Layers

For this discussion the following two images will be used for the background layer and for the 1st layer
that is placed on top of the background layer:

Background Layer - Picture of a Classic

Layer 1 - Picture of Seattle
Camaro
("Top Layer")
("Bottom Layer")

You may think of "layers" as a stack of transparency slides that, when viewed together, form a
complete image. Paint.NET displays this stack as if you were viewing it from the top and with no
perspective (layers do not get "smaller" when they are closer to the bottom of the stack, which would
place them "farther away"). To better visualize how layers work, it may help if we view the layer stack
from the side instead of from the top:

Pixels and Transparency

Every layer in Paint.NET is composed of pixels which are stored in the RGBA format. The RGB part
stands for red-green-blue, and is used to store traditional color intensity. The "A" is for alpha and is
used to store information about the transparency of a pixel. This alpha value may range from 0
(completely transparent) to 255 (completely opaque). (Other software may refer to this as ranging from
0% to 100%.) If a pixel is transparent, then pixels from the layers below will show through. Paint.NET
uses a technique called alpha compositing to be able to display a layered image on a standard computer
monitor.

However, transparent pixels cannot be displayed on a computer monitor. In order to simulate this
Paint.NET uses a checkerboard pattern, which looks like this:

If you see this then it means that part of your image is transparent -- the checkerboard pattern is not
actually part of the image. You may think of the checkerboard pattern as a virtual background layer, or
"layer zero," which is always below all layers that are shown in the Layers window. However, as
previously mentioned, it is not actually part of the image. If you save the image and then view or load it
with other software then the checkerboard pattern will not be there (unless, of course, if that other
software also uses a checkerboard pattern to simulate transparency).

Layers and Opacity

While every pixel has transparency information associated with it, every layer also has an associated
opacity value. The two terms are similar and in most cases can be treated as the same. You may think of
a layer's opacity value as a "dimmer" for the alpha values of every pixel in the layer.
For example, if we take the top layer and adjust its opacity from 255 gradually down to 0, we will get
the following images, shown as both conceptual stacks and as it would be shown on the computer
monitor:

Layer 1 at 255 opacity (100%)

Completely opaque: The car is not visible.

Layer 1 at 128 opacity (about 50%)

Partially transparent: The picture of Seattle is partially visible.
 Layer 1 at 0 opacity (0%)
Completely transparent: The picture of Seattle is not visible.

Blend Modes
A layer's blend mode specifies how it is blended with the layers below it. To change a layer's blend
mode, click on the respective layer and then open its Properties (via the Layers menu, the Properties
button, or by double clicking the layer). The following dialog will be shown:

Not all blend modes are easy to understand in classic or intuitive terms, and because of this we
recommend that you experiment and make use of the forum for asking questions and getting tips. Each
blend mode is described below along with an image composed of the two layers discussed previously,
but with the respective blend mode selected and the opacity set to 255.
In the discussions below, the term composition will be used. This refers to the result of blending all of
the layers below the current layer which is being discussed. The "final" composition is what you see on
the screen while working with the image. However, for this discussion we need to refer to the
composition as it is being composed, layer by layer.

• Normal
This is the default and standard blend mode. Each pixel in the layer is blended with the
composition depending on its alpha value.

• Multiply
Each pixel component's intensity is multiplied with the pixel value in the composition. The
result of using this blend mode is always pixels that are darker than the original. White pixels
have no effect and are thus effectively transparent.
 • Additive
Each pixel's color intensity is added to the intensity of the pixel values in the composition. This
will always brighten pixels in the composition, except for pixels that are completely black
which will be effectively transparent.

• Color Burn
This blend mode has the effect such that dark pixels are made darker. Lighter pixels must be
blended with other lighter pixels in order to remain bright.

• Color Dodge
This can be thought of as the opposite of Color Burn. Lighter pixels are kept light, whereas
darker pixels must be blended with other dark pixels in order to remain dark.

• Reflect
This blend mode can be used for adding shiny objects or areas of light.

• Glow
This is the reverse of the Reflect mode: it works the same as swapping the layer positions and
using Reflect.

• Overlay
This is a combination of Screen and Multiply depending on the intensity of the layer pixel. For
darker colors, this acts like Multiply. For lighter colors, this acts like Screen.

• Difference
The counterpart to Additive. The layer pixel's intensity is subtracted from the composition
pixel's intensity resulting in darker colors. Since this can produce a negative intensity, which is
not possible to display, the absolute value is used. Thus, both "white minus black" and "black
minus white" will both produce white. This is quite often useful when using the Clouds effect.

• Negation
At first glance this seems similar to Difference, but it actually produces the opposite effect.
Instead of making colors darker, it will make them brighter.

• Lighten
The lighter pixel of either the layer or the composition is used.

• Darken
The darker pixel of either the layer or the composition is used.

• Screen
This can be thought of as the opposite of the Multiply blend mode. It is used to make pixels
brighter, with black being effectively transparent.

• Xor
This is short for "exclusive OR", which is an advanced blending mode that is primarily used for
image analysis and not for drawing or image composition.
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