M1 Topics Part 1

M1 Collisions - Direct impact
1.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Particle P has mass m kg and particle Q has mass 3m kg. The particles are moving in opposite
directions along a smooth horizontal plane when they collide directly. Immediately before the
collision P has speed 4u ms1 and Q has speed ku ms1, where k is a constant. As a result of the
collision the direction of motion of each particle is reversed and the speed of each particle is
halved.
(a)
Find the value of k.

(4)
(b)
Find, in terms of m and u, the magnitude of the impulse exerted on P by Q.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
2.
A particle A of mass 2 kg is moving along a straight horizontal line with speed 12 m s1.
Another particle B of mass m kg is moving along the same straight line, in the opposite direction
to A, with speed 8 m s1. The particles collide. The direction of motion of A is unchanged by the
collision. Immediately after the collision, A is moving with speed 3 m s1 and B is moving with
speed 4 m s1. Find
(a)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted by B on A in the collision,

(2)
(b)
the value of m.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
3.
Two particles A and B are moving on a smooth horizontal plane. The mass of A is 2m and the
mass of B is m. The particles are moving along the same straight line but in opposite directions
and they collide directly. Immediately before they collide the speed of A is 2u and the speed of
7 mu
.
B is 3u. The magnitude of the impulse received by each particle in the collision is
2
Edexcel Internal Review
Find
(a)
the speed of A immediately after the collision,

(3)
(b)
the speed of B immediately after the collision.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
4.
Two particles A and B are moving on a smooth horizontal plane. The mass of A is km, where
2 < k < 3, and the mass of B is m. The particles are moving along the same straight line, but in
opposite directions, and they collide directly. Immediately before they collide the speed of A is
2u and the speed of B is 4u. As a result of the collision the speed of A is halved and its direction
of motion is reversed
(a)
Find, in terms of k and u, the speed of B immediately after the collision.

(3)
(b)
State whether the direction of motion of B changes as a result of the collision, explaining
your answer.
(3)
Given that k =
(c)
7
,
3
find, in terms of m and u, the magnitude of the impulse that A exerts on B in the collision.
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
5.
Two particles A and B, of mass 0.3 kg and m kg respectively, are moving in opposite directions
along the same straight horizontal line so that the particles collide directly. Immediately before
the collision, the speeds of A and B are 8 m s1 and 4 m s1 respectively. In the collision the
direction of motion of each particle is reversed and, immediately after the collision, the speed of
each particle is 2 m s1. Find
(a)

(3)
(b)
the value of m.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
6.
A particle P of mass 0.3 kg is moving with speed u m s1 in a straight line on a smooth

horizontal table. The particle P collides directly with a particle Q of mass 0.6 kg, which is at rest
on the table. Immediately after the particles collide, P has speed 2 m s1 and Q has speed 5 m
s1. The direction of motion of P is reversed by the collision. Find
(a)
the value of u,
(4)
(b)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted by P on Q.

(2)
Immediately after the collision, a constant force of magnitude R newtons is applied to Q in the
direction directly opposite to the direction of motion of Q. As a result Q is brought to rest in
1.5s.
(c)
Find the value of R.

(4)
(Total 10 marks)
1.
(a)
4mu 3mku =
2mu + 3mk
k=
(b)
u
2
4
3
For P, I = m (2u 4u)

= 6mu
M1 A1
M1 A1cso
M1 A1
A1
OR
For Q, I = 3m (
ku
ku )
2
(M1 A1)
[7]
2.
(a)
(b)
I =21223=18 (N s)
LM
2128m = 23+4m
Solving to m = 1.5
M1 A1
M1 A1
DM1 A1
Alternative
I = m(4(8)) = 18
M1 A1
Solving to m = 1.5
DM1 A1
[6]
3.
(a)
For A:
7 mu
= 2m(v A 2u )
2
vA =
(b)
For B:
u
4
7 mu
= m(v B 3u )
2
vB =
u
2
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
A1
OR CLM:

4mu 3mu = 2m
vB =
u
+ mv B
4
u
2
M1 A1
A1
[6]
4.
2u
(a)
km
u
(b)
(c)
4u
km2u 4mu = kmu + mv
u(3k 4) = v
k > 2 v > 0 dirn of motion reversed
For B,
M1 A1
A1
M1A1A1
cso
M1 A1 f.t.
A1
m(u(3k 4) 4u)
= 7 mu
[9]
5.
4 m s 1
m
0.3
2 m s 1
(a)
(b)
2 m s 1
A: I = 0.3(8 + 2)
= 3 (Ns)
LM 0.3 8 4m = 0.3 (2) + 2m
m = 0.5
M1A1
A1
M1A1
DM1A1
M1A1
DM1A1
Alternative
B: m(4 + 2) = 3
m = 0.5
The two parts of this question may be done in either order.
[7]
(a)
(b)
CLM 0.3u = 0.3 (2) + 0.6 5

u=8
M1A1
M1A1
I = 0.6 5 = 3 (Ns)
M1A1
(c)
v = u + at 5 = a 1.5 (a =
N2L R = 0.6
10
=2
3
10
)
3
M1A1
M1 A1
4
[10]
1.
This question produced very many correct responses. In part (a) most candidates were able to
apply the conservation of momentum principle with few problems, with many candidates
achieving all four marks. As usual a significant number, maybe fewer than in previous years,
made sign errors, with the occasional candidate missing the odd ms or us. Very few put gs
into the equation while others had difficulty in manipulating the fractions Arithmetic errors in
working out the value of k were not uncommon and negative values obtained for k seldom
alerted the candidates to a possible error in their work. In the second part, the majority of
candidates chose to use the change in momentum of P with many correct answers being
obtained. However there were the inevitable errors with signs, more than in part (a), with too
many candidates thinking that a negative answer was acceptable, misunderstanding the meaning
of magnitude.
2.
This proved to be a good starter and was well-answered by the majority of candidates. In part
(a), most knew that impulse = change in momentum and almost all errors were with the signs.
Candidates would be well-advised to put impulses, with arrows, on their diagrams as well as
velocities. There are still some candidates giving a negative answer for a magnitude which
always loses a mark. Most used conservation of momentum in part (b) which was preferable
since it did not rely on their answer from the previous part. Those who used impulse = change in
momentum again, applied to the other particle, could lose two marks if their answer to part (a)
was wrong.
3.
Impulses continue to cause problems and a correct solution to part (a) was rarely seen. Most
candidates know that impulse = change in momentum but few can cope with the signs correctly
and the impulse in the first part almost always had the wrong sign. The second part produced
more success and if the impulse-momentum principle was used again, this part was independent
of part (a) and so full marks could be scored. Some tried to use the conservation of momentum
principle in part (b), but this relied on using their possibly incorrect answer to part (a).
4.
Almost all candidates attempted to use a conservation of momentum equation in part (a) but
there were many who either did not draw a diagram at all or else drew one which did not show
the directions of motion of each particle after the collision. This lead to problems in all three
parts of the question. Few realised the significance of the question asking for the speed of B,
and gave a negative answer u(4 3k). There were also sign errors in the momentum equation
and general problems dealing with the algebra. The second part required the significance of the
range of values of k to be explicitly referred to in the identification of direction and there were a
number of fully correct and often well-expressed solutions. However, many did not mention k at
all and scored little. In part (c), many knew the relevant impulse-momentum equation and
attempted to apply it to one of the particles but there was often confusion over direction and
substitution of values and some gave a negative answer, losing the final mark.
5.
Notwithstanding the usual sign errors, this question was more successfully answered than in
some previous years.
(a)
Sign errors were frequent for this part with I = 0.3(8 2) = 1.8 being frequently seen. An
extra g was not often seen but knowledge of the units for impulse although not
separately marked this time was tenuous, with N or even N/s being proffered. The
requirement for magnitude demands a positive answer [()3 was marked down, as
being an attempt to have it both ways].
(b)
6.
Almost all candidates were able to write down a momentum equation (even if with sign
errors) but 6m = 3 far too often led to the deduction m = 2. Sign errors could lead to a
negative mass, an outcome which should have alerted candidates to a problem; just
dropping the negative sign should not be an option!
This was also a good source of marks for many candidates. Most candidates knew to use
conservation of momentum in the first part, but there were often sign errors leading to an
incorrect value of 12 for u. In part (b), diagrams are advisable so that candidates can clearly
define direction when using the Impulsemomentum equation. Some candidates threw away a
mark for not giving a positive answer, as a magnitude was required. For the final part, most
were able to find the acceleration, but often an extra force appeared when applying F = ma.
M1 Collisions
1.
Two particles P and Q have mass 0.4 kg and 0.6 kg respectively. The particles are initially at
rest on a smooth horizontal table. Particle P is given an impulse of magnitude 3 N s in the
direction PQ.
(a)
Find the speed of P immediately before it collides with Q.

(3)
Immediately after the collision between P and Q, the speed of Q is 5 m s1.

(b)
Show that immediately after the collision P is at rest.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
2.
Two particles A and B have masses 4 kg and m kg respectively. They are moving towards each
other in opposite directions on a smooth horizontal table when they collide directly.
Immediately before the collision, the speed of A is 5 m s1 and the speed of B is 3 m s1.
Immediately after the collision, the direction of motion of A is unchanged and the speed of A is
1 m s1.
(a)
Find the magnitude of the impulse exerted on A in the collision.

(2)
Immediately after the collision, the speed of B is 2 m s1.

(b)
Find the value of m.

(4)
(Total 6 marks)
M1 Collisions
1.
(a)
I = mv 3 = 0.4 v
v = 7.5(m s1)
M1 A1
A1
M1A1
A1
(b)
7.5
0.4
0.6
LM 0.4 7.5 = 0.4v + 0.6 5

0 = 0.4v v = 0 *
cso
[6]
2.
(a)
5
3
A
B
4
1
I = 4( 5 1) = 16 Ns
(b)
I
2
CLM: 4 5 m 3 = 4 1 + m 2
m = 3.2
M1 A1
M1A1
DM1A1
M1A1
DM1A1
or
16 = m(3 + 2)
m = 3.2
[6]
M1 Collisions
1.
This was done well by the majority of candidates. Part (a) was a straightforward opening
question, almost always correctly answered. A few candidates wrote 3 = 0.4(0 v), thus only
gaining the method mark. In the second part most knew and could apply appropriately the
conservation of momentum principle, with only occasional sign errors. Drawing a clear velocity
diagram would have helped candidates who confused before and after velocities. Since it
was a show that question it was important that full working was seen in order to achieve full
marks. Wordy explanations involving impulses with no equation, tended to achieve no marks.
2.
A good starter question enabling most candidates to obtain marks. A significant number of
candidates gave an answer of 16 in part (a) rather than giving the magnitude of the impulse and
lost a mark.
In part (b) 16 was a common incorrect answer resulting from an incorrect direction of motion
for particle B i.e. 4 5 m 3 = 4 1 m 2. A few candidates seemed unconcerned with a
negative mass obtained from using (+ m 3) on the L.H.S. and there were also a few instances
of candidates quoting and using the formula m1u1+ m1v1 = m2u2+ m2v2. It was rare to see
correct solutions using Impulse and many included g in their Impulse-Momentum equation.
M1 Dynamics - Analysis of force systems
1.
Two forces P and Q act on a particle. The force P has magnitude 7 N and acts due north. The
resultant of P and Q is a force of magnitude 10 N acting in a direction with bearing 120. Find
(i)
the magnitude of Q,
(ii)
the direction of Q, giving your answer as a bearing.

(Total 9 marks)
1.
R=
103/2 i 5j
M1 A1
Using P = 7j and Q = R P to obtain Q = 53i 12j
M1 A1
Magnitude = [(53) + 12 ] 14.8 N (AWRT)
M1 A1
arctan (12/53) 64.2
angle with i =
bearing 144 (AWRT)
M1 A1
A1
Alternative method
Q
120
R
Vector triangle correct

Q2 = 102 + 72 + 2 10 7 cos 60
Q 14.8 N (AWRT)
14.8 = 10
sin 120 sin
= 35.8,
B1
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
bearing 144 (AWRT)
M1 A1, A1
[9]
1.
This question proved to be the most demanding on the paper. The majority attempted it by
trying to draw a vector triangle, but the triangles drawn were often unclear and rarely correct
(with quite a few right-angled triangles drawn or assumed). Others attempted to use coordinates,
though often made mistakes in using the implied equation P + Q = R (instead simply adding the
two given vectors, i.e. assuming P + R = Q). The presentation of work here was also very poor,
with calculations or numbers often splayed all over the page with no clear justification for what
was being attempted. Fully correct solutions were seen, but only occasionally!
M1 Dynamics - Connected particles
1.
Two particles A and B have mass 0.4 kg and 0.3 kg respectively. The particles are attached to
the ends of a light inextensible string. The string passes over a small smooth pulley which is
fixed above a horizontal floor. Both particles are held, with the string taut, at a height of 1m
above the floor, as shown in the diagram above. The particles are released from rest and in the
subsequent motion B does not reach the pulley.
(a)
Find the tension in the string immediately after the particles are released.
(6)
(b)
Find the acceleration of A immediately after the particles are released.

(2)
When the particles have been moving for 0.5 s, the string breaks.
(c)
Find the further time that elapses until B hits the floor.
(9)
(Total 17 marks)
2.
Two particles A and B have masses 5m and km respectively, where k < 5. The particles are
connected by a light inextensible string which passes over a smooth light fixed pulley. The
system is held at rest with the string taut, the hanging parts of the string vertical and with A and
B at the same height above a horizontal plane, as shown in Figure 4. The system is released
1
from rest. After release, A descends with acceleration g .
4
(a)
Show that the tension in the string as A descends is
15
mg .
4
(3)
(b)

(3)
(c)
State how you have used the information that the pulley is smooth.
(1)
After descending for 1.2 s, the particle A reaches the plane. It is immediately brought to rest by
the impact with the plane. The initial distance between B and the pulley is such that, in the
subsequent motion, B does not reach the pulley.
(d)
Find the greatest height reached by B above the plane.

(7)
(Total 14 marks)
3.
A car of mass 800 kg pulls a trailer of mass 200 kg along a straight horizontal road using a light
towbar which is parallel to the road. The horizontal resistances to motion of the car and the
trailer have magnitudes 400 N and 200 N respectively. The engine of the car produces a
constant horizontal driving force on the car of magnitude 1200 N. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the car and trailer,

(3)
(b)
the magnitude of the tension in the towbar.

(3)
The car is moving along the road when the driver sees a hazard ahead. He reduces the force
produced by the engine to zero and applies the brakes. The brakes produce a force on the car of
magnitude F newtons and the car and trailer decelerate. Given that the resistances to motion are
unchanged and the magnitude of the thrust in the towbar is 100 N,
(c)
find the value of F.

(7)
(Total 13 marks)
4.
One end of a light inextensible string is attached to a block P of mass 5 kg. The block P is held
at rest on a smooth fixed plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle , where
3
sin = . The string lies along a line of greatest slope of the plane and passes over a smooth
5
light pulley which is fixed at the top of the plane. The other end of the string is attached to a
light scale pan which carries two blocks Q and R, with block Q on top of block R, as shown in
Figure 3. The mass of block Q is 5 kg and the mass of block R is 10 kg. The scale pan hangs at
rest and the system is released from rest. By modelling the blocks as particles, ignoring air
resistance and assuming the motion is uninterrupted, find
(a)
(i)
the acceleration of the scale pan,
(ii)
the tension in the string,

(8)
(b)
the magnitude of the force exerted on block Q by block R,

(3)
(c)
the magnitude of the force exerted on the pulley by the string.

(5)
(Total 16 marks)
5.
A (m)
B (2m)
Two particles A and B, of mass m and 2m respectively, are attached to the ends of a light
inextensible string. The particle A lies on a rough horizontal table. The string passes over a
small smooth pulley P fixed on the edge of the table. The particle B hangs freely below the
pulley, as shown in the diagram above. The coefficient of friction between A and the table is .
The particles are released from rest with the string taut. Immediately after release, the
4
magnitude of the acceleration of A and B is g . By writing down separate equations of motion
9
for A and B,
(a)
find the tension in the string immediately after the particles begin to move,
(3)
(b)
show that =
2
.
3
(5)
When B has fallen a distance h, it hits the ground and does not rebound. Particle A is then a
1
distance h from P.
3
(c)
Find the speed of A as it reaches P.

(6)
(d)
State how you have used the information that the string is light.
(1)
(Total 15 marks)
6.
P(0.5 kg)
3.15 m
Q(m kg)
Two particles P and Q have mass 0.5 kg and m kg respectively, where m < 0.5. The particles are
connected by a light inextensible string which passes over a smooth, fixed pulley. Initially P is
3.15 m above horizontal ground. The particles are released from rest with the string taut and the
hanging parts of the string vertical, as shown in the diagram above. After P has been descending
for 1.5 s, it strikes the ground. Particle P reaches the ground before Q has reached the pulley.
(a)
Show that the acceleration of P as it descends is 2.8 m s2.

(3)
(b)
Find the tension in the string as P descends.

(3)
(c)
Show that m =
5
.
18
(4)
(d)
State how you have used the information that the string is inextensible.
(1)
When P strikes the ground, P does not rebound and the string becomes slack. Particle Q then
moves freely under gravity, without reaching the pulley, until the string becomes taut again.
(e)
Find the time between the instant when P strikes the ground and the instant when the
string becomes taut again.
(6)
(Total 17 marks)
7.
P(3 kg)
Q(2 kg)
0.8 m
30
The diagram above shows two particles P and Q, of mass 3 kg and 2 kg respectively, connected
by a light inextensible string. Initially P is held at rest on a fixed smooth plane inclined at 30 to
the horizontal. The string passes over a small smooth light pulley A fixed at the top of the plane.
The part of the string from P to A is parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane. The particle
Q hangs freely below A. The system is released from rest with the string taut.
(a)
Write down an equation of motion for P and an equation of motion for Q.

(4)
(b)
Hence show that the acceleration of Q is 0.98 m s2.

(2)
(c)
Find the tension in the string.

(2)
(d)
State where in your calculations you have used the information that the string is
inextensible.
(1)
On release, Q is at a height of 0.8 m above the ground. When Q reaches the ground, it is brought
to rest immediately by the impact with the ground and does not rebound. The initial distance of
P from A is such that in the subsequent motion P does not reach A. Find
(e)
the speed of Q as it reaches the ground,

(2)
(f)
the time between the instant when Q reaches the ground and the instant when the string
becomes taut again.
(5)
(Total 16 marks)
8.
A car is towing a trailer along a straight horizontal road by means of a horizontal tow-rope. The
mass of the car is 1400 kg. The mass of the trailer is 700 kg. The car and the trailer are modelled
as particles and the tow-rope as a light inextensible string. The resistances to motion of the car
and the trailer are assumed to be constant and of magnitude 630 N and 280 N respectively. The
driving force on the car, due to its engine, is 2380 N. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the car,

(3)
(b)
the tension in the tow-rope.

(3)
When the car and trailer are moving at 12 m s1, the tow-rope breaks. Assuming that the driving
force on the car and the resistances to motion are unchanged,
(c)
find the distance moved by the car in the first 4 s after the tow-rope breaks.
(6)
(d)
State how you have used the modelling assumption that the tow-rope is inextensible.
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
9.
A (3m)
(smooth)
30
B (m)
(rough)
30
A fixed wedge has two plane faces, each inclined at 30 to the horizontal. Two particles A and
B, of mass 3m and m respectively, are attached to the ends of a light inextensible string. Each
particle moves on one of the plane faces of the wedge. The string passes over a small smooth
light pulley fixed at the top of the wedge. The face on which A moves is smooth. The face on
which B moves is rough. The coefficient of friction between B and this face is . Particle A is
held at rest with the string taut. The string lies in the same vertical plane as lines of greatest
slope on each plane face of the wedge, as shown in the figure above.
The particles are released from rest and start to move. Particle A moves downwards and B
moves upwards. The accelerations of A and B each have magnitude 101 g .
(a)
By considering the motion of A, find, in terms of m and g, the tension in the string.
(3)
(b)
By considering the motion of B, find the value of .

(8)
(c)
Find the resultant force exerted by the string on the pulley, giving its magnitude and
direction.
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
10.
15
This figure shows a lorry of mass 1600 kg towing a car of mass 900 kg along a straight
horizontal road. The two vehicles are joined by a light towbar which is at an angle of 15 to the
road. The lorry and the car experience constant resistances to motion of magnitude 600 N and
300 N respectively. The lorrys engine produces a constant horizontal force on the lorry of
magnitude 1500 N. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the lorry and the car,

(3)
(b)
the tension in the towbar.

(4)
When the speed of the vehicles is 6 m s1, the towbar breaks. Assuming that the resistance to the
motion of the car remains of constant magnitude 300 N,
(c)
find the distance moved by the car from the moment the towbar breaks to the moment
when the car comes to rest.
(4)
(d)
State whether, when the towbar breaks, the normal reaction of the road on the car is
increased, decreased or remains constant. Give a reason for your answer.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
11.
A (0.5 kg)
B (0.8 kg)
A block of wood A of mass 0.5 kg rests on a rough horizontal table and is attached to one end of
a light inextensible string. The string passes over a small smooth pulley P fixed at the edge of
the table. The other end of the string is attached to a ball B of mass 0.8 kg which hangs freely
below the pulley, as shown in the diagram above. The coefficient of friction between A and the
table is . The system is released from rest with the string taut. After release, B descends a
distance of 0.4 m in 0.5 s. Modelling A and B as particles, calculate
(a)
the acceleration of B,
(3)
(b)

(4)
(c)
the value of .
(5)
10
(d)
State how in your calculations you have used the information that the string is
inextensible.
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
12.
3 kg
m kg
The particles have mass 3 kg and m kg, where m < 3. They are attached to the ends of a light
inextensible string. The string passes over a smooth fixed pulley. The particles are held in
position with the string taut and the hanging parts of the string vertical, as shown in the diagram
above. The particles are then released from rest. The initial acceleration of each particle has
magnitude 73 g. Find
(a)
the tension in the string immediately after the particles are released,
(3)
(b)
the value of m.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
13.
P (4 kg)
Q (6 kg)
40 N
11
Two particles P and Q, of mass 4 kg and 6 kg respectively, are joined by a light inextensible
string. Initially the particles are at rest on a rough horizontal plane with the string taut. The
coefficient of friction between each particle and the plane is 72 . A constant force of magnitude
40 N is then applied to Q in the direction PQ, as shown in the diagram above.
(a)
Show that the acceleration of Q is 1.2 m s2.

(4)
(b)
Calculate the tension in the string when the system is moving.

(3)
(c)
State how you have used the information that the string is inextensible.
(1)
After the particles have been moving for 7 s, the string breaks. The particle Q remains under the
action of the force of magnitude 40 N.
(d)
Show that P continues to move for a further 3 seconds.

(5)
(e)
Calculate the speed of Q at the instant when P comes to rest.

(4)
(Total 17 marks)
14.
A (4 kg)
B (3 kg)
30
12
A particle A of mass 4 kg moves on the inclined face of a smooth wedge. This face is inclined at
30 to the horizontal. The wedge is fixed on horizontal ground. Particle A is connected to a
particle B, of mass 3 kg, by a light inextensible string. The string passes over a small light
smooth pulley which is fixed at the top of the plane. The section of the string from A to the
pulley lies in a line of greatest slope of the wedge. The particle B hangs freely below the pulley,
as shown in the diagram above. The system is released from rest with the string taut. For the
motion before A reaches the pulley and before B hits the ground, find
(a)

(6)
(b)
the magnitude of the resultant force exerted by the string on the pulley.
(3)
(c)
The string in this question is described as being light.

(i)
Write down what you understand by this description.
(ii)
State how you have used the fact that the string is light in your answer to part (a).
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
15.
P
1.4 m
B (0.4kg)
A (m kg)
1m
30
13
The diagram above shows two particles A and B, of mass m kg and 0.4 kg respectively,
connected by a light inextensible string. Initially A is held at rest on a fixed smooth plane
inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The string passes over a small light smooth pulley P fixed at
the top of the plane. The section of the string from A to P is parallel to a line of greatest slope of
the plane. The particle B hangs freely below P. The system is released from rest with the string
taut and B descends with acceleration 15 g.
(a)
Write down an equation of motion for B.

(2)
(b)
Find the tension in the string.

(2)
(c)
Prove that m =
16
35
.
(4)
(d)
State where in the calculations you have used the information that P is a light smooth
pulley.
(1)
On release, B is at a height of one metre above the ground and AP = 1.4 m. The particle B
strikes the ground and does not rebound.
(e)
Calculate the speed of B as it reaches the ground.

(2)
(f)
Show that A comes to rest as it reaches P.

(5)
(Total 16 marks)
14
16.
A car which has run out of petrol is being towed by a breakdown truck along a straight
horizontal road. The truck has mass 1200 kg and the car has mass 800 kg. The truck is
connected to the car by a horizontal rope which is modelled as light and inextensible. The
trucks engine provides a constant driving force of 2400 N. The resistances to motion of the
truck and the car are modelled as constant and of magnitude 600 N and 400 N respectively. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the truck and the car,

(3)
(b)
the tension in the rope.

(3)
When the truck and car are moving at 20 m s1, the rope breaks. The engine of the truck
provides the same driving force as before. The magnitude of the resistance to the motion of the
truck remains 600 N.
(c)
Show that the truck reaches a speed of 28 m s1 approximately 6 s earlier than it would
have done if the rope had not broken.
(7)
(Total 13 marks)
15
17.
0.6 m
A particle A of mass 0.8 kg rests on a horizontal table and is attached to one end of a light
inextensible string. The string passes over a small smooth pulley P fixed at the edge of the table.
The other end of the string is attached to a particle B of mass 1.2 kg which hangs freely below
the pulley, as shown in the diagram above. The system is released from rest with the string taut
and with B at a height of 0.6 m above the ground. In the subsequent motion A does not reach P
before B reaches the ground. In an initial model of the situation, the table is assumed to be
smooth. Using this model, find
(a)
the tension in the string before B reaches the ground,

(5)
(b)
the time taken by B to reach the ground.

(3)
In a refinement of the model, it is assumed that the table is rough and that the coefficient of
friction between A and the table is 15 . Using this refined model,
(c)
find the time taken by B to reach the ground.

(8)
(Total 16 marks)
16

1.
( )0.4 g T =
0.4a
( )T 0.3 g =
0.3a
(a)
M1 A1
M1 A1
DM1
A1
solving for T
T = 3.36 or 3.4 or 12g/35 (N)
0.4 g 0.3 g =
0.7 a
a = 1.4 m s -2 , g/7
(b)
(c)
DM1
A1
( )v =u + at
v = 0.5 x 1.4
= 0.7
M1
A1 ft on a
( )s = ut + 12 at 2
s = 0.5 x 1.4 x 0.52
= 0.175
M1
A1 ft on a
( )s = ut + 12 at 2
1.175 = 0.7t + 4.9t 2

4.9t 2 0.7t 1.175 = 0
DM1 A1 ft
0.7 0.7 2 + 19.6 x 1.175

9.8
= 0.5663..or ...
t=
DM1 A1 cao
Ans 0.57 or 0.566 s
A1 cao
9
[17]
2.
(a)
N2L
A:
5mg T = 5m
T=
(b)
N2L
B:
1
g
4
15
mg *
4
T kmg = km
cso
1
g
4
k=3
(c)
The tensions in the two parts of the string are the same
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
A1
B1
17
(d)
1 1
g 1.2 2 = 0.18 g ( 1.764 )
2 4
Distance of A above ground s1 =

Speed on reaching ground v =
For B under gravity
(0.3g )2
1
g 1.2 = 0.3 g ( 2.94 )
4
= 2 gs 2 s 2 =
(0.3)2
2
S = 2s1 + s2=3.969 4.0 (m)
g = ( 0.441)
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
7
[14]
3.
(a)
For whole system: 1200 400 200 = 1000a

a = 0.6 m s2
(b)
For trailer: T 200 = 200 0.6
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1 ft
T = 320 N
A1
OR:
OR:
For car: 1200 400 T = 800 0.6

T = 320 N
(c)
M1 A1 ft
A1
For trailer: 200 + 100 = 200f or 200f
M1 A1
f = 1.5 m s2 (1.5)
A1
For car: 400 + F 100 = 800f or 800f
M1 A2
F = 900
A1
(N.B. For both: 400 + 200 + F = 1000f)

[13]
4.
(a)
T 5gsin = 5a
M1 A1
15g T = 15a
(b)
M1 A1
solving for a
M1
a = 0.6g
A1
solving for T
M1
T = 6g
A1
M1 A1
A1 f.t.
For Q:
5g
N = 2g
N = 5a
18
(c)
90
)
2
M1 A2
= 12gcos 26.56..
= 105 N
A1 f.t.
A1
F = 2T cos(
5
[16]
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B: 2mg T = 2m 4g/9
T = 10mg/9
A: T mg = m 4g/9
Sub for T and solve: = 2/3*
When B hits: v2 = 2 4g/9 h
Deceleration of A after B hits: ma = mg a = 2g/3
Speed of A at P: V2 = 8gh/9 2 2g/3 h/3
2
V = (gh)
3
M1A1
A1
M1B1A1
DM1A1
M1A1
M1A1ft
DM1
Same tension on A and B
A1
B1
1
[15]
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 2
1
9
at 3.15 = a
2
2
4
2
a = 2.8 (m s ) *
s = ut +
M1A1
A1
N2L for P: 0.5g T = 0.5 2.8

T = 3.5 (N)
M1A1
A1
N2L for Q: T mg = 2.8m

3.5
5
= *
m=
12.6 18
M1A1
cso
cso
DM1A1
19
(d)
The acceleration of P is equal to the acceleration of Q.
(e)
v = u + at v = 2.8 1.5
(or v2 = u2 + 2as v2 = 2 2.8 3.15)
(v2 = 17.64, v = 4.2)
B1
M1A1
v = u + at 4.2 = 4.2 + 9.8t

6
t = , 0.86, 0.857 (s)
7
DM1A1
DM1A1
6
[17]
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
N2L Q
N2L P
2g T = 2a
T 3g sin 30 = 3a
M1 A1
M1 A1
cso
M1
A1
or equivalent
accept 17.6
M1
A1
2g 3g sin 30 = 5a
a = 0.98 (m s2) *
T = 2(g a)
18 (N)
(d)
The (magnitudes of the) accelerations of P and Q are equal
B1
(e)
v2 = u2 + 2as v2 =2 0.98 0.8 (=1.568)

v 1.3 (m s1)
M1
A1
(f)
N2L for P
accept 1.25
3g sin 30 = 3a
1
a = () g
2
1 2
1
at 0 = 1.568t 4.9t 2
2
2
t = 0.51 (s)
s = ut +
M1 A1
or equivalent
M1 A1
accept 0.511
A1
5
[16]
A maximum of one mark can be lost for giving too great accuracy.
8.
(a)
Car + trailer:
2100a = 2380 280 630
= 1470 a = 0.7 m s2
M1 A1
A1
M1 for a complete (potential) valid method to get a
20
(b)
700 0.7 = T 280
e.g. trailer
M1 A1ft
T = 770 N
A1
If consider car: then get 1400a = 2380 630 T.
Allow M1 A1 for equn of motion for car or trailer wherever
seen (e.g. in (a)).
So if consider two separately in (a), can get M1 A1 from (b) for
one equation; then M1 A1 from (a) for second equation, and
then A1 [(a)] for a and A1 [(b)] for T.
In equations of motion, M1 requires no missing or extra terms
and dimensionally correct (e.g. extra force, or missing mass, is
M0).
If unclear which body is being considered, assume that the body
is determined by the mass used. Hence if 1400a used, assume
it is the car and mark forces etc accordingly.
But allow e.g. 630/280 confused as an A error.
(c)
Car: 1400a = 2380 630
M1 A1
a = 1.25 ms2
A1
distance = 12 4 + 1.25 42
M1 A1ft
= 58 m
A1
Must be finding a new acceleration here. (If they get 1.25

erroneously in (a), and then simply assume it is the same acceln
here, it is M0).
(d)
Same acceleration for car and trailer

B1
Allow o.e. but you must be convinced they are saying that it is
same acceleration for both bodies.
E.g. acceleration constant on its own is B0
Ignore extras, but acceleration and tension same at A and B is
B0
[13]
9.
A:
(a)
3mg sin 30 T = 3m.
1
10
M1 A1
3mg
T=
6
5
mg
A1
21
(b)
mg
F: R(perp): R = mg cos 30
T mg sin 30 F = m. 101 g
R(//):
M1 A2, 1, 0
Using F = R
M1
6 mg 1 mg mg 3 = 1 mg
5
2
2 10
M1
(c)
M1 A1
= 0.693 or 0.69 or
2 3
5
A1
Magn of force on pulley = 2Tcos60 =
6
5
mg
Direction is vertically downwards
M1 A1ft
B1 (cso)
3
[14]
10.
(a)
300
600
1500
Lorry + Car: 2500a = 1500 300 600

a = 0.24 m s2
(b)
Car: T cos 15 300 = 900a

OR Lorry: 1500 T cos 15 600 = 1600a
Sub and solve: T 534 N
(c)
300
Deceleration of car = 300/900 = 1/3 m s1
Hence 62 = 2 1/3 s s = 54 m
(d)
Vertical component of T now removed

Hence normal reaction is increased
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1
A1cso
2
[13]
22
11.
(a)
s = ut + at2 for B: 0.4 = a(0.5)2
M1 A1
a = 3.2 m s2
(b)
A1
N2L for B:
0.8g T = 0.8 3.2
T = 5.28 or 5.3 N
(c)
(d)
A:
F = 0.5g
N2L for A:
T F = 0.5a
Sub and solve
= 0.75 or 0.751
M1 A1ft
M1 A1
B1
Same acceleration for A and B.
M1 A1
M1 A1
B1
1
[13]
12.
(a)
3 kg: 3g T = 3
T=
(b)
3g
7
M1 A1
12g
or 16.8 N or 17 N
7
m kg: T mg = m.
A1
3g
7
M1 A1
12g
3mg
= mg +
(Sub for T and solve)
7
7
m = 1.2
M1
A1
4
[7]
R1
13.
R2
F2
40
4g
(a)
F1 =
6g
2
7
4g (= 11.2) or F2 =
System: 40
2
7
4g
a = 1.2 m s (*)
2
2
7
2
7
6g (= 16.8)
6g = 10a (equn in a and not T)
B1
M1 A1
A1
23
(b)
P: T
g = 4 1.2 or Q: 40 T
8
7
12
7
g = 6 1.2
M1 A1
T = 16 N
A1
(c)
Accelerations of P and Q are same
B1
(d)
v = 1.2 7 = 8.4
8
2
P: () g = 4a a = () g = 2.8
7
7
B1
M1 A1
0 = 8.4 2.8t t = 3 s (*)
(e)
Q: 40
12
7
g = 6a ( a 3.867)
v = 8.4 + 3.867 3 = 20 m s
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
4
[17]
14.
(a)
T
T
a
3mg
4mg
A: T 4g sin 30 = 4a
B: 3g T = 3a
18g
= 25.2 N
T=
7
(b)
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
T
T
R = 2T cos 30
44 or 43.6 N
(c)
M1 A1
M1 A1
(i)
String has no weight/mass
B1
(ii)
Tension in string constant, i.e. same at A and B
B1
2
[11]
24
15.
(a)
B
0.2g 0.4g
0.4g T = 0.4
(b)
8
g
25
T=
(c)
1
g
5
or
3.14
or 3.1 N
M1 A1
M1 A1
T
A
mg
T mg sin 30 = m
m=
16
(*)
35
(d)
Same T for A & B
(e)
v2 = 2
v=
(f)
1
g
5
1
g1
5
2g
1.98 or 2 ms1
5
1
1
mg = ma a = g
2
2
2g
1
2 g 0.4
v2 =
5
2
v=0
A:
M1 A1
M1 A1
B1
M1
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
5
[16]
16.
(a)
Car + truck: 2000a = 2400 600 400

a = 0.7 m s2
M1 A1
A1
25
(b)
(c)
Car only: T 400 = 800 0.7

[or truck only: 2400 T 600 = 1200 0.7]
T = 960 N
New acceleration of truck a given by
1200 a = 2400 600
a = 2400 600 = 1.5 m s1
28 20
Time to reach 28 m s1 =
= 5.33 s
1.5
Time to reach 28 m s1 if rope had not broken =
Difference = 6.1 s 6 s (*)
M1 A1 ft
A1
M1
A1
M1 A1
28 20
= 11.43 s M1 A1
0.7
A1
7
[13]
17.
(a)
T
B
0.8g
1.2g
A: T = 0.8a
B: 1.2g T = 1.2a
Solve: T = 0.48g = 4.7 N
(b)
a = 0.6g = 5.88
Hence 0.6 = 0.6g t2
t = 0.45 or 0.452 s
R
F
B1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1
M1
A1
,
T,
0.8g
1.2g
1
0.8g
5
A: T F = 0.8a
B: 1.2g T = 1.2a
M1 A1
B1
Solve:
a = 0.52g
0.6 = 0.52g t2
t = 0.49 or 0.485 s
M1 A1
M1
A1
F = R =
B1
8
[16]
26
1.
In parts (a) and (b), most were able to make a reasonable attempt at two equations of motion,
but there were errors in signs and solutions. This was not helped by the fact that T was asked for
first rather than a and some candidates lost marks due to trying to solve for T first rather than
the easier route of solving for a. A few attempted the whole system equation and these solutions
were in general less successful than those who used two separate equations to start with. In the
last part, too many candidates were unable to visualise the situation clearly and then deal with it
in a methodical fashion. If they failed to find both the velocity of A on impact with the ground
and the distance that it had travelled they were unable to progress any further. Only the more
able students managed correct solutions. Of those that managed to progress in part (c), there
were sign errors which caused problems. Many chose to split the motion of B into two parts and
these were usually quite successful provided that the extra distance travelled by B in the upward
direction was taken into account.
2.
Part (a) was reasonably well done by the majority of students, with good use of the printed
answer to correct sign errors etc. but there was less success in the second part, with omission of
m and/or g from some terms. The mark in part (c) was very rarely scored and candidates should
be aware that if they give a list of answers they will not be awarded the mark, even if the
correct answer appears in their list. The final part was a good discriminator and led to this
question being the worst answered question on the paper. Consideration of two stages to the
motion was required, with two distinct accelerations. Many completely omitted the motion
under gravity and found the distance moved by A and either gave that as their answer or else just
doubled it.
3.
Part (a) was well done by the majority of candidates and a good number went on to use the
answer correctly in part (b). If mistakes were made they were the usual sign errors or more
seriously, in terms of marks lost, missing terms.
The third part was poorly done. There was confusion over the direction of the forces and the
concept of thrust. A few candidates halved the thrust and used 50N in each equation. Some used
the values of the acceleration and tension from previous parts.
4.
In part (a), most candidates were able to set up the two equations of motion, one for each of the
two particles and most then went on to solve these correctly to find values for both T and a. A
few persist in trying to use a whole system equation to find a, usually with limited success. In
the second part the vast majority of candidates were unable to select the correct particle, forces
or equation to score any of the marks. Part (c) also proved to be discriminating, with some
weaker candidates not attempting it. Only a minority of candidates managed to produce a
correct solution. Of those who did, many used the cosine rule applied to a vector triangle, or a
resolution into two perpendicular components. Common misconceptions involved using just T +
Tsin/cos alpha or answers involving components of 5g and 15g. Many had difficulty in
identifying the correct size for the angle whichever method was attempted. A few very good
candidates realised that the force acted along the angle bisector and scored five quick marks.
27
5.
Most candidates attempted parts (a) and (b) using simultaneous equations, with the most
common mistake being to cancel out either m or g when it was not a factor in every term. This
resulted in the m term of T being missing. A relatively large number of candidates also lost the
final A1 mark for part (b) as they worked through the question using decimals.
The first section of part (c) for calculating the velocity of A after B hits the ground was often
calculated correctly although a common mistake was to use h/3. A large number of candidates
took this to be the new velocity and finished the question at this point. Some continued to
calculate the new acceleration but then struggled to form the final equation and a number used
either g as the acceleration or 4g/9.
6.
(a)
Many candidates seemed to expect that the first part of the question would require
equations of motion for each particle. Once into relevant calculations, however, most
candidates were very successful in obtaining 2.8 m s2. The majority of successful
1
candidates attempted this part directly using s = ut + at2. Others used a two step
2
approach using v = u + at to give v = 4.2, followed by use of another suvat formula to get
2.8. A very few tried a verification method which did gain them maximum marks at this
stage.
(b)
Candidates generally formed an F = ma equation with the majority obtaining the correct
equation and getting T = 3.5N. However there was still a sizeable number who mistakenly
wrote T 0.5g = 0.5a =1.4. It is noticeable that despite regular comment from Edexcel
some candidates still use g = 9.81 which leads to marks being lost in a variety of places
where accuracy matters.
(c)
Many candidates formed a relevant equation, using the correct forces, reaching the stage
of T = 3.5 = (2.8 + g) m and then went straight to m = 5/18, resulting in the loss of a mark.
For many candidates there is still a lack of dexterity with the manipulation of fractions.
Moreover, there is still a sizeable number of candidates who try to use one equation of
motion for the whole system, despite advice to the contrary in several recent examiners
reports.
(d)
In this part, modelling was being tested and candidates needed to show that they really
knew what was happening. A large number of candidates gave the correct answer that
both particles move with same acceleration , gaining the single mark available.
However candidates who tried to play safe and included another irrelevant reason, such as
same tension, had not shown full understanding of the model and therefore were
penalised. Other wrong answers included saying that acceleration was constant.
28
(e)
Here, candidates first needed to find the speed of the system when the particle hit the
ground. This required the calculation of v = 4.2 which some candidates merely quoted.
This is the part of the question where candidates began to lose marks and common errors
at this stage included using an incorrect value for acceleration. The question then
continued with testing vertical motion under gravity. Successful candidates used a variety
of equivalent methods. Some worked out the time to the top , followed by a calculation of
distance followed by a calculation for time to fall back to launch point, followed by the
addition of the two times, giving the answer to the correct degree of accuracy. Some took
1
a more direct approach and used s = ut + at2 or v = u + at , for the whole of the
2
remaining motion i.e. up and down. Many only found the time to the top and lost the final
two marks. Common errors involved use of incorrect accelerations, displacements and
times. Again candidates seem to want to work in decimals rather than in fractions.
Candidates should be encouraged to make greater use of diagrams.
7.
Despite having asked for separate equations of motion for each mass in many previous papers,
there were still some candidates who were unable to provide the correct equations. Parts (b) and
(c) were generally correct if part (a) was, but there were some problems with over-accurate
answers. Only a tiny minority were able to supply the correct answer to part (d). The next part,
however, was the best-answered question on the whole paper, with almost everyone getting the
two marks. Despite a familiar scenario in the final part, part (f) did provide a good discriminator
at the end of the paper, and only the best candidates were able to see their way through to a
correct solution.
8.
For those who could handle connected bodies, parts (a) and (b) proved to be straightforward;
however, others found difficulty in sorting out the forces acting on each body, showing failure
to understand the basic mechanics involved in the situation. In part (c) candidates could recover
provided they realised that the situation was now different from that in part (a): however, those
who simply carried their answer from (a) to use here, without attempting to find a new
acceleration, gained no credit. Answers to part (d) were generally disappointing with very few
apparently showing awareness of the implications of the fact that the rope was inextensible.
9.
Equations in part (a) often clearly started on the right lines with the correct number of terms; but
equally often they produced a variety of errors, with missing ms, gs, some using cos instead of
sin etc, and a number of students were unable to reduce their answer to a single multiple of mg.
In part (b), most who attempted this could find the normal reaction, and also write down an
equation of motion for B with the correct number of terms; again the same kind of errors were
seen as in part (a) for the details. Correct answers to part (c) were rarely seen, many assuming
that the force on the pulley was made up of the components of the two weights, and very few
indeed realising that the resultant force acted vertically downwards,
29
10.
Candidates found this question more challenging and fully correct answers to all parts were not
so common, though many could make good progress with some parts of the question. In part
(a), many could do this correctly, and many this time did adopt the approach of considering the
whole system (car + trailer together) to obtain the acceleration correctly. Considerably more
problems were found with part (b) and only the best candidates seemed able to work out
correctly the relevant forces acting on the car or the trailer. Many simply ignored the fact that
the tension was acting at an angle and so failed to make any attempt to resolve it. However,
many managed to recover well and produce correct answers to part (c) where it was pleasing to
see so many correctly coping with the changed situation in terms of the forces. A common error
was to assume that the acceleration found in (a) was now the deceleration of the car on its own.
In part (d) a number of well argued answers were given, explaining that the normal reaction
increased. Some however gave totally irrelevant reasons (e.g. that the friction changed, or that
the weight remained constant and hence the normal reaction remained constant). This part again
proved to be a good discriminator for more able candidates.
11.
This question was generally well answered and it was pleasing to see candidates being able to
write down equations of motion for the two particles separately. Mistakes from weaker
candidates arose from sometime including the weight of A in the (horizontal) equation of
motion for A, or confusing the two particles and the forces acting on them. Most realised that
they had to use the given data to solve part (a) though a few launched straight into writing down
the equations of motion and then floundering when they did not have enough information to
solve these. Answers to part (d) were almost uniformly incorrect: the vast majority stated that
the inextensibility of the string meant that the tensions were the same (or constant throughout
the string).
12.
Again this was generally well done with candidates showing themselves able to write down
separate equations of motion for each particle with very attempting the (mathematically
spurious) equation for the whole system approach. However, some mistakes occurred with
missing gs. Also some failed to realise the mechanical significance of the condition m < 3 and
assumed that acceleration was in the wrong direction.
13.
The question was generally well done by some candidates, but some evidently failed to
understand the mechanics of connected bodies. For those who knew what they were doing,
setting up and solving the relevant equations of motion was relatively easy, though quite a few
failed to take the easiest route for part (a) by considering the motion of the whole system. The
existence of the given answer in part (a) also led to a number of fudged solutions here. It was
disappointing to see virtually no correct answers to part (c): the vast majority stated that the
inextensibility of the string meant that the tension was the same at both ends (or constant). In
parts (d) and (e), terms were sometimes omitted in calculations of the accelerations, and weaker
candidates assumed that the acceleration was still 1.2 m s2. Again, somewhat messy working
often hindered many candidates in this question. Standard of presentation was often quite poor
with working sometimes apparently distributed randomly over the paper.
30
14.
This type of connected particle question seemed to be much more familiar to many, and hence
part (a) was generally well done: most could write down two equations of motion and solve
them successfully. Some however failed to realise that the weight of A needed resolving when
considering the motion up/down the slope. Very few however realised what was required in part
(b). Again the fact that the tensions at the different ends of the string were the same in
magnitude did not seem to be appreciated, so that quite a few appeared to think that the resultant
force on the pulley was made up of the components of the two weights; others simply assumed
that the two tensions were acting perpendicular to each other. A number who realised what to do
also lost a mark by failing to round their answer to no more than 3 significant figures. In part
(c), most realised that a light string is one that has no weight/mass; but very few realised what
the implications of this were for the equations they had written down earlier, viz. that the
tension in the string remained constant throughout its length.
15. In part (a), several evidently did not understand what was meant by an equation of motion,
though many managed to recover by actually producing the relevant equation in their working
for part (b). In part (b), most could produce an equation for the tension, but several again lost a
mark by failing to give their answers to an appropriate degree of accuracy (again 2 or 3 s.f.).
In part (c), most could write down the equation of motion for A, but several fudged the working
which required proof that the answer was exactly the given fraction: several produced a
decimal and verified that the given fraction was (approximately) the same. It was though
disappointing to see a number of candidates failing to make any attempt to resolve the weight
when considering the motion up the inclined plane. In part (d), few realised the significance of
the modelling assumption as implying that the tension was constant throughout. Part (e) was
generally well done, but in part (f) the majority failed to find a new acceleration and simply
assumed that the acceleration was still g/5. For those who did, there were still some problems
with the signs given to the various quantities and fully correct solutions here characterised the
stronger candidates.
16.
It was pleasing to be able to report good overall performance on this question. Candidates
showed general confidence in dealing with equations of motion. Most difficulty occurred in part
(b) where one vehicle alone had to be considered, and some failed to put the tension correctly
into their equations. Part (c) was also generally well done with most showing that they realised
that they had to find a new acceleration for the new situation; several fully correct solutions
were seen here.
31
17.
This proved to be a popular question, and nearly all seemed to have been taught to use separate
equations for the motion of each particle, which was pleasing to see. Perhaps surprisingly,
candidates found the first part (assuming no friction) more challenging than the last part
(bringing friction in). Several felt compelled to bring in the weight of A in the equation of
horizontal motion for A. Several too failed to round their answer for T to an appropriate degree
of accuracy, leaving their answer to 4 significant figures despite having used a value of g as 9.8.
Part (c) was generally well done, though weaker candidates failed to realise that the tension
could not be assumed to have the same value as before and so unjustifiably used the value from
the earlier part of the question.
32
M1 Dynamics - F = ma horizontally
1.
A car of mass 800 kg pulls a trailer of mass 200 kg along a straight horizontal road using a light
towbar which is parallel to the road. The horizontal resistances to motion of the car and the
trailer have magnitudes 400 N and 200 N respectively. The engine of the car produces a
constant horizontal driving force on the car of magnitude 1200 N. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the car and trailer,

(3)
(b)
the magnitude of the tension in the towbar.

(3)
The car is moving along the road when the driver sees a hazard ahead. He reduces the force
produced by the engine to zero and applies the brakes. The brakes produce a force on the car of
magnitude F newtons and the car and trailer decelerate. Given that the resistances to motion are
unchanged and the magnitude of the thrust in the towbar is 100 N,
(c)
find the value of F.

(7)
(Total 13 marks)
2.
P (2 kg)
Q (3 kg)
F
Two particles P and Q, of mass 2 kg and 3 kg respectively, are joined by a light inextensible
string. Initially the particles are at rest on a rough horizontal plane with the string taut. A
constant force F of magnitude 30 N is applied to Q in the direction PQ, as shown in the diagram
above. The force is applied for 3 s and during this time Q travels a distance of 6 m. The
coefficient of friction between each particle and the plane is . Find
(a)
the acceleration of Q,
(2)
(b)
the value of ,
(4)
(c)
the tension in the string.

(4)
(d)
State how in your calculation you have used the information that the string is
inextensible.
(1)
When the particles have moved for 3 s, the force F is removed.

(e)
Find the time between the instant that the force is removed and the instant that Q comes
to rest.
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
3.
A particle P of mass 2 kg is moving under the action of a constant force F newtons. When t = 0,
P has velocity (3i + 2j) m s1 and at time t = 4 s, P has velocity (15i 4j) m s1. Find
(a)
the acceleration of P in terms of i and j,

(2)
(b)
the magnitude of F,
(4)
(c)
the velocity of P at time t =6s.

(3)
(Total 9 marks)
4.
PN
20
A box of mass 30 kg is being pulled along rough horizontal ground at a constant speed using a
rope. The rope makes an angle of 20 with the ground, as shown in the diagram above. The
coefficient of friction between the box and the ground is 0.4. The box is modelled as a particle
and the rope as a light, inextensible string. The tension in the rope is P newtons.
(a)
Find the value of P.

(8)
The tension in the rope is now increased to 150 N.

(b)
Find the acceleration of the box.

(6)
(Total 14 marks)
5.
A stone S is sliding on ice. The stone is moving along a straight horizontal line ABC, where AB
= 24 m and AC = 30 m. The stone is subject to a constant resistance to motion of magnitude 0.3
N. At A the speed of S is 20 m s1, and at B the speed of S is 16 m s1. Calculate
(a)
the deceleration of S,
(2)
(b)
the speed of S at C.
(3)
(c)
Show that the mass of S is 0.1 kg.

(2)
At C, the stone S hits a vertical wall, rebounds from the wall and then slides back along the line
CA. The magnitude of the impulse of the wall on S is 2.4 Ns and the stone continues to move
against a constant resistance of 0.3 N.
(d)
Calculate the time between the instant that S rebounds from the wall and the instant that S
comes to rest.
(6)
(Total 13 marks)
6.
20
A sledge has mass 30 kg. The sledge is pulled in a straight line along horizontal ground by
means of a rope. The rope makes an angle 20 with the horizontal, as shown in the diagram
above. The coefficient of friction between the sledge and the ground is 0.2. The sledge is
modelled as a particle and the rope as a light inextensible string. The tension in the rope is 150
N. Find, to 3 significant figures,
(a)
the normal reaction of the ground on the sledge,

(3)
(b)
the acceleration of the sledge.

(3)
When the sledge is moving at 12 m s1, the rope is released from the sledge.
(c)
Find, to 3 significant figures, the distance travelled by the sledge from the moment when
the rope is released to the moment when the sledge comes to rest.
(6)
(Total 12 marks)
7.
A particle P of mass 0.4 kg is moving under the action of a constant force F newtons. Initially
the velocity of P is (6i 27j) m s1 and 4 s later the velocity of P is (14i + 21j) m s1.
(a)
Find, in terms of i and j, the acceleration of P.

(3)
(b)
Calculate the magnitude of F.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)
1.
(a)
For whole system: 1200 400 200 = 1000a
M1 A1
a = 0.6 m s2
(b)
A1
For trailer: T 200 = 200 0.6
M1 A1 ft
T = 320 N
A1
OR:
For car: 1200 400 T = 800 0.6
OR:
M1 A1 ft
T = 320 N
(c)
A1
For trailer: 200 + 100 = 200f or 200f
M1 A1
f = 1.5 m s2 (1.5)
A1
For car: 400 + F 100 = 800f or 800f
M1 A2
F = 900
A1
(N.B. For both: 400 + 200 + F = 1000f)

[13]
2.
(a)
2g
s = ut +
a=1
(b)
(c)
30
3g
1
1 2
at 6 = a 9
2
2
M1
1
(m s2)
3
N2L for system 30 5g = 5a

14 10
=
=
or awrt 0.48
3 g 21
N2L for P T 2g = 2a
14
4
T
2g = 2
3g
3
Leading to T = 12 (n)
Alternatively
N2L for Q
30 T 3g = 3a
Leading to T = 12 (n)
A1
ft their a, accept symbol
M1A1ft
DM1A1
ft their , their a, accept symbols
M1A1ft
awrt 12
DM1A1
awrt 12
M1A1
DM1A1
(d)
(e)
The acceleration of P and Q (or the whole of the system)

is the same.
4
3 = 4
3
N2L (for system or either particle)
5g = 5a
a = g
v = u + at 0 = 4 gt
6
Leading to t =
(s)
7
v = u + at v =
B1
B1ft on a
or equivalent
M1
DM1
accept 0.86, 0.857
A1
4
[15]
3.
(15i 4 j) (3i + 2 j)
=3i 15j
4
(a)
a=
(b)
N2L F = ma = 6i 3j
F =(62 + 32) 6.71 (N)
v6 = (3i + 2j) + (3i 1.5j)6

= 21i 7j (m s1)
(c)
M1A1
ft their a
accept 45, awrt 6.7
M1A1
M1A1
ft their a
M1A1ft
A1
1
[9]
4.
(a)
P
20
30g
Use of F = R
P cos 20 = R
R + Psin20 = 30g
P cos 20 = (30g P sin 20)
0.4 30 g
P=
cos 20 + 0.4 sin 20
110 (N)
B1
M1A1
M1 A1
M1
M1
accept 109
A1
(b)
R + 150 sin 20 = 30 g
(R 242.7)
150 cos 20 R = 30a
N2L
150 cos 20 0.4 242.7
a
30
2
= 1.5 (m s )
M1A1
M1A1
M1
accept 1.46
A1
6
[14]
5.
(a)
162 = 202 2 a 24 a = 3 m s2
(b)
v2 = 202 2 3 30
M1 A1ft
v = 220 or 14.8 m s1
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
(c)
0.3 = m 3 m = 0.1 kg (*)
(d)
0.1(w + 220) = 2.4
M1 A1ft
w = 9.17
A1
M1 A1ft
0 = 9,17 3 t
t 3.06 s
A1
6
[13]
6.
(a)
150
0.2R
30g
(b)
R() R + 150 sin 20 = 30g

R 243 N
M1 A1
A1
R(): 150 cos 20 0.2R = 30a

a 3.08 m s2
M1 A1
A1
(c)
F
30g
S = 30g F = 0.2 30g
30a = () 0.2 30g a = () 0.2g (= 1.96)
0 = 122 2 0.2g s (using new a)
s 36.7 m
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1
A1
6
[12]
7.
(a)
(b)
a = [14i + 21j (6i 27j)] 4

= (5i + 12j) m s2
M1 A1
A1
|a| = (52 + 122) = 13

|F| = m|a| = 0.4 13 = 5.2 N
M1
M1 A1
3
[6]
Alt (b)
F = 0.4(5i + 12j) = 2i + 4.8j
|F| = (22 + 4.82) = 5.2 N
M1
M1 A1
1.
Part (a) was well done by the majority of candidates and a good number went on to use the
answer correctly in part (b). If mistakes were made they were the usual sign errors or more
seriously, in terms of marks lost, missing terms.
The third part was poorly done. There was confusion over the direction of the forces and the
concept of thrust. A few candidates halved the thrust and used 50N in each equation. Some used
the values of the acceleration and tension from previous parts.
2.
Full marks were rarely achieved in this question. Some made a poor start by using F=ma in part
(a) rather than an appropriate constant acceleration formula. In the second part many used
separate equations of motion for the two particles (sometimes with extra or omitted terms) but
then not uncommonly solved them as simultaneous equations with the same F (friction term),
showing a lack of understanding of the problem. Only a minority used the more straightforward
whole system approach. There was some recovery in part (c) where follow through marks
were available as long as the appropriate terms were included in the equation of motion of one
particle. A significant number of candidates knew that an inextensible string implied that the
accelerations of the two particles were the same in part (d), but some of those went on to
incorrectly mention the tension as well and so lost the mark. Many candidates who reached part
(e) seemed to know they had to find the new deceleration but lost marks by including a tension
or the 30N in their equation of motion.
3.
In part (a) most candidates knew the method and it was often fully correct but a number failed to
find the magnitude of the force in the second part, with some, subtracting the squares of the
components instead of adding them. Part (c) was well answered.
4.
Good candidates found this question reasonably straightforward, but many of the weaker ones
lost significant numbers of marks because they thought that R = 30g. It was odd that many
candidates could get part (a) completely correct but then were unable to make any progress at all
with part (b) and didnt appreciate the similarity between them. Some marks were again lost due
to overaccurate answers. A clearly labelled diagram in each part made a huge difference.
5.
Most could make good attempts at the first three parts of the question, though a misreading of
the information (confusing AC and BC was not uncommon). In part (d) the most common
mistake was to confuse signs again (similar to qu.1) in writing down the impulse-momentum
equation, but most could then go on to use their result in an appropriate way to get a value for
the time.
6.
Parts (a) and (b) were well done by some with few writing down that the normal reaction in (a)
was equal to the weight; in part (b) several missed out a force in trying to find the acceleration
However, many failed to observe the specific demand to give their answers to 3 significant
figures. In part (c), many failed to realise that the normal reaction would change: hence they
used their working from the earlier parts of the question to find the frictional force; others used
the answer form part (b) (for acceleration) in their working for part (c) (where the sledge is
decelerating!).
7.
This was generally very well done. A few errors occurred in part (a) with candidates using u v,
instead of v u, and there were some arithmetical slips. In part (b), a few simply found the
magnitude of their acceleration, failing to multiply by the mass; quite a few simply found the
force as a vector, failing to understand the significance of the word magnitude here.
10
M1 Dynamics - F = ma on a slope
1.
A particle of mass 0.8 kg is held at rest on a rough plane. The plane is inclined at 30 to the
horizontal. The particle is released from rest and slides down a line of greatest slope of the
plane. The particle moves 2.7 m during the first 3 seconds of its motion. Find
(a)
the acceleration of the particle,

(3)
(b)
the coefficient of friction between the particle and the plane.

(5)
The particle is now held on the same rough plane by a horizontal force of magnitude x newtons,
acting in a plane containing a line of greatest slope of the plane, as shown in the diagram above.
The particle is in equilibrium and on the point of moving up the plane.
(c)
Find the value of X.

(7)
(Total 15 marks)
2.
A small brick of mass 0.5 kg is placed on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an
4
angle , where tan = , and released from rest. The coefficient of friction between the brick
3
1
and the plane is .
3
Find the acceleration of the brick.
(Total 9 marks)
3.
Two forces, (4i 5j) N and (pi + qj) N, act on a particle P of mass m kg. The resultant of the
two forces is R. Given that R acts in a direction which is parallel to the vector (i 2j),
(a)
find the angle between R and the vector j,

(3)
(b)
show that 2p + q + 3 = 0.
(4)
Given also that q = 1 and that P moves with an acceleration of magnitude 85 m s2,
(c)
find the value of m.

(7)
(Total 14 marks)
4.
P
4N
A particle P of mass 0.5 kg is on a rough plane inclined at an angle to the horizontal,

3
where tan = . The particle is held at rest on the plane by the action of a force of
4
magnitude 4 N acting up the plane in a direction parallel to a line of greatest slope of the
plane, as shown in the figure above. The particle is on the point of slipping up the plane.
(a)
Find the coefficient of friction between P and the plane.

(7)
The force of magnitude 4 N is removed.

(b)
Find the acceleration of P down the plane.

(4)
(Total 11 marks)
5.
PN
30
A parcel of weight 10N lies on a rough plane inclined at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. A
horizontal force of magnitude P newtons acts on the parcel, as shown in the figure above. The
parcel is in equilibrium and on the point of slipping up the plane. The normal reaction of the
plane on the parcel is 18N. The coefficient of friction between the parcel and the plane is .
Find
(a)
the value of P,
(4)
(b)
the value of .
(5)
The horizontal force is removed.

(c)
Determine whether or not the parcel moves.

(5)
(Total 14 marks)
6.
18 N
20
A box of mass 2 kg is pulled up a rough plane face by means of a light rope. The plane is
inclined at an angle of 20 to the horizontal, as shown in the diagram. The rope is parallel to a
line of greatest slope of the plane. The tension in the rope is 18 N. The coefficient of friction
between the box and the plane is 0.6. By modelling the box as a particle, find
(a)
the normal reaction of the plane on the box,

(3)
(b)
the acceleration of the box.

(5)
(Total 8 marks)
7.
B
50 m
15
The diagram above shows a boat B of mass 400 kg held at rest on a slipway by a rope. The boat
is modelled as a particle and the slipway as a rough plane inclined at 15 to the horizontal. The
coefficient of friction between B and the slipway is 0.2. The rope is modelled as a light,
inextensible string, parallel to a line of greatest slope of the plane. The boat is in equilibrium
and on the point of sliding down the slipway.
(a)
Calculate the tension in the rope.

(6)
The boat is 50 m from the bottom of the slipway. The rope is detached from the boat and the
boat slides down the slipway.
(b)
Calculate the time taken for the boat to slide to the bottom of the slipway.
(6)
(Total 12 marks)
8.
A tile on a roof becomes loose and slides from rest down the roof. The roof is modelled as a
plane surface inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the tile and
the roof is 0.4. The tile is modelled as a particle of mass m kg.
(a)
Find the acceleration of the tile as it slides down the roof.

(7)
The tile moves a distance 3 m before reaching the edge of the roof.
(b)
Find the speed of the tile as it reaches the edge of the roof.
(2)
(c)
Write down the answer to part (a) if the tile had mass 2m kg.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
9.
A particle P of mass 3 kg is projected up a line of greatest slope of a rough plane inclined at an

angle of 30 to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between P and the plane is 0.4. The
initial speed of P is 6 m s1. Find
(a)
the frictional force acting on P as it moves up the plane,

(4)
(b)
the distance moved by P up the plane before P comes to instantaneous rest.

(7)
(Total 11 marks)
10.
30
30
A small parcel of mass 2 kg moves on a rough plane inclined at an angle of 30 to the

horizontal. The parcel is pulled up a line of greatest slope of the plane by means of a light rope
which is attached to it. The rope makes an angle of 30 with the plane, as shown in the diagram
above. The coefficient of friction between the parcel and the plane is 0.4.
Given that the tension in the rope is 24 N,
(a)
find, to 2 significant figures, the acceleration of the parcel.

(8)
The rope now breaks. The parcel slows down and comes to rest.
(b)
Show that, when the parcel comes to this position of rest, it immediately starts to move
down the plane again.
(4)
(c)
Find, to 2 significant figures, the acceleration of the parcel as it moves down the plane
after it has come to this position of instantaneous rest.
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
1.
s = ut +
(a)
1 2
1
at 2.7 = a 9
2
2
a = 0.6 (m s2)
M1 A1
A1
(b)
R = 0.8g cos30( 6.79)
B1
Use of F = R
B1
0.8g sin 30 R = 0.8 a
M1 A1
(0.8g sin 30 0.8g cos30 = 0.8 0.6)

0.51
accept 0.507
A1
R cos30 = R cos60 + 0.8g
M1 A2 (1,0)
(c)
(R 12.8)
X = R sin 30+R sin 60
Solving for X,
X 12
accept 12.0
M1 A1
DM1 A1
Alternative
R = X sin 30 + 0.8 9.8sin 60
R + 0.8g cos60 = X cos30
X=
Solving for X,
M1 A2 (1,0)
M1 A1
0.8 g sin 60 + 0.8 g cos 60

cos 30 sin 30
X 12
accept 12.0
DM1 A1
[15]
0.5g sin F = 0.5a
2.
F = 13 R seen
R = 0.5g cos
Use of sin= 54 or cos=
3
5
M1 A1 A1
B1
M1 A1
or decimal equiv or
7
decimal angle e.g 53.1 or 53
B1
3g
or 5.88
5
m s2 or 5.9 m s2
a=
DM1 A1
[9]
3.
(a)
2
tan = = 63.4
1
angle is 153.4
M1 A1
(4 + p)i + (q 5)j
(q 5) = 2(4 + p)
2p + q + 3 = 0 *
(b)
q = 1 p = 2
R = 2i 4j
(c)
A1
B1
M1 A1
A1
B1
M1
R = 2 2 + (4) 2 = 20
M1 A1 f.t.
20 = m8 5
1
m=
4
M1 A1 f.t.
A1 cao
7
[14]
4.
(a)
4
0.5g
R = 0.5g cos = 0.4g
M1 A1
4 = F + 0.5g sin
M1 A1
F = R used
M1
4 = 0.4g. + 0.3g
0.27(0)
M1 A1
1st two M1s require correct number of the

correct terms,with valid attempt to resolve
the correct relevant term (valid resolve = x sin / cos).
4th M1 (dept) for forming equn in , + numbers only
(b)
0.5g
0.5a = 0.3g 0.27 0.4g
M1 A2,1,0ft
a (+) 3.76 m s2 (or 3.8)

A1
In first equn, allow their R or F in the equation for full marks.
A marks: f.t. on their R, F etc. Deduct one A mark (up to 2) for
each wrong term.
[11]
5.
18
P
18
10
(a)
R( perp to plane):
P sin 30 + 10 cos 30 = 18
Solve:
(b)
P 18.7 N
M1 A1
R( // plane):
P cos 30 = 10 sin 30 + F
F = 18 used
Sub and solve:
(c)
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1
= 0.621 or 0.62
M1 A1
Normal reaction now = 10 cos 30

Component of weight down plane = 10 sin 30
Fmax = Rnew 5.37 N
(AWRT 5.4)
5.37 > 5 does not slide
M1 A1
(= 5 N)
(seen)
B1
M1
A1 cso
5
[14]
6.
(a)
18
2g
F
R (perp to plane): R = 2g cos 20
18.4 or 18 N
(b)
R (// to plane): 18 2g sin 20 F = 2a

F = 0.6 R used
Sub and solve: a = 0.123 or 0.12 m s2
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
B1
M1 A1
5
[8]
R
7.
F
T
(a)
400g
R = 400g cos 15 ( 3786 N)
F = 0.2R used
T + 0.2R = 400g sin 15
T 257 or 260 N
(b)
400g sin 15 0.2 400g cos 15 = 400a

a = 0.643()
50 = 12 0.643 t2
t = 12.5 or 12 s
B1
B1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1f.t.
A1
6
[12]
10
8.
(a)
a
mg
R ( ): R = mg cos 30
R ( ): ma = mg sin 30 F
F = 0.4 R used
Eliminate R
ma = mg sin 30 0.4 mg cos 30
Solve: a = 4.9 0.4 9.8
3 /2
1.5 or 1.51 m s
(b)
v2 = 2 1.51 3 v = 3 or 3.01 m s1
(c)
1.5/1.51 m s2 (same as (a))
B1
M1 A1
B1
M1
M1
A1
M1 A1
B1 ft
1
[10]
9.
(a)
R
F
3g
(b)
R(): R = 3g cos 30 (= 25.46 N)

F = 0.4R 10.2 N (accept 10 N)
M1 A1
M1 A1
R(): F + 3g sin 30 = 3a
M1 A2
(1 eeoo)
a 8.3 m s2
v2 = u2 + 2as : 62 = 2 a s
s 2.17 m (accept 2.2 m)
M1 A1
M1
A1
7
[11]
11
10.
(a)
24
30
F
30
2g
R( ) N + 24 cos 60 = 2g cos 30
N = 16.97 12 = 4.97 N
M1 A1
F = 0.4 . 4.97 = 1.99 N
M1 A1
R( ) 2a = 24 cos 30 2g cos 60 1.99
(b)
M1 A1 A1
A1
a 4.5 m s2
2g
R( )
N = 2g cos 30 = 16.97
M1 A1
Fmax = 0.4 . 16.97 = 6.79 N
(c)
Component of weight down plane = 2g sin 30 = 9.8 N
M1
9.8 > Fmax net force down plane parcel moves
A1
2f = 9.8 6.79,
f 1.5 m s2
M1 A1, A1
[12]
12
1.
Part (a) had a very high success rate and all three marks were regularly scored but the second
part was found to be more challenging. Most were able to resolve perpendicular to the plane to
find the reaction and use it to find the limiting friction. However, all too often there were
omissions from the equation of motion parallel to the plane, either the mass x acceleration term
and/or the weight component or else g was missing. Part (c) was a good discriminator and
candidates needed to realise that this was a new system and that there was no acceleration.
Those who failed to appreciate this and used their friction force from part (b) scored no marks.
The majority of successful candidates resolved parallel and perpendicular to the plane (although
a sizeable minority resolved vertically and horizontally) but even then a correct final answer
was rarely seen due to premature approximation or else it was given to too many figures.
2.
This question was well done by the majority of candidates. Most made valid attempts at
resolving parallel and perpendicular to the plane. The most common error was where candidates
obtained the sin/cos of the complementary angle. Others used sin(4/5) or cos(3/5). Many
successful candidates used the actual angle 53.1 rather than working with fractions for the trig.
ratios. Some thought that the friction force was 1/3. A few managed to obtain the correct
answer fortuitously by using R = 0.5a.
3.
Many were able, in the first part, to use tan to find an acute angle, scoring two of the three
marks, but were then unable to identify and find the required angle. In part (b), the first mark
was for adding the two vectors together but many students then stated that this sum was equal to
(i 2j) rather than a multiple of it and were unable to make any progress. In the final part, many
who failed in (b), obtained p = 2 from the printed equation and, even if their R was wrong,
were able to benefit from follow-through marks. It was amazing to see so many arrive correctly
at 20 = m85 then correctly write m = 25 / 85 but then give m = 5/4!
4.
This was generally well done and many fully correct solutions were seen to part (a). However, a
number of weaker candidates could not handle the angle in question (e.g using 0.75 degrees);
also some weaker candidates were evidently confused about what precisely F was in the
equations F = R and F = ma. In part (b) a number of candidates also lost marks by effectively
omitting one of the two terms in the equation of motion, forgetting about either the friction or
(more commonly) the component of the weight acting down the plane.
5.
In parts (a) and (b) candidates managed to recover and most could make good attempts here.
Most could resolve perpendicular to the plane and parallel to the plane, with a correct use of the
frictional force. Some lost marks by omitting forces, but several gained at least all the method
marks here. Part (c) proved to be more discriminating, at least for gaining all 5 marks. Some
could make little progress since they did not realise that the normal reaction had now changed.
Others did realise this and could get to the stage of setting up the value of the component of the
weight down the plane and the value of R. However it proved to be very difficult for
candidates to understand clearly that R was not necessarily the actual frictional force acting
(except in limiting equilibrium): hence there were many final answers to part (c) stating that the
box remained in equilibrium because the frictional force was greater than the component of the
weight.
13
6.
In part (a), most obtained R = 2g cos 20 correctly; however, a large number failed to give their
answer to an appropriate degree of accuracy (here at most 3 significant figures), thus losing a
mark. In part (b), most realised that the frictional force was equal to R; but there was a
surprisingly high number of errors in attempting to write down the equation of motion with
several omitting a force (e.g. the component of the weight) in their equation; others appeared to
be very confused with what F was, using the same F in both F = ma and F = R. The
figures involved were also quite sensitive to the accuracy presumed, and premature
approximation led to a number of incorrect answers. Candidates should be aware that, if they
give a final answer to 3 s.f., then they must work with previous values which are accurate to at
least 4 s.f.
7.
Some very good answers were seen to this question with many fully correct (or all but correct)
answers. However, as with Q4, many again lost a mark by giving their answers (especially in
part (a)) to 4 or more significant figures. The most common other mistake in (a) was to have the
wrong sign with the friction in the equilibrium equation. It was however pleasing to note the
very high standard generally of accuracy in processing the resulting equation here with
awkward figures involved. In part (b), most realised that they had to find the acceleration, but
several omitted one or other of the relevant forces in doing so. Most however could use their
resulting acceleration to find a value of the time appropriately.
8.
This proved to be a little more demanding for the weaker candidates. Some omitted forces when
trying to write down the equation of motion of the tile down the slope. Others too failed to make
clear which direction they were assuming was positive, and then produced some rather unclear
working to come up with a positive answer at the end. Some too lost a mark by failing to give
their answer to 2 or 3 significant figures. Most realised how to tackle part (b) correctly.
In part (c) very few ignored the hint in the instruction to write down their answer (and in the
fact that there was only one mark available) and proceeded to repeat the whole calculation; even
when doing so, not many came out with the same answer as part (a).
9.
This question tended to be handled very well or rather poorly. In part (a) there was sometimes
some confusion between the frictional force and the resultant force, though candidates then
often proceeded correctly in part (b). There were also a number who lost a mark for failing to
given their answer to part (a) to an appropriate degree of accuracy again (i.e. 2 or 3 significant
figures). In part (b), some correct answers were seen, but frequently candidates missed out a
force (e.g. the weight) in writing down the equation of motion to find the acceleration of the
particle. A clear diagram with the forces clearly marked would have helped candidates here to
sort out the Mechanics of the situation better.
10. No Report available for this question.
14
M1 Dynamics - Momentum and impulse

1.
Particle P has mass m kg and particle Q has mass 3m kg. The particles are moving in opposite
directions along a smooth horizontal plane when they collide directly. Immediately before the
collision P has speed 4u ms1 and Q has speed ku ms1, where k is a constant. As a result of the
collision the direction of motion of each particle is reversed and the speed of each particle is
halved.
(a)

(4)
(b)
Find, in terms of m and u, the magnitude of the impulse exerted on P by Q.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
2.
A particle A of mass 2 kg is moving along a straight horizontal line with speed 12 m s1.
Another particle B of mass m kg is moving along the same straight line, in the opposite direction
to A, with speed 8 m s1. The particles collide. The direction of motion of A is unchanged by the
collision. Immediately after the collision, A is moving with speed 3 m s1 and B is moving with
speed 4 m s1. Find
(a)

(2)
(b)
the value of m.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
3.
Two particles A and B have mass 0.4 kg and 0.3 kg respectively. They are moving in opposite
directions on a smooth horizontal table and collide directly. Immediately before the collision,
the speed of A is 6 m s1 and the speed of B is 2 m s1. As a result of the collision, the direction
of motion of B is reversed and its speed immediately after the collision is 3 m s1. Find
(a)
the speed of A immediately after the collision, stating clearly whether the direction of
motion of A is changed by the collision,
(4)
(b)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted on B in the collision, stating clearly the units in
which your answer is given.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
4.
(a)
Two particles A and B, of mass 3 kg and 2 kg respectively, are moving in the same
direction on a smooth horizontal table when they collide directly. Immediately before the
collision, the speed of A is 4 m s1 and the speed of B is 1.5 m s1. In the collision, the
particles join to form a single particle C.
Find the speed of C immediately after the collision.
(3)
(b)
Two particles P and Q have mass 3 kg and m kg respectively. They are moving towards
each other in opposite directions on a smooth horizontal table. Each particle has speed
4 m s1, when they collide directly. In this collision, the direction of motion of each
particle is reversed. The speed of P immediately after the collision is 2 m s1 and the
speed of Q is 1 m s1. Find
(i)
the value of m,
(3)
(ii)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted on Q in the collision.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
5.
Two small steel balls A and B have mass 0.6 kg and 0.2 kg respectively. They are moving
towards each other in opposite directions on a smooth horizontal table when they collide
directly. Immediately before the collision, the speed of A is 8 m s1 and the speed of B is 2 m
s1. Immediately after the collision, the direction of motion of A is unchanged and the speed of
B is twice the speed of A. Find
(a)
the speed of A immediately after the collision,

(5)
(b)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted on B in the collision.

(3)
(Total 8 marks)
6.
A particle P of mass 1.5 kg is moving along a straight horizontal line with speed 3 m s1.
Another particle Q of mass 2.5 kg is moving, in the opposite direction, along the same straight
line with speed 4 m s1. The particles collide. Immediately after the collision the direction of
motion of P is reversed and its speed is 2.5 m s1.
(a)
Calculate the speed of Q immediately after the impact.

(3)
(b)
State whether or not the direction of motion of Q is changed by the collision.

(1)
(c)
Calculate the magnitude of the impulse exerted by Q on P, giving the units of your
answer.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
7.
A stone S is sliding on ice. The stone is moving along a straight horizontal line ABC, where AB
= 24 m and AC = 30 m. The stone is subject to a constant resistance to motion of magnitude 0.3
N. At A the speed of S is 20 m s1, and at B the speed of S is 16 m s1. Calculate
(a)
the deceleration of S,
(2)
(b)
the speed of S at C.
(3)
(c)
Show that the mass of S is 0.1 kg.

(2)
At C, the stone S hits a vertical wall, rebounds from the wall and then slides back along the line
CA. The magnitude of the impulse of the wall on S is 2.4 Ns and the stone continues to move
against a constant resistance of 0.3 N.
(d)
Calculate the time between the instant that S rebounds from the wall and the instant that S
comes to rest.
(6)
(Total 13 marks)
8.
A tent peg is driven into soft ground by a blow from a hammer. The tent peg has mass 0.2 kg
and the hammer has mass 3 kg. The hammer strikes the peg vertically.
Immediately before the impact, the speed of the hammer is 16 m s1. It is assumed that,
immediately after the impact, the hammer and the peg move together vertically downwards.
(a)
Find the common speed of the peg and the hammer immediately after the impact.
(3)
Until the peg and hammer come to rest, the resistance exerted by the ground is assumed to be
constant and of magnitude R newtons. The hammer and peg are brought to rest 0.05 s after the
impact.
(b)
Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of R.

(5)
(Total 8 marks)
9.
A particle P of mass 2 kg is moving with speed u m s1 in a straight line on a smooth horizontal

plane. The particle P collides directly with a particle Q of mass 4 kg which is at rest on the same
horizontal plane. Immediately after the collision, P and Q are moving in opposite directions and
the speed of P is one-third the speed of Q.
(a)
Show that the speed of P immediately after the collision is
1
5
u m s1.
(4)
After the collision P continues to move in the same straight line and is brought to rest by a
constant resistive force of magnitude 10 N. The distance between the point of collision and the
point where P comes to rest is 1.6 m.
(b)
Calculate the value of u.

(5)
(Total 9 marks)
10.
Two trucks A and B, moving in opposite directions on the same horizontal railway track,
collide. The mass of A is 600 kg. The mass of B is m kg. Immediately before the collision, the
speed of A is 4 m s1 and the speed of B is 2 m s1. Immediately after the collision, the trucks
are joined together and move with the same speed 0.5 m s1. The direction of motion of A is
unchanged by the collision. Find
(a)
the value of m,
(4)
(b)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted on A in the collision.

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
11.
A railway truck S of mass 2000 kg is travelling due east along a straight horizontal track with
constant speed 12 m s1. The truck S collides with a truck T which is travelling due west along
the same track as S with constant speed 6 m s1. The magnitude of the impulse of T on S is
28 800 Ns.
(a)
Calculate the speed of S immediately after the collision.

(3)
(b)
State the direction of motion of S immediately after the collision.

(1)
Given that, immediately after the collision, the speed of T is 3.6 m s 1, and that T and S are
moving in opposite directions,
(c)
calculate the mass of T.

(4)
(Total 8 marks)
12.
Two particles A and B have mass 0.12 kg and 0.08 kg respectively. They are initially at rest on a
smooth horizontal table. Particle A is then given an impulse in the direction AB so that it moves
with speed 3 m s1 directly towards B.
(a)
Find the magnitude of this impulse, stating clearly the units in which your answer is
given.
(2)
Immediately after the particles collide, the speed of A is 1.2 m s1, its direction of motion being
unchanged.
(b)
Find the speed of B immediately after the collision.

(3)
(c)
Find the magnitude of the impulse exerted on A in the collision.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)
13.
A railway truck P of mass 2000 kg is moving along a straight horizontal track with speed
10 m s1. The truck P collides with a truck Q of mass 3000 kg, which is at rest on the same
track. Immediately after the collision Q moves with speed 5 m s1. Calculate
(a)
the speed of P immediately after the collision,

(3)
(b)
the magnitude of the impulse exerted by P on Q during the collision.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)
14.
A post is driven into the ground by means of a blow from a pile-driver. The pile-driver
falls from rest from a height of 1.6 m above the top of the post.
(a)
Show that the speed of the pile-driver just before it hits the post is 5.6 m s1.
(2)
The post has mass 6 kg and the pile-driver has mass 78 kg. When the pile-driver hits the top of
the post, it is assumed that `there is no rebound and that both then move together with the same
speed.
(b)
Find the speed of the pile-driver and the post immediately after the pile-driver has
hit the post.
(3)
The post is brought to rest by the action of a resistive force from the ground acting for 0.06 s.
By modelling this force as constant throughout this time,
(c)
find the magnitude of the resistive force,

(4)
(d)
find, to 2 significant figures, the distance travelled by the post and the pile-driver
before they come to rest.
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

1.
(a)
4mu 3mku =
2mu + 3mk
k=
(b)
u
2
4
3
For P, I = m (2u 4u)

= 6mu
M1 A1
M1 A1cso
M1 A1
A1
OR
For Q, I = 3m (
ku
ku )
2
(M1 A1)
[7]
2.
(a)
(b)
I =21223=18 (N s)
LM
2128m = 23+4m
Solving to m = 1.5
M1 A1
M1 A1
DM1 A1
Alternative
I = m(4(8)) = 18
M1 A1
Solving to m = 1.5
DM1 A1
[6]
3.
(a)
2
0.4
0.3
v
CLM:
3
0.4 6 0.3 2 = 0.4 v + 0.3 3
v = (+) 2.25 m s1
M1 A1
A1
(+ ) direction unchanged
A1 ft
M1 for 4 term equation dimensionally correct ( g).
A1 correct
A1 answer must be positive
A1 f.t. - accept correct answer from correct working without
justification; if working is incorrect
allow f.t. from a clear diagram with answer consistent with
their statement; also allow A1 if their ans is +ve and they say
direction unchanged.
(b)
I = 0.3 (2 + 3) = 1.5, Ns (o.e.)
M1 A1 B1
M1 - need (one mass) (sum or difference of the two

speeds associated with the mass chosen)
A1 - answer must be positive
B1 allow o.e. e.g. kg m s1
[7]
4.
(a)
CLM:
3 4 + 2 1.5 = 5 x v
M1 A1
v = 3 m s1
(b)
(i)
CLM:
A1
34m4
= 3 2 + m (x 1)
m = 3.6
(ii)
I = 3.6(4 + 1)
M1 A1
A1
[or 3(4 + 2)]
= 18 Ns
M1
M1 A1
2
[8]
5.
v
w
CLM: 0.6 8 0.2 2 = 0.6 v + 0.2 w
Using w = 2v to form equn in v/w only
Solve to get v = 4.4 m s1
(b)
Impulse on B = 0.2(2 + 8.8)

= 2.16 Ns
M1 A1
M1
M1 A1
M1 A1ft
A1
3
[8]
6.
1.5 kg
2.5 kg
2.5
(a)
v
CLM: 1.5 3 2.5 4 = 1.5 2.5 + 2.5 v
v = 0.7 m s1 so speed = 0.7 m s1
M1 A1
A1
(b)
Direction of Q unchanged
A1ft
(c)
Impulse = 1.5 ( 3 + 2.5)

= 8.25, Ns
M1
A1, B1
[7]
7.
(a)
162 = 202 2 a 24 a = 3 m s2
(b)
v2 = 202 2 3 30
M1 A1ft
v = 220 or 14.8 m s1
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
(c)
0.3 = m 3 m = 0.1 kg (*)
(d)
0.1(w + 220) = 2.4
M1 A1ft
w = 9.17
A1
M1 A1ft
0 = 9,17 3 t
t 3.06 s
A1
6
[13]
8.
(a)
3 kg
16
v
0.2 kg
CLM: 3 16 = 3.2 v
v = 15 m s1
(b)
Impulse-momentum: (R 3.2g)0.05 = 3.2 15

R = 960 + 3.2g 991
Or: deceleration: 0 = 15 + 0.05a a = 300 m s2
Hence 3.2g R = 3.2 300
R = 960 + 3.2g 991
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1 A1ft
M1 A1
M1 A1 A1ft
M1 A1
5
[13]
Final M1 needs a three term equation.
9.
(a)
u
2 kg
v
CLM: 2u = 2v + 4w
4 kg
w
Using w = 3v ( 2u = 2v + 12v) and solve

v = 15 u (*)
M1 A1
M1
A1 cso
10

10 = 2a a = 5 m s2
0 = 251 u2 2 5 1.6
(b)
B1
M1 A1f.t.
M1 A1
u = 20 m s1
5
[9]
10.
0.5
+
600 kg
(a)
m kg
(600 + m) kg
CLM: 600 4 m 2 = (600 + m) 0.5

m = 840 kg
(b)
I = 600 (4 0.5)
= 2100 Ns
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 M1
A1
3
[7]
11.
12
T
3.6
(a)
28800 = 2000 (12 v)

v = 2.4 ms1
Speed = 2.4 ms
M1 A1
A1
A1 ft
1
4
(b)
due west / /reversed direction (o.e.)
(c)
T: 28800 = m(6 + 3.6)

m = 3000 kg
M1 A1
M1 A1
OR 2000 12 6 m = 2000 2.4 + m 3.6

m = 3000 kg
M1 A1
M1 A1
[8]
12.
(a)
I = 0.12 3 = 0.36, Ns
B1, B1
(b)
0.12 3 = 0.12 1.2 + 0.08 v

v = 2.7 m s1
M1 A1
A1
I = 0.12 (3 1.2) or 0.08 2.7

= 0.216 Ns
M1
A1
(c)
[7]
11

13.
(a)
(b)
CLM: 2000 10 = 2000v + 3000 5

v = 2.5 m s1
I = 3000 5 (or 2000(10 2.5))
= 15 000 Ns
M1, A1
B1
M1
A1
2
[5]
14.
(a)
v2 = u2 + 2as:
V 2 = 2 . 9.8 . 1.6
V = 5.6 m s1
(b)
78 . 5.6 = 84 . v
84 . 5.2 = F . 0.06 84g . 0.06

F = 8103.2 N
F = ma:
(d)
8103.2 84g = 84a a = 86.67
v2 = u2 + 2as:
A1
M1 A1
v = 5.2 m s1
(c)
M1
A1
M1 A1 A1
A1
M1 A1
5.22 = 2 . 86.67 . s
M1
s 0.156 m, or 0.16 m to 2 s.f.
A1
2
[11]
12
1.
This question produced very many correct responses. In part (a) most candidates were able to
apply the conservation of momentum principle with few problems, with many candidates
achieving all four marks. As usual a significant number, maybe fewer than in previous years,
made sign errors, with the occasional candidate missing the odd ms or us. Very few put gs
into the equation while others had difficulty in manipulating the fractions Arithmetic errors in
working out the value of k were not uncommon and negative values obtained for k seldom
alerted the candidates to a possible error in their work. In the second part, the majority of
candidates chose to use the change in momentum of P with many correct answers being
obtained. However there were the inevitable errors with signs, more than in part (a), with too
many candidates thinking that a negative answer was acceptable, misunderstanding the meaning
of magnitude.
2.
This proved to be a good starter and was well-answered by the majority of candidates. In part
(a), most knew that impulse = change in momentum and almost all errors were with the signs.
Candidates would be well-advised to put impulses, with arrows, on their diagrams as well as
velocities. There are still some candidates giving a negative answer for a magnitude which
always loses a mark. Most used conservation of momentum in part (b) which was preferable
since it did not rely on their answer from the previous part. Those who used impulse = change in
momentum again, applied to the other particle, could lose two marks if their answer to part (a)
was wrong.
3.
The relevant principles here were well known: virtually all candidates could apply the law of
conservation of linear momentum in part (a), and could find an impulse in part (b) by attempting
to find the change in momentum of one particle. Problems usually arose in relation to the signs
of the velocities in question and some weaker candidates evidently failed to realise that, in their
standard formulae such as I = mv mu, the velocities concerned are velocities not speeds and
hence could have negative values. A significant minority failed to give the units of the impulse
correctly in part (b).
4.
Candidates fared much better on this question that on Q1. Almost all could write down
appropriate equations involving conservation of linear momentum in (a) and (b), and an
appropriate expression for an impulse in (c). If errors occurred, they tended to be in the signs in
parts (b) and (c), candidates failing to take note of the different directions of motion. However,
many fully correct answers were seen here.
5.
The relevant principles here were well known: virtually all candidates could apply the law of
conservation of linear momentum in part (a), and could find an impulse in part (b) by attempting
to find the change in momentum of one particle. Problems usually arose in relation to the signs
of the velocities in question and some weaker candidates evidently failed to realise that, in their
standard formulae such as I = mv mu, the velocities concerned are velocities not speeds and
hence could have negative values.
13
6.
Virtually all candidates realised that they had to apply the principle of conservation of
momentum and made a reasonable attempt to do so. Mistakes tended to arise in relation to the
signs of the terms, with some taking no account of the directions of motion. Many too failed to
make clear the direction in which they were taking their unknown velocity as positive in their
equations. A clearly drawn diagram would have helped both candidates and examiners. In
finding the impulse, again most knew what to do in principle but errors arose in the signs of the
terms. The units of the answer for the impulse were often incorrect.
7.
Most could make good attempts at the first three parts of the question, though a misreading of
the information (confusing AC and BC was not uncommon). In part (d) the most common
mistake was to confuse signs again (similar to qu.1) in writing down the impulse-momentum
equation, but most could then go on to use their result in an appropriate way to get a value for
the time.
8.
Part (a) was almost universally done correctly. In part (b), most found the deceleration, but
almost all assumed that the only force acting was the resistance, failing to take account of the
weight of the hammer and peg.
9.
Most could form a correct conservation of momentum equation and could make an attempt to
interpret the data about the speeds after the collision by putting the two speeds in terms of a
single unknown. Several however found their unknown to be 0.6u without apparently realising
that they had found the speed of Q rather than P. It was pleasing to see most candidates keeping
the letter u in their working all the time. In part (b) several correct answers were seen; most
correctly obtained the deceleration, but a number failed to use the correct sign for their
acceleration term in their equation to find u (simply riding roughshod over the fact the u2 was
coming out to be negative).
10.
This proved to be a fairly friendly opening question with many candidates gaining full marks.
The general principles of momentum and impulse were well known. A number lost a mark by
leaving their answer for the magnitude of the impulse in part (b) as a negative number, and
some thought that the combined mass of the two trucks in part (a) was 600m rather than 600 +
m. A few also failed to realise that the velocities before the collision would be of different signs.
11.
Most realised that they should use impulse = change in momentum, but very few provided a
clear justification for the signs they used for the various components in their equations. It was
sadly very rare to see any diagram at all with the direction of the unknown velocities drawn in
and the positive direction clearly identified. So too, the statement of the direction of the velocity
in part (b) often bore no relation to the working given. In part (c), a number failed to see that if
the direction of motion of S was unaltered, the direction of motion of T could scarcely be
unaltered if T was not somehow to pass through S and appear on the other side!
14
12.
The routine application of the principle of conservation of momentum was generally well done.
It was slightly disappointing to see a significant number of candidates failing to give the units of
an impulse correctly in part (a). Some candidates also failed to realise that in parts (b) and (c),
they had to use the velocity of A immediately before the collision, rather than the zero velocity
of A at the start of the question. Some candidates also failed to understand that speed and
magnitude had to be positive quantities.
13.
This proved to be a very comfortable opening question for almost all candidates: all realised that
they had to write down a momentum equation, and most did so correctly. Some errors though
occurred in part (b), with some failing to give the answer as a magnitude, leaving it as a
negative quantity.
15
M1 Dynamics
1.
Two forces P and Q act on a particle. The force P has magnitude 7 N and acts due north. The
resultant of P and Q is a force of magnitude 10 N acting in a direction with bearing 120. Find
(i)
the magnitude of Q,
(ii)
the direction of Q, giving your answer as a bearing.

(Total 9 marks)
2.
A particle P of mass 0.4 kg moves under the action of a single constant force F newtons. The
acceleration of P is (6i + 8j) m s2. Find
(a)
the angle between the acceleration and i,

(2)
(b)
the magnitude of F.
(3)
At time t seconds the velocity of P is v m s1. Given that when t = 0, v = 9i 10j,

(c)
find the velocity of P when t = 5.

(3)
(Total 8 marks)
M1 Dynamics
1.
R=
103/2 i 5j
M1 A1
Using P = 7j and Q = R P to obtain Q = 53i 12j
M1 A1
Magnitude = [(53) + 12 ] 14.8 N (AWRT)
M1 A1
arctan (12/53) 64.2
angle with i =
bearing 144 (AWRT)
M1 A1
A1
Alternative method
Q
120
R
Vector triangle correct

Q2 = 102 + 72 + 2 10 7 cos 60
Q 14.8 N (AWRT)
14.8 = 10
sin 120 sin
= 35.8,
B1
M1 A1
A1
M1 A1
bearing 144 (AWRT)
M1 A1, A1
[9]
2.
(a)
tan =
53
(b)
(c)
8
6
M1
A1
F = 0.4(6i + 8j)(= 2.4i + 3.2j)

|F| = (2.42 + 3.22) = 4
The method marks can be gained in either order.
M1
M1A1
v = 9i 10j + 5(6i + 8j)

= 39i + 30j (m s1)
M1A1
A1
3
[8]
M1 Dynamics
1.
This question proved to be the most demanding on the paper. The majority attempted it by
trying to draw a vector triangle, but the triangles drawn were often unclear and rarely correct
(with quite a few right-angled triangles drawn or assumed). Others attempted to use coordinates,
though often made mistakes in using the implied equation P + Q = R (instead simply adding the
two given vectors, i.e. assuming P + R = Q). The presentation of work here was also very poor,
with calculations or numbers often splayed all over the page with no clear justification for what
was being attempted. Fully correct solutions were seen, but only occasionally!
2.
This question was done well by the vast majority of candidates. Most used trigonometry
appropriately in part (a) to find the required angle. In the second part some used F=ma correctly
but failed to find the magnitude, whereas others found the magnitude of the given acceleration
vector (sometimes labelling it as the force) but did not go on to multiply by the mass. Many
used the relevant vector constant acceleration formula to achieve a correct velocity in the final
part, although occasionally candidates multiplied the velocity rather than the acceleration by 5,
or they tried to convert it all into scalars.
M1 Kinematics - Problems with vectors
1.
A particle P is moving with constant velocity (3i + 2j)ms1. At time t = 6 s P is at the point
with position vector (4i 7j)m. Find the distance of P from the origin at time t = 2 s.
(Total 5 marks)
2.
[In this question, i and j are horizontal unit vectors due east and due north respectively and
position vectors are given with respect to a fixed origin.]
A ship S is moving along a straight line with constant velocity. At time t hours the position
vector of S is s km. When t = 0, s = 9i 6j. When t = 4, s = 21i + 10j. Find
(a)
the speed of S,
(4)
(b)
the direction in which S is moving, giving your answer as a bearing.

(2)
(c)
Show that s = (3t + 9) i + (4t 6) j.

(2)
A lighthouse L is located at the point with position vector (18i + 6j) km. When t = T, the ship S
is 10 km from L.
(d)
Find the possible values of T.

(6)
(Total 14 marks)
3.
[In this question i and j are horizontal unit vectors due east and due north respectively.]
A hiker H is walking with constant velocity (1.2i 0.9j) m s1.
(a)
Find the speed of H.

(2)
A horizontal field OABC is rectangular with OA due east and OC due north, as shown in the
diagram above. At twelve noon hiker H is at the point Y with position vector 100 j m, relative to
the fixed origin O.
(b)
Write down the position vector of H at time t seconds after noon.

(2)
At noon, another hiker K is at the point with position vector (9i + 46j) m. Hiker K is moving
with constant velocity (0.75i + 1.8j) m s1.
(c)
Show that, at time t seconds after noon,

HK = [(9 0.45t)i + (2.7t 54)j] meters.
(4)
Hence,
(d)
show that the two hikers meet and find the position vector of the point where they meet.
(5)
(Total 13 marks)
4.
A particle P moves with constant acceleration (2i 5j) m s2. At time t = 0, P has speed u m s1.
At time t = 3 s, P has velocity (6i + j) m s1.
Find the value of u.
(Total 5 marks)
5.
A boat B is moving with constant velocity. At noon, B is at the point with position vector
(3i 4j) km with respect to a fixed origin O. At 1430 on the same day, B is at the point with
position vector (8i + 11j) km.
(a)
Find the velocity of B, giving your answer in the form pi + qj.

(3)
At time t hours after noon, the position vector of B is b km.

(b)
Find, in terms of t, an expression for b.

(3)
Another boat C is also moving with constant velocity. The position vector of C, c km, at time t
hours after noon, is given by
c = (9i + 20j) + t(6i + j),
where is a constant. Given that C intercepts B,
(c)
find the value of ,

(5)
(d)
show that, before C intercepts B, the boats are moving with the same speed.
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
6.
A particle P of mass 2 kg is moving under the action of a constant force F newtons. When t = 0,
P has velocity (3i + 2j) m s1 and at time t = 4 s, P has velocity (15i 4j) m s1. Find
(a)
the acceleration of P in terms of i and j,

(2)
(b)
the magnitude of F,
(4)
(c)
the velocity of P at time t =6s.

(3)
(Total 9 marks)
7.
[In this question the unit vectors i and j are due east and north respectively.]
A ship S is moving with constant velocity (2.5i + 6j) km h1. At time 1200, the position vector
of S relative to a fixed origin O is (16i + 5j) km. Find
(a)
the speed of S,
(2)
(b)
the bearing on which S is moving.

(2)
The ship is heading directly towards a submerged rock R. A radar tracking station calculates
that, if S continues on the same course with the same speed, it will hit R at the time 1500.
(c)
Find the position vector of R.

(2)
The tracking station warns the ships captain of the situation. The captain maintains S on its
course with the same speed until the time is 1400. He then changes course so that S moves due
north at a constant speed of 5 km h1. Assuming that S continues to move with this new constant
velocity, find
(d)
an expression for the position vector of the ship t hours after 1400,
(4)
(e)
the time when S will be due east of R,

(2)
(f)
the distance of S from R at the time 1600.

(3)
(Total 15 marks)
8.
[In this question the horizontal unit vectors i and j are due east and due north respectively.]
A model boat A moves on a lake with constant velocity (i + 6j) m s1. At time t = 0, A is at
the point with position vector (2i 10j) m. Find
(a)
the speed of A,
(2)
(b)
the direction in which A is moving, giving your answer as a bearing.

(3)
At time t = 0, a second boat B is at the point with position vector (26i + 4j) m.
Given that the velocity of B is (3i + 4j) m s1,
(c)
show that A and B will collide at a point P and find the position vector of P.
(5)
Given instead that B has speed 8 m s1 and moves in the direction of the vector (3i + 4j),
(d)
find the distance of B from P when t = 7 s.

(6)
(Total 16 marks)
9.
[In this question, the unit vectors i and j are horizontal vectors due east and north respectively.]
At time t = 0, a football player kicks a ball from the point A with position vector (2i + j) m on a
horizontal football field. The motion of the ball is modelled as that of a particle moving
horizontally with constant velocity (5i + 8j) m s1. Find
(a)
the speed of the ball,

(2)
(b)
the position vector of the ball after t seconds.

(2)
The point B on the field has position vector (10i + 7j) m.

(c)
Find the time when the ball is due north of B.

(2)
At time t = 0, another player starts running due north from B and moves with constant speed
v m s1. Given that he intercepts the ball,
(d)
find the value of v.

(6)
(e)
State one physical factor, other than air resistance, which would be needed in a
refinement of the model of the balls motion to make the model more realistic.
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
10.
Two ships P and Q are travelling at night with constant velocities. At midnight, P is at the point
with position vector (20i + 10j) km relative to a fixed origin O. At the same time, Q is at the
point with position vector (14i 6j) km. Three hours later, P is at the point with position vector
(29i + 34j) km. The ship Q travels with velocity 12j km h1. At time t hours after midnight, the
position vectors of P and Q are p km and q km respectively. Find
(a)
the velocity of P, in terms of i and j,

(2)
(b)
expressions for p and q, in terms of t, i and j.

(4)
At time t hours after midnight, the distance between P and Q is d km.

(c)
By finding an expression for PQ , show that

d 2 = 25t2 92t + 292.
(5)
Weather conditions are such that an observer on P can only see the lights on Q when the
distance between P and Q is 15 km or less. Given that when t = 1, the lights on Q move into
sight of the observer,
(d)
find the time, to the nearest minute, at which the lights on Q move out of sight of the
observer.
(5)
(Total 16 marks)
11.
A particle P moves in a horizontal plane. The acceleration of P is (i + 2j) m s2. At time t = 0,

the velocity of P is (2i 3j) m s1.
(a)
Find, to the nearest degree, the angle between the vector j and the direction of motion of
P when t = 0.
(3)
At time t seconds, the velocity of P is v m s1. Find

(b)
an expression for v in terms of t, in the form ai + bj,

(2)
(c)
the speed of P when t = 3,

(3)
(d)
the time when P is moving parallel to i.

(2)
(Total 10 marks)
12.
A small boat S, drifting in the sea, is modelled as a particle moving in a straight line at constant
speed. When first sighted at 0900, S is at a point with position vector (4i 6j) km relative to a
fixed origin O, where i and j are unit vectors due east and due north respectively. At 0945, S is
at the point with position vector (7i 7.5j) km. At time t hours after 0900, S is at the point with
position vector s km.
(a)
Calculate the bearing on which S is drifting.

(4)
(b)
Find an expression for s in terms of t.

(3)
At 1000 a motor boat M leaves O and travels with constant velocity (pi + qj) km h1. Given that
M intercepts S at 1015,
(c)
calculate the value of p and the value of q.

(6)
(Total 13 marks)
13.
[In this question the vectors i and j are horizontal unit vectors in the directions due east and due
north respectively.]
Two boats A and B are moving with constant velocities. Boat A moves with velocity 9j km h1.
Boat B moves with velocity (3i + 5j) km h1.
(a)
Find the bearing on which B is moving.

(2)
At noon, A is at point O, and B is 10 km due west of O. At time t hours after noon, the position
vectors of A and B relative to O are a km and b km respectively.
(b)
Find expressions for a and b in terms of t, giving your answer in the form pi + qj.
(3)
(c)
Find the time when B is due south of A.

(2)
At time t hours after noon, the distance between A and B is d km. By finding an expression for
AB ,
(d)
show that d2 = 25t2 60t + 100.

(4)
At noon, the boats are 10 km apart.

(e)
Find the time after noon at which the boats are again 10 km apart.
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
14.
A particle P of mass 3 kg is moving under the action of a constant force F newtons. At t = 0, P

has velocity (3i 5j) m s 1. At t = 4 s, the velocity of P is (5i + 11j) m s1. Find
(a)
the acceleration of P, in terms of i and j.

(2)
(b)
the magnitude of F.
(4)
At t = 6 s, P is at the point A with position vector (6i 29j) m relative to a fixed origin O. At
this instant the force F newtons is removed and P then moves with constant velocity. Three
seconds after the force has been removed, P is at the point B.
(c)
Calculate the distance of B from O.

(6)
(Total 12 marks)
15.
A particle P moves with constant acceleration (2i 3j) m s2. At time t seconds, its velocity is
v m s1. When t = 0, v = 2i + 7j.
(a)
Find the value of t when P is moving parallel to the vector i.

(4)
(b)
Find the speed of P when t = 3.

(3)
(c)
Find the angle between the vector j and the direction of motion of P when t = 3.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
16.
Two ships P and Q are moving along straight lines with constant velocities. Initially P is at a
point O and the position vector of Q relative to O is (6i + 12j) km, where i and j are unit vectors
directed due east and due north respectively. The ship P is moving with velocity 10j km h1 and
Q is moving with velocity (8i + 6j) km h1. At time t hours the position vectors of P and Q
relative to O are p km and q km respectively.
(a)
Find p and q in terms of t.

(3)
(b)
Calculate the distance of Q from P when t = 3.

(3)
(c)
Calculate the value of t when Q is due north of P.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
17.
[In this question, the horizontal unit vectors i and j are directed due East and North
respectively.]
A coastguard station O monitors the movements of ships in a channel. At noon, the stations
radar records two ships moving with constant speed. Ship A is at the point with position vector
(5i + 10j) km relative to O and has velocity (2i + 2j) km h1. Ship B is at the point with
position vector (3i + 4j) km and has velocity (2i + 5j) km h1.
(a)
Given that the two ships maintain these velocities, show that they collide.
(6)
The coast guard radios ship A and orders it to reduce its speed to move with velocity (i + j) km
h1.
Given that A obeys this order and maintains this new constant velocity,
(b)
find an expression for the vector AB at time t hours after noon.

(2)
(c)
find, to 3 significant figures, the distance between A and B at 1400 hours,

(3)
(d)
find the time at which B will be due north of A.

(2)
(Total 13 marks)
10

1.
(4i 7 j) = r + 4(3i + 2 j)
=
r (8i 15 j)
r=
M1 A1
A1
2
82 + (15)=
17 m
M1 A1 ft
[5]
2.
(a)
v=
2 l i + 10 j (9i 6j)
= 3i + 4 j
4
M1 A1
speed is (32 + 42) = 5(km h1)
(b)
(c)
tan =
3
( 36.9)
4
M1
bearing is 37, 36.9, 36.87,
A1
s = 9i 6j + t (3i + 4j)
M1
= (3t + 9)i + (4t 6)j

(d)
M1 A1
cso
A1
Position vector of S relative to L is

(3T + 9) i + (4T 6) j (18i + 6j) = (3T 9)i + (4T 12) j
(3T 9)2 + (4T 12)2 = 100
25T2 150T + 125 = 0
M1 A1
M1
or equivalent
DM1 A1
(T2 6T+5=0)
T =1, 5
A1
6
[14]
3.
(a)
v = 1.2 2 + ( 0.9 ) = 1.5m s 1
M1 A1
(b)
(rH =)100j + t(1.2i 0.9 j) m
M1 A1
(c)
(rK =)9i + 46j + t(0.75i + 1.8 j) m
M1 A1
HK = rK rH = (9 0.45t)i + (2.7t 54)j

m Printed Answer
(d)
Meet when HK = 0
(9 0.45t)= 0 and (2.7t 54) = 0
t = 20 from both equations
rK = rH = (24i + 82j) m
M1 A1
M1 A1
A1
DM1 A1 cso
5
11
[13]
4.
6i + j = u + 3(2i 5j)
M1 A1
u = 12i + 16j
A1 cso
u = (12) 2 + 16 2 = 20
M1 A1
[5]
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
8i + 11j (3i 4 j)
or any equivalent
2.5
v = 2i + 6j
M1A1
v=
b = 3i 4j + vt ft their v
= 3i 4j + (2i + 6j)t
i component: 9 + 6t = 3 + 2t
t=3
vB = (22 + 62) or vC = (62 + (2)2)

The speeds of B and C are the same
M1A1ft
A1cao
M1
M1A1
j component: 20 + 3 = 4 + 18
= 2
(d)
A1
Both correct
cso
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
3
[14]
6.
(15i 4 j) (3i + 2 j)
=3i 15j
4
(a)
a=
(b)
N2L F = ma = 6i 3j
F =(62 + 32) 6.71 (N)
v6 = (3i + 2j) + (3i 1.5j)6

= 21i 7j (m s1)
(c)
M1A1
ft their a
accept 45, awrt 6.7
M1A1
M1A1
ft their a
M1A1ft
A1
1
[9]
7.
(a)
Speed = (2.52 + 62) = 6.5 km h1

M1 needs square, add and correct components
M1 A1
(b)
Bearing = 360 arctan (2.5 / 6) 337

M1 for finding acute angle = arctan (2.5 / 6)
M1 A1
12

or arctan (6 / 2.5) (i.e. 67 / 23).
Accept answer as AWRT 337.
(c)
R = (16 3 2.5)i + (5 + 3 6)j

= 8.5i + 23j
(d)
At 1400
M1
A1
M1 needs non-zero initial p.v. used + their 3 velocity vector
s = 11i + 17j
M1 A1
At time t, s = 11i + (17 + 5t)j

M1 A1
st
Allow 1 M1 even if non-zero initial p.v. not used here
(e)
(f)
East of R 17 + 5t = 23
M1
t = 6 / 5 1512 hours
A1 is for answer as a time of the day
A1
At 1600
M1
s = 11i + 27j
s r = 2.5i + 4j
Distance = (2.52 + 42) 4.72 km
1st M1 for using t = 2 or 4 (but not 200, 400, 6, 16 etc)
and forming s r or r s
M1 A1
[15]
8.
(a)
Speed of A = (12 + 62) 6.08 m s1
M1 A1
(b)
6
1
tan = 1/6 9.46
M1 A1
Bearing 351
(c)
A1
p.v. of A at time t = (2 t)i + (10 + 6t)j

p.v. of B at time t = (26 + 3t)i + (4 + 4t)j
(E.g.) i components equal 2 t = 26 + 3t t = 7
j components at t = 7:
A: 10 + 6t = 32
B: 4 + 4t = 32
Same, so collide at t = 7 s at point with p.v. (5i + 32j) m
B1 (either)
M1 A1
M1
A1 cso
13
(d)
New velocity of B = 8 (3i + 4j) m s1
B1
P.v. of B at 7 s = 26i + 4j + 1.6(3i + 4j) 7 = 7.6i + 48.8j

PB = b p = 12.6i + 16.8j
(in numbers)
Distance = (12.62 + 16.82) = 21 m
M1 A1
M1
M1 A1
6
[16]
9.
(a)
Speed of ball = (52 + 82) 9.43 m s1

M1 Valid attempt at speed (square, add and squ.
root cpts)
M1 A1
(b)
p.v. of ball = (2i + j) + (5i + 8j)t

M1 needs non-zero p.v. + (attempt at veloc vector) x t.
Must be vector
M1 A1
(c)
North of B when i components same, i.e. 2 + 5t = 10

t = 1.6 s
M1
A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
(d)
When t = 1.6, p.v. of ball = 10i + 13.8j (or j component = 13.8)

Distance travelled by 2nd player = 13.8 6 = 6.8
Speed = 6.8 1.6 = 4.25 m s-1
or [(2 + 5t)i +] (1 + 8t)j = [10i +] (7 + vt)j
(pvs or j components same)
Using t = 1.6: 1 + 12.8 = 7 + 1.6v (equn in v only)
v = 4.25 m s1
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
2nd M1 allow if finding displacement vector

(e.g. if using wrong time)
3rd M1 for getting speed as a scalar (and final answer
must be as a scalar). But if they get e.g. 4.25j, allow M1 A0
(e)
Allow for friction on field (i.e. velocity of ball not constant)

or allow for vertical component of motion of ball
Allow wind, spin, time for player to accelerate,
size of ball
Do not allow on their own swerve, weight of ball.
B1
[13]
14
10.
(a)
vP = {(29i + 34j) (20i + 10j)}/3 = (3i + 8j) km h1
(b)
p = (20i + 10j) + (3i + 8j)t
(c)
M1 A1
M1 A1
q p = (6 3t)i + (16 + 4t)j
M1 A1
M1
M1
= 36 + 36t + 9t2 + 16t2 128t + 256

= 25t2 92t + 292 (*)
M1 A1ft
q = (14i 6j) + 12tj
d2 = (6 3t)2 + (16 + 4t)2
(d)
A1 (cso)
25t2 92t + 292 = 225
M1
25t2 92t + 67 = 0
(t 1)(25t 67) = 0
A1
M1
t = 67/25 or 2.68
A1
time 161 mins, or 2 hrs 41 mins, or 2.41 am, or 0241
A1
5
[16]
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3
( = 56.3)
2
angle between v and j = 90 + 56.3 146
tan =
v = 2i 3j + (i + 2j)t
= (2 t)i + (3 + 2t)j
t = 3, v = i + 3j
speed = (12 + 32) = 10 or 3.16 m s1
v parallel to i 3 + 2t = 0
t = 1.5 s
M1
M1 A1
M1
A1
M1
M1 A1
M1
A1
2
[10]
12.
(a)
Direction of v = (7i 7.5j) (4i 6j) = 3i 1.5j
1.5
= 0.5 q = 26.565
3
Bearing = 117 (accept awrt)
tan q =
M1
M1 A1
A1
15
(b)
(c)
v = (3i 1.5j) 34 = 4i 2j
s = (4i 6j) + t(4i 2j)
At 1015 s = (4i 6j) +

m = 0.25 (pi + qj)
5
(4i 2j) ( = 9i 8.5j)
4
B1
M1 A1f.t.
M1 A1
B1
M1 A1, A1
s = m p = 36, q = 34
6
[13]
13.
3
= 031
5
(a)
tan =
(b)
a = 9t j
b = (10 + 3t)I + 5t j
(c)
(d)
M1 A1
B1
M1 A1
B south of A 10 + 3t = 0
t = 3 13 1520 hours
M1
A1
AB = b a = (3t 10)I + 5t i
M1 A1
M1
A1
M1
A1
A1
d2 = b a2 = (3t 10)2 + 16t2

= 25t2 60t + 100 (*)
(e)
d = 10 d2 = 100 25t2 60t = 0

t = (0 or) 2.4
time 1424 hours
[15]
14.
1
[(5i + 11j) (3i 5j)] = 2i + 4j
4
(a)
a=
(b)
F = ma = 6i + 12j
F = 180 13.4 N
[OR
a =
(AWRT)
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 A1
20 4.47 F = 3 4.47 13.4 N]
16
(c)
t = 6 v = 3i 5j + 6(2i + 4j) [= 9i + 19j]

At B: r = (6i 29j) + 3(9i + 19j) [= 21i + 28j]
(212 + 28 2 ) = 35 m
OB =
M1 A1
M1 A1ft
M1 A1
6
[12]
15.
(a)
(b)
v = u + at : v = (2 + 2t)i + (7 3t)j
v parallel to i 7 3t = 0 t = 2 13 s
M1 A1
M1 A1
t = 3, v = 4i 2j
|v| = 20 4.47 m s1
M1
M1 A1
M1, M1 A1
(c)
2
Angle = (arctan
2
4
[or 180 (arctan
), + 90 = 116.6 (accept 117)

4
2
)]
[M1 M1 A1]
[10]
16.
(a)
(b)
p = 10tj
B1
q = (6i + 12j) + (8i + 6j)t
M1 A1
t = 3: p = 30j, q = 18i + 30j

dist. apart = 18 km
M1 A1
A1
Alt. (b)
PQ = q p = (6 8t)i + (12 4t)j
M1
t = 3: PQ = 18i + 0j
or |PQ|2 = (6 8t)2 + (12 4t)2
A1
Dist. = 18 km
t = 3 |PQ| = 18
A1
(c)
Q north of P 6 8t = 0
t=
M1
A1
2
[8]
17
17.
(a)
At time t
rA = (5 + 2t)i + (10 + 2t)j
B1
rB = (3 2t)i + (4 + 5t)j
B1
i components equal when 5 + 2t = 3 2t t = 2 h M1 A1

t = 2: rA = i + 14j; rB = i + 14 j
(b)
New rA = (5 + t)i + (10 + t) j
(c)
AB = rB rA = (8 3t)i + (6 + 4t)j
t = 2: AB = 2i + 2j,
(d)
collide
dist. = (22 + 22) 2.83 km
M1 A1
M1 A1
M1 M1 A1
B north of A 8 3t = 0 t = 8/3 time 1440 hours

[11]
18
1.
This proved to be a tricky opening question for many of the candidates. The most popular
approach was to find the starting position and then use it to find the position vector at t = 2.
Errors in sign were fairly common at some stage of the working. A significant minority did not
use a valid method at all, some just multiplying the given velocity vector by 2 or using a time of
6 only, and others becoming confused with constant acceleration formulae. A number of
candidates failed to find the magnitude of their position vector to obtain the distance as
required; there were follow through marks available for this even if the vector had been
determined incorrectly. A few found the distance from the starting point rather than from the
origin. Nevertheless, there were a fair number of entirely correct solutions.
2.
There was some confusion in parts (a), (b) and (c) over which vectors were velocities and which
were displacements, with some even using acceleration. In the first part, many did not
appreciate the distinction between velocity and speed and in part (b) many were unable to
convert an appropriate angle into a bearing. The third part tended to be well-answered but a few
used verification at t = 0 and t = 4 and scored nothing. Part (d) was a good discriminator and
the less able were often unable to make much progress. The majority of candidates who used
Pythagoras to find the magnitude of the relative position vector and equated it to 10 scored at
least 3/6 but many often lost the accuracy marks due to poor algebra. There were a number of
other methods seen which used the fact that the lighthouse was on the path of the ship and that
the speed of the ship was 5 km/h and these received full credit.
3.
Most candidates were able to gain the first six marks and most seemed to know that, in part (c),
they needed to perform a subtraction on rH and rK although some were unsure which way round
to do it. Another common error was to equate the position vectors and then fudge the answer.
This received no credit.
In part (d) many candidates assumed that the hikers would meet and equated just one pair of
components to produce t = 20. If they then used just one hiker to find 24i + 82j they scored only
2 out of 5, if they used both hikers, they scored full marks. There were a number of other ways
of obtaining t = 20, some spurious, but provided that the candidate verified that both hikers were
at the point with position vector 24i + 82j at t = 20, they could score all of the marks.
4.
Most candidates realised that they needed to apply v = u + a t and many arrived at 12i 16j but
then failed to go on and find the speed, losing the final two marks. This showed a lack of
understanding of the relationship between speed and velocity. A small minority found
magnitudes at the start and then tried to use v = u + at, gaining no marks. Some candidates lost
the third mark because of errors in the manipulation of negative numbers.
5.
There was some evidence that a number of weaker candidates were unable to complete this
question but it wasnt clear whether they ran out of time or simply couldnt do it.
In parts (a) and (b) some candidates confused the use of position vectors and velocity vectors.
(a)
This was well answered by most candidates. Where errors did occur they often involved
adding the position vectors, not dividing by the time or miscalculating the time or else
doing the subtraction incorrectly or the wrong way round.
Particular examples:
errors in dividing by 2.5, particularly the j-component of the vector.
errors in time, using 2.3 or 4.5 hours.
19
some candidates changed the time into minutes, others into seconds.
not enough care was taken in looking at the compatibility of length and time units.
use of inappropriate formulae to solve the problem.
A few candidates clearly did not know how to deal with it at all.
(b)
This was often correct. Errors that did occur were usually in the position vector, either
using 8i + 11j or else leaving it out completely. Also some candidates used a position
vector for v. A few candidates found the speed or velocity. However for those who had an
answer to part (a) most were successful in carrying it correctly forward into this part.
(c)
Most knew they had to equate the position vectors but a number did not then go on to
equate coefficients of i and j. Those that did were largely successful in getting the right
values out.
Others tried to solve the equation for by crossing out all the ts or all the is and js.
Some tried to divide vectors whilst others just substituted in random values for t.
(d)
Relatively few got full marks here. Most, who got part (a) correct ,were able to get the
first mark. Common errors seen were finding the position at t = 3 and then using
Pythagoras, or else using v t. Some candidates just stated that the vectors were the
same. Many of those who did carry out the correct calculations either left it at that,
without making a statement, or else declared that the velocities rather than the speeds
were equal. There were a few instances where 6i + 2j was taken as the second speed, with
no obvious connection to their previous work, using the fact that the speeds must be
equal! A few also guessed in part (d) and then placed this value at the end of a page of
incomprehensible working in part (c).
6.
In part (a) most candidates knew the method and it was often fully correct but a number failed to
find the magnitude of the force in the second part, with some, subtracting the squares of the
components instead of adding them. Part (c) was well answered.
7.
As always the vector question proved to be challenging for many weaker candidates. A number
did not attempt it at all. For those who did, most found the speed correctly in part (a), but
answers to part (b) were very variable: many chose the wrong vector to use (the position vector,
not the velocity); others could not find the correct bearing from the acute angle obtained from
their diagrams. Most with any understanding of the topic could complete parts (c) and (d),
though there was quite a lot of confusion about the 24 hour clock (with e.g. values for t of 1600
or 200 being used [instead of 2 etc]). In part (e) some equated the j component to zero, rather
than to the value obtained from part (c); others obtained t as 1.2 correctly but could not put it
back into the context of the question as a time of day. Those who got as far as part (f) could
usually make a good attempt (though a number used t = 4 rather than 2), and a number of
correct final answers were seen.
8.
Part (a) was generally well answered, most knowing how to calculate a speed from a
velocity. In part (b), most calculated an angle, but as often as not failed to give any indication
which angle it was in relation to the data; they then often failed to deal with the angle correctly
to find the correct bearing. Candidates should be encouraged to show clearly their working and,
20
if they are calculating an angle, which angle in a figure it is. In part (c), most correctly equated
the two general position vectors to find a value of t, but some failed to make the full check to
ensure that the value of t obtained produced equality for both coordinates (hence implying a
collision). Part (d) proved to be more discriminating. Several could not find the new velocity of
B correctly (given its magnitude and direction though with the direction not given in the form of
a unit vector); however, a number of candidates did manage to pick up the method marks here
by proceeding correctly with what they thought the velocity was.
9.
The question proved again to be a good discriminator. The calculations involved were relatively
simple, though a correct solution did require a proper understanding of the physical situation.
Part (a) was generally well done, though not universally: some evidently did not know the
meaning of the word speed. Part (b) was mostly correct. In part (c) a significant minority
equated the j components, rather than the i components. In part (d), many got to the end result,
apparently correctly, though the working presented often proved to be very challenging to
decipher. Others used the wrong vectors or distances involved. In part (e) presentation was
again somewhat inadequate, with some effectively stating one of the assumptions (e.g. the field
being smooth), rather than saying that the opposite would be a factor needing to be taken into
account (i.e. friction). Again some relevant responses were given, but also a number of
irrelevant (or unclear) ones.
10.
This was probably the most discriminating question on the paper with only the top grade of
candidates tending to complete the whole question successfully. Most could make a good
attempt at part (a), and the writing down of the two position vectors in part (b) was generally
well done. Parts (c) and (d) were however more taxing. Several could not start part (c) at all by
subtracting the two position vectors; others could not progress because they failed to collect
expressions for the components before finding the modulus of this vector. In part (d), several
successfully restarted even though they had not reached the given answer in part (c). Many
offered well presented answers to the solution of the quadratic equation. Some however failed to
equate the d of the given expression to 15 (some using 15.1 or 16).
11.
Part (a) was found to be the hardest part of this question: most could find a relevant acute angle
but very few could convert this to the angle required in the question. In part (b), several failed to
give their answers in the required form ai + bj, collecting together the i and j components. In
part (c), most could find the velocity (as a vector) but many then stopped, not appreciating the
difference between velocity and speed. In part (d), the majority found the correct method,
but a significant minority equated the i component of the velocity to zero.
12.
The vector question was found to be quite difficult by a number of candidates. In part (a), many
failed to realise that they had to find the direction of motion, and simply tried to find a direction
associated with one or other of the position vectors given. Part (b) was generally better done:
even those who did not realise how to tackle part (a) could still find the velocity in part (b). In
part (c), there was often considerable confusion about the times involved: many used a value for
t in minutes rather than hours, and several effectively assumed that S and M had been moving
for the same time. The interpretation of the actual times (0900, 1015 etc) caused a number of
problems for many. Hence although many could adopt a correct general approach, fully accurate
answers to this part were seen only by the better candidates. The standard of presentation here
21
was also not good: many very scrappy answers were presented with little or no explanation
given for what was being attempted and working strewn all over the paper.
13.
Once again vector work proved to be challenging for many at this level. Quite a few failed to
find the correct angle for the bearing required in part (a). In part (b), most could make a
reasonable attempt to write down expressions of the two position vectors at a general time t. In
part (c) however, clear methods were not seen very often and many failed to realise that they
had to equate the i components of the position vectors. In part (d), many appeared to be fudging
their working to produce the given answer, and clear methods finding an expression for the
vector AB or the vector BA, and then finding its magnitude, were not that common.
However, a number managed to produce a good solution in part (e) even where they had
struggled with the vector work earlier in the question. A number who successfully completed all
the vector work lost a mark or two by failing to give their answers to parts (c) and (e) as a
specific time, rather than just the value of a variable t: interpreting the results obtained from the
algebra in terms of the original context of the question was expected here.
14.
As always vector work proved to be challenging to many of the weaker candidates. Most could
cope reasonably well with parts (a) and (b), and it was pleasing to see that only a minority this
time failed to understand the significance of the demand to find the magnitude of the force in
part (b). Part (c) however was beyond many and several could not make a start at all here. There
was some confusion between displacements and velocities, and some tried to use constant
acceleration equations in vector form, often with little success. However, the question was by no
means impossible and a number of the more able candidates scored full marks here.
15.
Vectors once again proved the most challenging part of the paper for many candidates. Further,
many failed to explain their work clearly so that it was not always easy to give candidates credit
for correct methods even when the final answers were wrong. In
part (a), very few seemed
able to write down an expression for the velocity at a general time t, or then use this to find
when the particle was moving parallel to i. Some partially recovered themselves in part (b),
perhaps feeling more comfortable with a numerical value of t to use; however, a very large
proportion of candidates simply found the velocity of P, failing to appreciate the distinction
been velocity and speed. In part (c) several attempted to find an angle, but as often as not,
simply found an acute angle for the direction of their velocity vector, failing to realise that with
a vector such as 4i 2j, an obtuse angle would be involved.
16.
Most were successful in doing part (a) correctly. In part (b) there was a similar problem to that
of understanding the meaning of magnitude in qu. 3 in that many assumed that the distance
of P from Q was 18i instead of 18 km: again the problem of interpreting vectors properly caused
some problems. Answers to part (c) were rather variable: several were completely correct, but a
fair proportion of candidates tried to equate the j components.
22
M1 Kinematics Projectiles
1.
At time t = 0, a particle is projected vertically upwards with speed u m s1 from a point 10 m

above the ground. At time T seconds, the particle hits the ground with speed 17.5 m s1. Find
(a)
the value of u,
(3)
(b)
the value of T.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
2.
A ball is projected vertically upwards with speed 21 m s1 from a point A, which is 1.5 m above
the ground. After projection, the ball moves freely under gravity until it reaches the ground.
Modelling the ball as a particle, find
(a)
the greatest height above A reached by the ball,

(3)
(b)
the speed of the ball as it reaches the ground,

(3)
(c)
the time between the instant when the ball is projected from A and the instant when the
ball reaches the ground.
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
1.
(a)
(b)
v2 = u2 + 2as 17.52 = u2 + 2 9.8 10

Leading to u = 10.5
M1 A1
A1
v = u + at 17.5 = 10.5 + 9.8T

6
T = 2 (s)
7
M1A1ft
DM1A1
Alternatives
u+v
17.5 + 10.5
s=
T 10 =
T
2
2
20
=T
7
OR
1 2
at 10 = 10.5t 4.9t 2
2
6 5
Leading to T = 2 ,
7 7
M1A1ft
DM1A1
s = ut +
M1A1ft
Rejecting negative
(b) can be done independently of (a)

1
s = vt at 2 10 = 17.5t + 4.9t 2
2
6 5
Leading to T = 2 ,
7 7
For final A1, second solution has to be rejected.
DM1A1
M1A1
DM1
5
leads
7
to a negative u.
A1
4
[7]
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
v2 = u2 + 2as 02 = 212 2 9.8 h

h = 22.5 (m)
M1A1
A1
v2 = u2 + 2as v2 = 02 + 2 9.8 24
(= 470.4)
v 22 (m s1)
or equivalent
M1A1
accept 21.7
A1
v = u + at 470.4 = 21 9.8t
or equivalent M1A2(1,0)
1 each error
accept 4.36
A1
t 4.4 (s)
[10]
1.
There were various approaches that could be applied successfully to answer this question. Those
who fully understood the implications of projecting from above ground level could achieve full
marks by the most direct method although sign errors were not uncommon. Another popular
approach was to split the motion into two stages (to and from the highest point) in both part (a)
to find the initial velocity, and in part (b) to find the whole time. Although this required more
working, there tended to be fewer sign errors. Premature approximation occasionally led to
inaccuracy in the final answer. The weakest candidates sometimes only considered motion to or
from the highest point. It should be noted that the rubric requires g = 9.8 to be used and not
9.81, which was penalised.
2.
Successful candidates used appropriate formulae and took care over signs. A significant number
used energy methods.
In part (a), many candidates were able to get to the answer using only one equation but many
used two or even more and there were many sign errors. These comments apply also in the
second and third parts, where candidates often dived in and used the first formula that came to
mind instead of stopping to think all three parts could be done using only one equation.
Candidates sometimes lost marks due to overaccurate answers being given after using g as
9.8m s2.

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