Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Algebra
a. Basic Axioms of Algebra
Let a, b and c be any real number.
1. Closure Axiom for Addition,
2. Closure Axiom for Multiplication,
b. Basic Law of Natural Numbers
Let a, b and c be any number.
1. Commutative Law for Addition,
2. Associative Law for Addition,
3. Commutative Law for Multiplication,
4. Associative Law for Multiplication,
5. Distributive Law,
a+b=c
ab = c
a+b=b+a
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
axb=bxa
a(bc) = (ab)c
a(b + c) = ab + ac
a+0=a
a + (-a) = 0
ax1=a
a(1/a) = 1 where a 0
a=a
If a = b then b = a
If a = b and b = c, then a = c
e. Inequality a statement that one quantity is greater than or less than the other quantity.
1. Symbols used in Inequality
i.
ii.
>
<
is greater than
is less than
iii.
equal to
iv.
is greater than or
is less than or equal to
2. Theorems on Inequality
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
viii.
ix.
xi.
xii.
f. Effects of Zero and Negative
xiii. Let a 0.
1. a x 0 = 0
0
2.
a =0
3.
a
0
= undefined
4.
=0
5. -1(a) = -a
6.
7. -1(-a) = a
8. -1(a + b) = -a b
9. -1(a b) = -a + b
10. a(-b) = (-a)(b) = -(ab)
11. (-a)(-b) = ab
an =an 1 x an 2 x a n3 x an
2.
am x an=am+ n
m
m
n
7.
a = am
8.
1
1
am
m
a = m =am
a
a0 =1 provided a 0
3.
a
=a mn
n
a
4.
( a m ) =a mn
9.
5.
( abc )m=am bm c m
10. If a =a
6.
, then m=n
provided a 0
a m am
= m
b
b
()
11.
h. Properties of Radicals
1.
1
n
a = a
m
n
2.
a = am=( n a )
3.
( n a ) =n an=a
4.
n a x n b=n ab
5.
n a = n a
n b b
provided b
i.
j. Properties of Logarithm
1.
2.
log a
M
=log a M log a N
N
3.
log a M =n log a M
4.
log a a=1
5.
6.
log a 1=0
7. If log a M =N , then
N
a =M
8. If log a M=log a N
9.
then M =N
17.
x=antilo g b a
x
18. a =antilo g a x
19.
log 10 1250=log 10 ( 1000 x 1.25 )
20.
log 10 1250=log 1000+ log 1.25
log M ln M
15. log N M = log N = ln N
16. If log b x=a ,
then
21.
log 10 1250=3+0.09691
22.
23. Where:
24.
3 , the integral part is
called the characteristic
25.
0.09691, the nonnegative decimal fraction part
is called mantissa
26.
27.
28.
k. Polynimials
1. Expanding Brackets by multiplying two brackets together, each term in one
bracket is multiplied by each term of the other bracket.
29. (a + b + c)(x + y) = ax + ay + bx + by + cx + cy
2. Factorization opposite process of expanding brackets.
30. 2x2 6x + 4 = 2(x 2)(x 1)
3. Special Products and Factoring
i.
(x + y)(x y) = x2 y2
ii.
(x + y)2 = x2 +2xy + y2
iii.
(x - y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
iv.
(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz
v.
x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 xy +y2)
vi.
x3 y3 = (x y)(x2 +xy + y2)
vii.
xn + yn = (x + y)(xn 1 xn 2y + xn 3y2 xn 4y3 + yn 1)
viii.
xn yn = (x y)(xn 1 + xn 2y + xn 3y2 + xn 4y3 + yn 1)
4. Division of Polynomials
i.
By Long Division
ii.
Synthetic Division
r =
iii.
n!
nr+1 r1
x
y
( nr +1 ) ! ( r 1 ) !
n
To get the middle term (for even value of n). Set r= 2 +1
iv.
x=
b b24 ac
2a
i. Sum of Roots,
x 1+ x 2=b /a
x 1 x 2=c /a
iii.
l. Partial Fractions Functions of x that can be expressed in the form of P(x)/Q(x), where
both P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials of x, is known as rational functions.
1. Improper Functions if the degree of P(x) is degree of Q(x).
2. Proper Functions - if the degree of P(x) is < degree of Q(x).
3. Methods of Resolving Proper Fractions into Partial Fraction
i. Case 1 Factors of the denominator all linear, none repeated.
2 x2 +3 x1
A
B
C
=
+
+
iv.
( x1 )( x +2 )( x3 ) x1 x +2 x3
v.
Proportion by Inversion
a c
b d
If = , then =
ii.
b d
a c
iii.
v.
Proportion by Alteration
a c
a b
iv. If b = d , then c = c
Proportion by Composition
vi.
a c
a+b c +d
If = , then
=
b d
b
d
ab .
vii.
Proportion by Division
viii.
a c
ab cd
If = , then
=
b d
b
d
ix.
Proportion by Composition
and Division
x.
a c
a+b c+ d
If = , then
=
b d
ab cd
xi.
n. Variation a mathematical function that relates the value of one variable to those of
other varianles.
1. Direct Variation
x yx=ky
2. Inverse Variation
x 1 / y x=k / y
3. Joint Variation
x y /z 2x =ky / z 2
xii.
o. Progressions
1. Arithmetic Progressions a sequence of numbers in which the difference of any two
adjacent terms is constant.
an =a1 + ( n1 ) d
nth term of A . P .
i.
or an =am + ( nm ) d
ii.
of n terms of A . P .
n
S= ( a1 +an )
2
or
S=
n
[ 2a 1+ ( n1 ) d ]
2
iii.
of n terms of G. P .
xiii.
a1 ( r n1 )
S=
when r >1
r 1
xiv.
a1 ( 1r n )
S=
when r <1
1r
of Infinite G . P .
S=
a1
1r
4. Number Problem
5. Clock Problem:
i. If the minute hand moves a distance of x, the hour hand moves x/12.
ii. If the second hand move a distance x, the minute hand moves x/60 and the hour
hand moves x/720.
iii. In 12 hours, the minute-hand and the hour-hand of the clock overlap each other
for 11 times.
iv. Each five-minute mark is subtends an angle of 30 from the center of the clock.
6. Mixture Problem
7. Motion Problem (Uniform Motion or Constant Speed)
xx. S = vt, S = Distance, v = Speed, t = time
xxi.
B. Probability and Statistics
a. Techniques of Counting
1. Tree Diagram - This technique is a visual form of counting technique.
2. Multiplication Principle - This counting technique is used when a situation becomes
somewhat complicated when we try to count the number of ways two or more events
can occur in succession or in order.
3. Permutation is an arrangement of the elements of a set in a definite in a definite
order.
xxii.
Rules on Permutation
i. Permutation of n Elements taken all at a Time
nPr=n ! (if n=r)
xxiii.
ii.
( r 1 ,r 2 , . r k
5. The complement of an event A with respect to S is the subset of all elements of S that
are not in A. the complement of A has the symbol A.
6. The Probability of the Occurrence of an Event
i. Single Event
n ( E)
P
(
E
)
=
xxx.
n (S )
ii.
Multiple Events
Dependent and Independent Events Two or more events are said to be
dependent if the happening of one affects the probability of the others. And
the independent if the happening of one does not affect the probability of the
other.
P ( E )=P ( E1 ) x P ( E2 ) x P( E n)
xxxi.
=
x
x
=
i
xxxvii.
N i
N
ii. Median - the midpoint of the data array.
iii. Mode - the value that occurs most often in a data set.
2. Measures of Variation for Ungrouped Data
i. Range: R = Highest observation Lowest Observation
ii. Mean Absolute Deviation
x
N
M AD=
xxxviii.
iii. Variance
xxxix.
S 2N 1=
( xx )2
N 1
iv. Standard Deviation: For fx991-ES Plus (Mode Stat: Shift 1 > 4 > 4)
s= S2N1
xl.
C. Advance Mathematics
a. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers/quantities arranged in rows and columns
usually enclosed by a pair of brackets. A matrix is also denoted by a single capital letter.
1. Classification of Matrices
i. Square Matrix a matrix in which the number of rows equals the number of
columns
ii. Zero or Null Matrix a matrix wherein all elements are zero.
iii. Identity matrix is a square matrix in which the diagonal elements are 1 (one)
and all the off-diagonal elements are zero.
iv. Row matrix is a matrix having only one row and n columns. It is also called a
row vector.
v. Column matrix is a matrix with m rows and only one column. It is also
called a column vector.
vi. Diagonal matrix is a square matrix wherein all off-diagonal elements are zero.
vii.Scalar matrix is a square matrix for which all elements on the main diagonal
are equal.
viii.
Symmetric matrix is a square matrix wherein the elements about its
main diagonal are symmetric (i.e. aij = aji).
ix. Lower triangular matrix is a square matrix whose elements above its principal
diagonal are zero.
x. Upper triangular matrix is a square matrix whose elements below its principal
diagonal are zero.
xi. Triangular Matrix has zeros in all positions above or below the diagonal.
2. Matrix Operations
i. Equality. Two matrices A and B are said to be equal (A = B) if and only if they
are of the same order, and each element of A is equal to the corresponding
element of B.
ii. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices. Two matrices A and B can be added (or
subtracted) if they are of the same order. Their sum or difference is obtained by
adding or subtracting their corresponding elements.
iii. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar. The product of a scalar K and a matrix A
is obtained by multiplying each element of the matrix A by the scalar K.
iv. Transpose of a Matrix. The transpose of matrix A, denoted by AT (or A) is
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A. The transpose of a
symmetric matrix is equal to the matrix itself, i.e. AT = A.
v.
1
1
If A is non-singular matrix, then ( AT ) =(A ) T .
ii.
th
row and
th
column.
xlv.
xlvi. The cofactor Aij of the element aij in any determinant of order n is that
i+ j
signed minor determined by A ij =(1 ) M ij
iii.
are real numbers and i(i= 1) , which is called the imaginary unit. If
imaginary part of
and
is called the
(z) respectively.
The symbol z , which can stand for any of a set of complex numbers, is
called a complex variable.
1. Operations of Complex Numbers
i. Addition/Subtraction of Complex Numbers. Add/Subtract real part to real part
2
and imaginary to imaginary part. And applying i =1 .
ii. Multiplication of Complex Numbers. Similar to multiplication of polynomials.
iii. Division of Complex Numbers. Multiply both numerator and denominator by the
conjugate of the denominator.
2. Conjugate of Complex Numbers. Simply change the sign of the imaginary part.
3. Theorems on Complex Numbers.
i. If x+ iy=0, then x=0 y=0 .
ii. If x 1+i y 1=x 2+i y 2 , then x 1=x 2 y 1= y 2 .
z=x +iy is
|z|= x 2+ y 2 .
denoted by |z|.
x-axis called the real axis and the vertical y-axis called the imaginary axis.
6. Polar or Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers.
xlviii.
Consider complex number z=x +iy .
x=rcos ; y=rsin
xlix.
z=r ( cos +i sin )z=rcisz=r
l. Substitute x and y;
li. General Polar Form:
z= ( +2 k )
+360 k
( )
cos ( +360 k ) +i sin degrees
z=r
lii.
i.
k =0, 1, 2, ; radians
z1 r1
z r
= [ cos ( 12 ) +i sin ( 12 ) ] 1 = 1 ( 1 2)
z2 r2
z2 r2
z=r e
2
i(+2 k )
, k=0, 1, 2, 3
i 1 +2)
z 1 z 2=r 1 r 2 e (
lx.
ii.
z 1 r 1 i( )
= e
z2 r2
1
lxii.
1
n
1
n
[ (
+2 k
+2 k
+i sin
z=z =[ r ( cos +isin ) ] =r cos
n
lxiv.
)]
Dot Product:
1
( z1 z 2 )= ( z1 z 2+z 1 z2 )
2
lxix.
lxx.
lxxi.
( z1 z 2 )=
1
( z z z z )
2i 1 2 1 2
i.
z1
ii.
z1
z 1 and
e z =e z ln a
iii.
sin z=
eiz eiz
2i
iv.
cos z=
e iz + eiz
2
z 2 is
z 1 and
|z 1 z2|/|z 2|
z 2 is
|z 1 x z 2|
v.
vi.
ii.
cos z=
iii.
iv.
ii.
iz z 21
( )
1
cos z=i ln
iii.
tan 1 z=
ii.
z z 21
( )
1
cosh z=ln
iii.
tanh 1 z=
i
1+ iz
ln
2
1iz
1
1+ z
ln
2
1z
( )
iv.
c. Infinite Series a series in which the number of terns is unlimited. It is denoted by the
symbol u1 +u2 +u3 + un + or expressed by notation
v.
u1 +u2 +u3 + un += u n
n 1
|u n+1|
<1, the series converges .
n |un|
If lim
If lim
|u n+1|
|u n+ 1|
>1if
increases withou bound
n |un|
|un|
vi.
|u n+1|
=1, the test fails .
n |un|
If lim
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
D. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry
a. Trigonometry: tri = three, gonia = angle and metron = measurement.
b. Kinds of Angels: Let A be A .
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
2
1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length is one radius.
d. Kinds of Triangle
i. According to Angle
Acute Triangle all angles are acute angles
Right Triangle one angle is a right angle
Obtuse Triangle one of its angle is obtuse angle
c
A
B
a
C
ii.
According to Sides
Isosceles Triangle two sides are equal
Scalene Triangle no sides are equal
Equilateral Triangle all sides are equal
e. Functions of a Right Triangle
opp . side
a
i. sin = hypotenuse = c
iv . sec =
adj. side
b
=
hypotenuse c
v . csc=
opp . side a
=
adj . side b
vi . cot =
ii .cos =
iii . tan =
hypotenuse c
=
opp . side
a
hypotenuse c
=
adj. side
b
adj. side b
=
opp . side a
f. Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the sum of the square of the sides is
c 2=a 2+ b2
equal to the square of its longest side (hypotenuse)
g. Trigonometric Identities:
h. Identity is a type of equation which is satisfied with any value of the variable/s.
i. Conditional Equation an equation that is satisfied by some value of variable/s.
i. Basic Identity
j.
l.
a a/c sin
c c /c
1
tan= =
=
sec= =
=
b b/c cos
a a/c sin
k.
m.
b b/c cos
cot = =
=
a a/c sin
c c /c
1
csc = =
=
b b /c cos
ii.
iii.
iv. Pythagorean Relations
2
2
sin +cos =1
v.
vi.
x.
1+cot =csc
tan 2 +1=sec 2
vii.
tan x tan y
1 tan x tan y
iv.
2
2 cos x 1
iii. tan ( x y )=
v.
iii . tan 2 x=
vi.
2 tan x
1tan 2 x
i.
1cos
i. sin =
2
2
ii.
1+cos
ii .cos =
2
2
q. Powers of Functions
1cos 2 x
i. sin2 x=
r.
2
ii .cos 2 x =
s.
1cos
iii . tan =
2
1+ cos
iii.
iii . tan 2 x=
t.
1cos 2 x
1+cos 2 x
1+cos 2 x
2
u. Product of Functions
1
i. sin x cos y = 2 [ sin ( x + y ) +sin ( x y ) ]
ii.
sin x sin y=
1
[ cos ( x y )cos ( x + y ) ]
2
1
iii. cos x cos y= 2 [ cos ( x + y ) +cos ( x y ) ]
v. Sum and Difference of Functions (Factoring Formulas)
x+ y
x y
w. i. sin x+ sin y=2 sin 2 cos 2
x.
y.
z.
( ) ( )
x+ y
x y
ii .sin xsin y =2 cos (
sin
2 ) ( 2 )
x+ y
x y
iii . cos x +cos y=2cos (
cos (
)
2
2 )
x+ y
x y
iv . cos xcos y =2 sin (
sin (
)
2
2 )
aa.
v . tan x+ tan y=
ab.
sin( x+ y)
cos x cos y
vi . tan xtan y =
c
A
ae.
B af.
ag.
a
ah.
ai. C
sin(x y )
cos x cos y
i. Sine Law: In any triangle, the ratio of any side to the sine of its opposite angle is
constant. This constant ratio is the diameter of the circle circumscribing the
triangle.
a
b
c
=
=
aj.
sin A sin B sinC
i. Cosine Law: In any triangle, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the
square of the two other sides minus twice their product to the cosine of its
included angle.
ak.
am.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a =b +c 2 bc cos A
c =a + b 2 ab cos C
al.
b2=a2 +c 22 ac cos B
i. Law of Tangents
( AB ) /2
[]
tan
tan [( A + B)/2]
ii.
ab
=
a+b
iii.
iv.
( C A ) /2
[]
tan
tan [(C+ A)/2]
ca
=
c +a
( BC ) /2
[]
tan
tan [(B+ C)/2]
bc
=
b+c
v.
vi. Mollweides Equations
vii.
ab sin [( AB)/ 2]
=
c
cos (C/2)
viii.
a+b cos [( AB)/ 2]
=
c
sin(C /2)
an. Spherical Triangle a triangle enclosed by arcs of three great circles of a sphere.
The sum of the interior angles of a spherical triangle is greater than 180 but less than
180 < ( A +B+ C ) <540
540.
ao. Area of Spherical Triangle:
2
R E
A=
i.
180
ii.
iii.
E= A +B+ C180
iv.
tan
E
s
sa
sb
sc
= tan tan
tan
tan
4
2
2
2
2
v.
s=
a+ b+c
2
vi. For an arc of a great circle of the earth, the distance equivalent to 1 minute (01)
of the arc is one (1) nautical mile (6080 ft.).
ap. Right Spherical Triangle
c
i.