Technical Seminar No.

LAND RECLAMATION
Works in Singapore

22nd April, 2012

History of Land Reclamation Projects in Singapore

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.

Singapore Land Area

581.5 km2 (1960s)

707.1 km2 (Present)

N.
O.

Kallang River..1960s (Industrial &

Housing)
Kranji1960 (Indstrial)
Jurong swamps.1960s and 1970s
(Industrial)
Pasir Panjang.1970s (Pasir Panjang Port)
Marine Parade.1970s (Housing)
Changi Airport.1980s (Infrastructure)
Jurong Island.1990s (Joined 7 islands for
Industrial)
Seletar.1980s (Housing)
Reclamation Work at Marina Bay and
Tanjong Rhu.Completed 1994
Changi East.1994-2002 (Changi Airport
Extension)
Pulau Semakau off Shore Land Fill
Project1995-1997
North Eastern Coast Reclamation
Project (Punggol 21).1997-2001
Pasir Panjang Terminal Phase-1.
Completed 1997
Tuas Reclamation.Completed 1999
Pasir Panjang Terminal Phase 2.
Completed 2009

Marine Vessels and equipments

Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD)

-For sand mining and sand discharging
-Hopper capacities range from 4500 to 35000 m3
-Dredgable depths range from 12 to 90 m below seabed

Large and small TSHD

Cutter Suction Dredger

-For sand dredging and sand rehandling
-Discharge capacities range from 8,400 to 80,000 m3/day
-Dredgeable depth 15 to 35 m below seabed

Grab or Clamp Shell Dredger

-For clay/sand dredging
-Common grab size 5 to 8 m3
-Dredging range from 10 to 60 m below seabed

Sand Spray Pontoon / Barge

-For sand spraying/spreading at sand mat construction
-Sand spreading is implemented when a shallow seabed is encountered or when the
seabed soil is too soft.

Floating Dock
- For Caisson Launching

27m

31.5m

Main Dimension

6.5 m

1.5 m

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Capacity
: 20,000 Ton
Full Length
: 80.00 m
Width
: 50.00 m
Inner Width
: 38.00 m
Top Deck Height :
31.5 m
Safety Deck Height :
27.0 m
Pontoon Deck
:
6.5 m
Draft (Empty)
:
1.5 m
Ballast System
: 12000 m3/hr
Ballast Tank Capacity: 36,790 tons

Pre-construction activities
-Pre-construction survey
- obtained original seabed level before start work
-Soil Investigation
- boreholes
- in-situ testing
-Toxicity test
- chemical test of the dredged material

Toxicity samples depth, grid and sample size

Samples depth
Seabed level
0.9 m
1.9 m

Samples grid
As the site is unlikely to be
contaminated----- 200 m x 200 m
As the site is likely to be
contaminated-----100 m x 100 m

2.9 m

Sample size
Every 3 m until 1 m
below design
dredged level
Design dredged
level
1 m below design
dredged level

At least 100 mm long (SPT

samples can be used)

Coastal Protection

Types of coastal protection

- Stone Revetment
- Retaining Rock Bund
- Breakwater
- Headland
-Vertical Wall
-Cantilever, counterfort and gravity walls
-Sheet pile wall
-Caisson sea wall
-Box gabion
- Quay Wall
- Composite Retaining Structures

Construction sequences of Stone Revetment

- Soil Investigation
- Design Process
- Sand Key Trench Dredging
- Sand Key/Bund Filling
- Deep Compaction
- Sand Trimming
- Geo-fabric laying
- Stone filling and pitching
- Cement motar

Sand Key Trench Dredging

Rough Dredging

Final Dredging

Sea
Trench Dredging

Hard Layer

Sand Key Trench Dredging

Sampling

TESTING OF SOIL SAMPLE BY

USING POCKET PENETROMETER

Determination of Dredging Depth

Grab Dredger

Water level
Tide (mCD)

0.00mCD

Chart datum
Bucket depth
(m)

Dredge depth
(mCD)
Seabed level

E.g.
Bucket depth = 20 m
Tide
= +2.0 mCD
Dredged depth = -18.0 mCD

Chart Datum
Chart Datum is the plane below which all depths are published on a
navigational chart. It is also the plane to which all tidal heights are referred, so
by adding the tidal height to the charted depth, the true depth of water is
determined. By international agreement, Chart Datum is defined as a level so
low that the tide will not frequently fall below it. Chart Datum is shown on
charts as the zero metre contour.

Sand Key Trench Dredging

Sand key/bund filling and deep compaction

Acceptance
Criteria line

Sand Bund
Qc
value
Sea
Sand Key

Hard Layer

Stone Revetment Construction

Quality Control of the Geo-textile material
Field drop test

Checking the A stone weight (379.5 kg)

Dropping the stone from 1.5m high

Criteria
-Total should have 16 cells (1.2 m * 1.2 m)
-A stone weight not less than 350 kg
-Drop from 1.5 m high (free fall to center)
-Not more than 8 cells should have holes
-Each cell should not have more than 2 holes
-Holes should not exceed or equivalent of
diameter 10 mm.

1 hole at cell no.2

Sequences of Stone Revetment Construction

Geo-textile laying

Sand Trimming

Stone placing and pitching

Cement mortar

Construction sequences of Caisson Sea Wall

- Soil Investigation
- Design Process
- Caisson Fabrication
- Sand Key dredging
- Sand Key Filling and deep compaction
- Rock mound filling and tamping
- Final grading and Rock crust leveling
- Caisson Installation
- Rock filtering at caisson base
- Caisson infilling and compaction
- Caisson preloading
- Caisson Joints
- Scour protection

CAISSON SEA WALL

FABRICATION OF CAISSON
CAISSON MOVED BY HIGH TONNAGE CARRIERS

FABRICATION OF CAISSON
Step-4

Step-3

Step-2

Floating Dock

Caisson Launching

Flows of Caisson construction

Caisson Installation

Laying of geo-textile for caisson joint

Rolled
geotextile

Installation of anchor bolts on to the

caisson wall in progress, using
underwater hydraulic hammer drill

Unfolding of geotextile, as the

steel pipe is lowered

Anchor bolt ( M10 )installed

on caisson wall

Use of steel plates and anchor bolts

to hold the geotextile

Flows of Caisson construction

Frequency of Monitoring
Before Infilling ------- Baseline reading
During Infilling/Sand filling behind Caisson ----- 2 times per day
After Filling------ Once daily for 7 days and twice weekly until reading stabilized
Preloading on Caisson----- Once daily
After preloading ----- Twice weekly until reading stabilized
Long term performance monitoring----- Once weekly until end of Defect Liability
Period (DLP)

Caisson instrumentation & monitoring

Flows of Caisson construction

Rock Filtering

Flows of Caisson construction

Caisson infilling and cells compaction

Flows of Caisson construction

Caisson preloading and Caisson joint casting

Flows of Caisson construction

Scour Protection
Seabed

Scour Protection

Land Reclamation
by
Soil Improvement Method

Reclamation Fill (Without Soil Improvement)

Sand Fill

Compressible
layer
Hard Layer

Sand Fill
Consolidation
settlement
completed
after 5 years

Compressible
layer
Hard Layer

Reclamation Fill (With Soil Improvement)

Sand Surcharge

Sand Fill

Compressible layer

Hard Layer

Consolidation
Settlement
completed After 5
months

Reclamation sequences
Soft clay/dredged material filling

Normally allowed up to
-2.0 mCD

Sea
Sand Key

Hard Layer

Reclamation sequences
Sand spreading/spraying at sand mat construction

Sea
Sand Key

Hard Layer

Sand pumping by TSHD

Magnetometer survey

Prefabricated Vertical Drains Installation & Calibration

PVD calibration for actual penetration depth and data logger record

PVD installation in
progress

Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation

Shallow Settlement Plate (SSP)

SSP sketch diagram

SSP installation

Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation

Magnetic Extensometer

Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation

Deep Settlement Guage

Geotechnical Instrumentation for Reclamation

Pneumatic Piezometer

Piezometer
monitoring

Bentonite
pallets and
clean coarsegrained sand

Sand preloading / surcharging

Dynamic compaction and surface compaction

Dynamic
compaction

Roller compaction
and field density
testing (sand cone
method)

Thank you!