end of Buddhist architecture.[127] However, a smooth
transition to predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture occurred. The most important of the few completely
discovered buildings of Persian style is the tomb of the Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era design
elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani art.
Pakistan 15

Lahore, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among
them the Badshahi mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, still strongly
Persian seeming Wazir Khan Mosque as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums.
Also the Shahjahan Mosque of Thatta in Sindh originates from the
epoch of the Mughals. In the British colonial period, predominantly
functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style
developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components.
Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures like
the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan and the Mazar-e-Quaid.

Muhammad Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan

The literature of Pakistan covers the literatures of languages spread

throughout the country, namely Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi
as well as English[128] in recent times and in the past often Persian as
well. Prior to the 19th century, the literature mainly consisted of lyric
poetry and religious, mystical and popular materials. During the
colonial age the native literary figures, under the influence of the
western literature of realism, took up increasingly different topics and
telling forms. Today, short stories enjoy a special popularity.[129]
A Kalash man dances during the Uchau Festival.
The national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, suggested the
creation of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. However,
Iqbal had also wrote the Tarana-e-Hind which stated the belief of a strong united India. His book The Reconstruction
of Religious Thought in Islam is a major work of modern Islamic philosophy. The most well-known representative
of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sufi poetry Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah and
Khawaja Farid are also very popular in Pakistan.[130] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi
prose.[131]
Pakistan 16

Tourism

The National Monument in Islamabad. The Lahore Fort, rebuilt by the Mughal emperor Toli Pir Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, a hill-station
Akbar in 1566. in the lower Himalayan valley.

Despite having an image problem, hyped particularly in the West, and once alleged as one of the most dangerous
countries in the world by the British magazine "The Economist",[132] tourism is still a growing industry in Pakistan
because of its diverse cultures, peoples and landscapes.[133] The variety of attractions ranges from the ruins of
ancient civilizations such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill-stations, that attract those
interested in field and winter sports. Pakistan also has several mountain peaks of height over 7000 metres (22970 ft),
that attract adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially to K2.[134] Starting in April to
September, domestic and international tourists visit these areas helping tourism become a source of income for the
local people. Majority of the tourists are from other Asian countries.
In Balochistan there are many caves for cavers and tourists to visit especially the Juniper Shaft Cave, the Murghagull
Gharra cave, Mughall saa cave, and naturally decorated cave. Pakistan is a member country of the Union
International de Spéléologie (UIS).[135]
The northern parts of Pakistan are home to several historical fortresses, towers and other architecture including the
Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community.[136] Punjab
is also the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River. The historic city of Lahore is considered Pakistan's cultural
centre and has many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of
Jahangir and the Lahore Fort.[137] The Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) also helps promote
tourism in the country.[138] However, tourism is still limited because of the lack of proper infrastructure and the
worsening security situation in the country. The recent militancy in Pakistan's scenic sites, including Swat and
NWFP, has dealt a massive blow to the tourism industry.[139] Much of the trouble is also blamed on the frail travel
network, tourism regulatory framework, low prioritization of the tourism industry by the government, low
effectiveness of marketing and a constricted tourism perception.[140] Furthermore Pakistan had received over
500,000 tourist before global economic recession.[141]
Pakistan 17

Sports
The official and national sport of Pakistan is field hockey, although
cricket is more popular. The national cricket team has won the Cricket
World Cup once (in 1992), were runners-up once (in 1999), and
co-hosted the games twice (in 1987 and 1996). Pakistan were
runners-up in the inaugural 2007 ICC World Twenty20 held in South
Africa and are the champions of 2009 ICC World Twenty20 held in
England. Squash is another sport that Pakistanis have excelled in, with
successful world-class squash players such as Jahangir Khan and
Jansher Khan winning the World Open several times during their Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan

careers.

At an international level, Pakistan has competed many times at the

Summer Olympics in field hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and
shooting. Pakistan's medal tally remains at 10 medals (3 gold, 3 silver
and 4 bronze) while at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games it
stands at 61 medals and 182 medals respectively. Hockey is the sport
in which Pakistan has been most successful at the Olympics, with three
gold medals in (1960, 1968, and 1984). Pakistan has also won the Polo is regarded as a traditional sport and
Hockey World Cup a record four times (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994). The played widely in the northern areas
Motorsport Association of Pakistan is a member of the Fédération
Internationale de l'Automobile.[142] in Caving adventure sports Pakistan is member country to UIS (Union of
International Speleology)[135] The Freedom Rally is a yearly off-road race which takes place during the
Independence celebrations. Pakistan also qualified for the Golf World Cup for the first time in 2009.[143]

See also
• Outline of Pakistan
• Index of Pakistan-related articles
• Board of Investment
• List of Pakistanis
• Kirani

Further reading
• Cohen, Stephen P. The Idea of Pakistan. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
• Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan.
Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
• Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. February 1998. ISBN
0-85345-734-4.
• Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and
Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7.
• Hilton, Isabel. Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code. The New Yorker. 3 December 2001.ISABEL HILTON
(2001-12-03). "THE PASHTUN CODE [144]". Archived from the original [145] on 2007-02-02.
• Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN
0-88729-736-6.
• Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001.
ISBN 0-19-579333-1.
Pakistan 18

• Malik, Iftikhar H. Religious Minorities in Pakistan [146]. Minority Rights Group International. September 2002.
ISBN 1-897693-69-9
• Malik, Iftikhar H. Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press. December 2005. ISBN 031333126X.
• Najim, Adil. Pakistan and Democracy. The News International Pakistan. 6 May 2004."Pakistan and Democracy
[147]
". Retrieved 2008-08-14.
• Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study
Centre. January 1984. OCLC 12177250 [148]
• Rahman, Tariq.1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several
times, latest repr. 2006.
• Rahman, Tariq .2002. Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and
North India Karachi: OUP.
• Rahman, Tariq .2004. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan
Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr.
• Sharif, Shuja. Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy. Contemporary Review. 31 March 2005.
129–134.
• Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0.
• Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and its Aftermath. Popular
Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 81-7154-892-X.
• Statehood in South Asia [149].
• Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004) [150].

External links
• Government of Pakistan [151]
• Pakistan Board of Investment [152]
• The President of Pakistan [153]
• The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting [154]
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members [155]
• Pakistan [156] entry at The World Factbook
• Pakistan [157] at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Pakistan [158] at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan
• Pakistan travel guide from Wikitravel
• Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies [159]

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Article Sources and Contributors 24

Article Sources and Contributors

Pakistan  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=335499232  Contributors: (, (aeropagitica), *drew, -- April, ..., .mau., 007ketan, 100110100, 130.64.31.xxx, 1337kat, 2close2u,
334a, 409rules, 49oxen, 52xmax, 5603965, 61.9.128.xxx, 9omi, A Fantasy, A1 salah, AFRAZULQURAISH, AKMask, ALM scientist, ARCoolguy, Aakhawaja, Aalahazrat, Aamerabbas,
Aarandir, Aarsalankhalid, Aasadmeo, Ab041937, AbbasJin, Abbashameed, Abc123$, Abdulhaseeb86, Abdulla farrukh, Abu ali, Academic Challenger, Achangeisasgoodasa, Acid2base, Acitrano,
Acs4b, Acsenray, Adamknufc, Adashiel, Adeelpscuok, Adi676, Adil zia, Aditya Kabir, Advil, Aecis, Aeon1006, Aesopos, Afaqsheikh, Afaruqui, Afelton, Afghan Historian, Afghana,
Afinebalance, Afroz, Afsar khalil, Agentbla, Agnte, Ahmad R Shahid, Ahmadsyed 05, Ahmed.pervez, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, Ahsaninam, Ahsaniqbal 93, Ahsenejaz, Ailliro, Airwalk451,
Aivazovsky, Ajitvin, Ajobin, Akamad, Akanemoto, Al-Andalus, Alai, Alakazou1978, Alam82, Alastairward, AlbertR, Alecperkins, Aleezain, AlefZet, Alex S, Alex Weeks, Alex"da Bender"
Murphy, Alex2706, Alexso, Ali-Rana-77, Ali944rana, Aliazimi, Alienx, Alim online, Alirox, Alpineswift, Altenmann, Ambarish, Amberrock, Ambi92, Ambuj.Saxena, AmeriDesi,
Amershahzad@hotmail.com, Amin10, Amirwasim, Amitsekhri, Amplitude101, Anakin101, AnalyticHistorian, Anand jha2007, Anand7484, Ancheta Wis, Andre Engels, Android79, Andy
Marchbanks, Andy4226uk, Andychen86, Andypandy.UK, Anetode, Angela, Angelbo, Angr, Angusmclellan, Ani dutta1991, Anilkumarsaxena, Ankitmalik, Annilkhan, Anonymous editor,
Another Believer, Ansell, Anshuk, Antalope, Antandrus, Anthony, Anthony Appleyard, AntiVMan, Antonrojo, Anupam, Anwar saadat, Aphaia, Applepie, Aqeelahmad1, Arab League, Ardeshire
Babakan, AreJay, Ariana310, Ariannarama, Arjun01, Arrow740, Arslan4life, Art LaPella, Artaxiad, Arthena, Arthur Rubin, Artw, Arun, Arunreginald, Arvindn, AshishG, Ashraydos, Asifkhalil,
Asimm2, Asksriram, Aslam Kassi, Aspenocean, Astrotrain, Ata Fida Aziz, Atelerix, Atin Bhattacharya, Atitarev, Atomicdor, Ats edu, Atulsnischal, AuburnPilot, Aucaman, Aude, Auric, Aursani,
Auswiger, Avala, Avataran, Avillia, Awais141, AxG, Axlq, AzaToth, Azamishaque, AzanGun, Azhar aslam, BD2412, BLADE, BW, Babakexorramdin, Babil79, Badagnani, Bambuway,
Banksy1988, Barbara Shack, Barticus88, Basawala, Bawwa, Bayerischermann, Bbatsell, Beagel, Beeswaxcandle, Beetstra, Beh-nam, Beland, Belinrahs, Ben Arnold, Ben-Zin, Bender235, Bengl,
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Blackknight12, Blacksun, Blaylockjam10, Bluefox12, Bmicomp, Bnationalp, BobTheTomato, Bobaa904, Bobadot, Bobbinastic, Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bogey97, Bolivian
Unicyclist, Bongoed, Bongwarrior, Bookluvr107, Bornintheguz, Boscoecrews, BozMo, Brainlara73, Branddobbe, Brettz9, Briaboru, Brian0918, Brianga, Brighterorange, Brion VIBBER,
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CambridgeBayWeather, Camembert, Camenzind, Camie123, Camronwest, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian, Canadian-Bacon, Canadianism, Caniago, CanisRufus, Cantus, Carebear and
Michigan, CaribDigita, Carnildo, Carnun, Catgut, Cdcdoc, Cdhamelia, Cedrus-Libani, Ceoil, Ceyockey, Cgingold, ChJameel, Chandin76, Chanting Fox, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the
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get@yahoo.com, Commander Keane, CommonsDelinker, Computerjoe, Congram, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Coolbd, Copana2002, Cornflake Man, Corvus13, Crazy Fox, Crazynas,
Credema, Crima, Cripipper, Crissidancer88, Criticforaday, Crtrue, Crum375, Cryptic, CuriousOliver, Curps, Cutejoe, Cutest, Cyberevil, Cyberwizmj, Cyberxperts, Cyktsui, CylonCAG,
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Dchall1, Dcoetzee, Deavenger, Debresser, Deepak, Deeptrivia, Delldot, Delpino, Delta Spartan, Den fjättrade ankan, DenisLG, Denniss, DerHexer, Derekbd, Dervesh99, DesiTwist, Deskana,
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Article Sources and Contributors 25

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abaezriv, AnonMoos, Badseed, Dbenbenn,
Gabbe, Himasaram, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Neq00, Pumbaa80, Rfc1394, Srtxg, ThomasPusch, Túrelio, Zscout370, 7 anonymous edits
File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:
Avala, Ed veg, Editor at Large, Kaboom88, Lokal Profil, Massimop, Rugby471, Shandris, Slashme, 6 anonymous edits
File:Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pakistan_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License
 Contributors: User:Atin Bhattacharya, User:Turkish Flame
File:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous edits
File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkönig.jpeg  License: Creative Commons world66  Contributors:
Gryffindor, Jungpionier, Mmcannis
File:MenandrosCoin.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MenandrosCoin.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alexandrin, Jastrow, PHGCOM
File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_(1).jpg  License:
Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Original uploader was Pale blue dot at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Swerveut at en.wikipedia.
File:GGJinnah.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GGJinnah.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rama's Arrow
File:PAK1971.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAK1971.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Fast track, J.delanoy, Kam Solusar, LX, 12 anonymous edits
File:House of the Prime Minister of Pakistan in Islamabad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:House_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan_in_Islamabad.jpg  License:
Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Shubert Ciencia from Nueva Ecija, Philippines
Image:Sub Pakistan.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sub_Pakistan.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Dbenbenn, EugeneZelenko,
Mschel, Nataraja, 2 anonymous edits
File:Pakistan population density.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pakistan_population_density.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
User:Nomi887
File:Kchi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kchi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Sa122
File:Mainboulevard1cg lahore.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mainboulevard1cg_lahore.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Pakistanmera
File:Pakistan ethnic 1973.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pakistan_ethnic_1973.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arunreginald, David Kernow, LX, Naz,
2 anonymous edits
File:PAF F-16A Lahore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAF_F-16A_Lahore.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Waqas
Usman
File:BaburCruise1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BaburCruise1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:Raza0007
File:K2 8611.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:K2_8611.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:kogo
File:MangoTree.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MangoTree.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zeeshan.javeed
File:Schraubenziege - Markhor.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schraubenziege_-_Markhor.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:
FlickreviewR, Jungpionier
File:IICROAD.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IICROAD.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Myself
File:GDP by Province.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GDP_by_Province.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: A Fantasy
Image:Literacy Rate Pak (1951 - 2008).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Literacy_Rate_Pak_(1951_-_2008).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: A Fantasy,
Meaghan, 2 anonymous edits
File:aitchisoncollegelahore.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aitchisoncollegelahore.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Mianhammad59
File:Karachi - Pakistan-market.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:
Berrucomons, Durova, Epiktet, FlickrLickr, Fred J, Jnn, Jon Harald Søby, Mangostar, Mattes, MichaelMaggs, Neon, Ranveig, Rogerine, Shizhao, Str4nd, WikipediaMaster, 1 anonymous edits
File:0407 207.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:0407_207.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Uchohan at en.wikipedia
Image:Food street lahore by kamran.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Food_street_lahore_by_kamran.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
 Contributors: Kamran Ali
File:Iqbal.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iqbal.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: GeorgHH, Maksim, Martin H., Rootology, Siebrand, 2 anonymous edits
File:A kalash man dancing in uchaw festival.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_kalash_man_dancing_in_uchaw_festival.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Daritto7117
File:Rizwan monument.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rizwan_monument.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: User:Dgrepaec
File:Alamgiri Gate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alamgiri_Gate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Airknight at en.wikipedia
Image:Toli pir parking area.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Toli_pir_parking_area.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Shafqathussain
File:Pakvaus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pakvaus.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Pete Meade from Maidenhead, Berkshire
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

File:Polo pakistan.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Polo_pakistan.jpeg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 1.0  Contributors: Fast track, Sfan00
IMG, 2 anonymous edits

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