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toMinerva...inshort..!!!

From Golaknath through the era of Emergency to Minerva...in short ..!!!

25
Apr
2012

In 1967, inGolak Nath vs. The State of Punjab, a bench of eleven judges
(constituted for the first time) of the Supreme Court deliberated as to whether
any part of the Fundamental Rights provisions of the constitution could be
revoked or limited by amendment of the constitution. This question had
previously been considered in Shankari Prasad v. Union of India and Sajjan
Singh v. State of Rajasthan. In both cases, the power to amend the rights had
been upheld on the basis of Article 368. Chief Justice Subba Rao writing for
the majority (five judges dissenting) held that:
* A law to amend the constitution is a law for the purposes of Article 13.
* Article 13 prevents the passing of laws which "take away or abridge" the
Fundamental Rights provisions.
* Article 368 does not contain a power to amend the constitution but only a
procedure.
* The power to amend comes from the normal legislative power of Parliament.
* Therefore, amendments which "take away or abridge" the Fundamental Rights
provisions cannot be passed.

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The Kesavananda case (1973)

Six years later in 1973, thirteen judges of the Supreme Court, including then
Chief Justice Sikri, heard arguments in Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of
Kerala and thus considered the validity of the 24th, 25th and 29th
amendments, and more basically the correctness of the decision in the Golak
Nath case. This time, the court held, by the thinnest of margins of 76, that
although no part of the constitution, including fundamental rights, was beyond
the amending power of Parliament (thus overruling the 1967 case), the "basic
structure of the Constitution could not be abrogated even by a constitutional
amendment".
However nine judges (including two dissentients) signed a summary stating that
"the view of the majority" in the case was
1. Golak Nath's case is overruled.
2. Article 368 does not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or
framework of the Constitution.

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The Emergency (1975)

In 1975, shortly after the imposition of the Emergency, a bench of thirteen
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In 1975, shortly after the imposition of the Emergency, a bench of thirteen

judges was hastily assembled to hear the case of Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain.
Presided over by Chief Justice A.N. Ray, the court had to determine the degree
to which amendments were restricted by the basic structure theory. On
November 10 and 11, the team of civil libertarian barristersagain led by
Palkhivalacontinuously argued against the Union government's application for
reconsideration of the Kesavananda decision. Some of the judges accepted his
argument on the very first day, the others on the next; by the end of the
second day, the Chief Justice was reduced to a minority of one.

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On the morning of November 12 Chief Justice Ray tersely pronounced that the
bench was dissolved, and the judges rose. The doctrine could thus famously be
applied in Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain to the 39th Amendment of 1975, which
attempted, among other provisions, to pass legislative judgment over the
election of Indira Gandhi in 1971.
Extending the doctrine (1981)
The doctrine was expanded in the Minerva Mills case of 1981. InMinerva Mills
Ltd. v. Union of India,Palkhivala successfully moved the Supreme Court to
declare that Clauses (4) and (5) of Article 368 of the Constitution are invalid.
These clauses had been inserted as a response by the Gandhi government to
the decision in the Kesavananda case by the Constitution (FortySecond
Amendment) Act, s. 55. The clauses read:
(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of Part III)
made or purporting to have been made under this article whether before or
after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution (Fortysecond
Amendment) Act, 1976 shall be called in question in any court on any ground.

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(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no
limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way
of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this
article.
The Court held that since, as had been previously held in the Kesavananda
case, the power of Parliament to amend the constitution was limited, it could
not by amending the constitution convert the power into an unlimited power
(as it had purported to do by this amendment). The court went on to invalidate
the amendment of Article 31C by the Fortysecond Amendment. This view of
Article 31C, but not the basic structure doctrine, was questioned but not
overruled in Sanjeev Coke Mfg. Co v Bharat Cooking Coal Ltd.
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