Case Method and The Pda PDF

The Case Method
and the
Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA)
2013
Frank Rausche
Pile Dynamics, Inc.
Outline
Testing Objectives
Hardware
Standard
Wireless testing
Remote testing
Methods
Stresses
Integrity
Capacity
Examples
Summary
PDPI June 2013 Case Method
Static Testing
Dynamic Testing
Testing Objectives: Economical Load Testing
Testing Objectives: Installation Monitoring

Stresses, Integrity, Resistance, Energy (Case Method)
Basically We
Have to Measure
Pile Top Force and
Velocity
and Process Data with the
Pile Driving Analyzer
Measuring Strain and Acceleration

(need to do it on opposite pile sides)
Strain transducer
Accelerometer
6
PDA testing data acquisition

Need Minimum 2 strain measurements per pile to
compensate for bending
Mounting the sensors
Measurements on cylinder piles
Wireless testing components using

smart sensors
Transmitter
10
Under Water
Wireless
Strain and Acceleration Sensors
11
Sensor Installation/Protection
H-piles
Pipe piles
12
Lofting pile into leads
PDA
13
Concrete Piles
14
Smart and Wireless Sensors

Make for Happy Testers
15
SiteLink and Wireless Testing
16
PAX - SiteLink Connect Operation
PDA is being operated by office engineer

Office computer acts as a remote keyboard and monitor
PAX is used with PDA-L
Data resides on PAX until downloaded
17
SiteLink Advantages
No traveling/scheduling cost/delays/issues
Immediate analysis and quick report submittal
Increased efficiency of test engineer
Remote supervision of inexperienced personnel avoids errors
18
Measurements on a follower, nearshore
19
Basic Strain and Acceleration Measurements
1(t), 2(t), one strain on each side
a1(t), a2(t), one acc. on each side
20
Standard Presentation
F = (S1 + S2 ) (EM * AR)
v = (a1 + a2 ) dt
Fu = (F - vZ)
Fd = (F + vZ)
21
Maximum Force, FMX
22
Compresisve Stress Results

At Gage Location (CSX and CSI) and at Bottom (CSB)
CSX = 233 MPa (33.8 ksi)
CSI = 245 MPa (35.5 ksi)
Calculated at Bottom: CSB = 264 MPa (38.2 ksi)

23
Calculating Tension Stresses Below Pile Top

From Force in Wave-down and Wave-up
vZ
Fd
Fu
24
Wave Superposition for Force Below Sensors

Fd1
2x/c
t=0
2L/c
Fd3
L/c
Downward
Wave
Fu2
Upward
Wave
Fx = Fu2 + Fd3
L
25
Tension Stress Calculation (Wave-Up)

Minimum Compression - down
Fu
Fd
Max. Tension - up
26
Tension Stress Maximum and Distribution

Point of max tension
t3
toe
top
Equal
Max. Tension Wave Up
27
Another Tension Stress Example
toe
top
28
Pile Damage: BTA, LTD

A pile impedance reduction
(damage?) causes a tension
reflection before 2L/c
The time at which the tension
reflection arrives at the gage
location indicates the depth to the
damage: LTD = (tdamage / 2) c
29
t=0
L/c
2x/c
2L/c
Fd,1
Z1
Fu1
A
Fd2
B
Z2
FA = FB: Fu,1 + Fd,1 = Fd,2

vA = vB: vu,1 + vd,1 = vd,2
2nd equation:
(Z2/Z1)(Z1vu,1 + Z1vd,1) = Z2 vd,2
with = Z2/Z1:
(- Fu,1 + Fd,1) = Fd,2 = Fu,1 + Fd,1

= (Fu,1 + Fd,1) / (- Fu,1 + Fd,1)
30
Damage Assessment Example

Fd,1 = (Ft1+Zvt1)
t1
Fu,1 = (Fu,t3 - Zvt3)
t3
31
Resistance Waves
Fd,1
Fd,1
Fu,2
-Fd,1
Ri
RB
L
Ri
Ri
-Ri
RB
L/c
Upward traveling wave at time 2L/c:

Fu,2 = -Fd,1 + Ri + Ri + RB
RTL = Fu,2 + Fd,1

32
The Case Method Equation

RTL = Fd,1 + Fu,2
RTL is the total pile resistance:
Dynamic + static; shaft resistance + end bearing
RTL is mobilized during time 2L/c following time t1
33
The Static Resistance is Total Resistance - Damping
RS= RTL RD
Assuming RD = Jv v
[kN/m/s][m/s]
Introducing: Jc = Jv / Z .. Case Damping Factor

Then RD = Jc Z v
34
Using pile toe velocity as representative

vtoe = 2 Fd,1- RTL
Rstatic= RTL - Jc(2 Fd,1 RTL)
vtoe
Rstatic= (1 Jc)Fd,1 + (1 + Jc )Fu,2
35
Rstatic = (1 Jc) Fd,1+ (1 + Jc) Fu,2

F= 5450 kN
F =2,820 kN
F = 2,730 kN
F= 50 kN
RTL = 5,450 + 2,730 = 8,180 kN

For example with Jc= .3
Rstatic = (1 - .3) 5,450 + (1 + .3) 2,730 = 7,350 kN
36
Time of Fd,1
and Fu,2
We calculate
Rstatic at the
time when it
gives the
maximum
activated value
t1
2L/c
t2
37
Pile with shaft resistance:

Equilibrium and Continuity
Compressive upward wave
R/2
x
x
R/2
Fur = R; vur = -R/Z
Tensile downward wave

Fdr = -R; vdr = -R/Z
38
Shaft and Toe Resistance

t=0
L/c
2L/c
Fd,1
Rf
L
RB
Rf
-Fd,1
Rf
-Rf
RB
39
Friction Pile Records

F
vZ
Fd
Fu
40
Wave-up Force Change Due to Friction
Rf
Rf
41
PDA Soil Resistance Results

End of Driving
42
PDA Soil Resistance Results

Restrike; Blow No. 1
43
Restrike Blow No. 2
44
Restrike, Blow No. 4
45
Another Method of Capacity Calculation: iCAP

(a subset of CAPWAP)
iCAP :
Ru 493 kips
MQ 2.12
Quick signal
matching
Total Capacity
Shaft vs end bearing
Tension stresses
Compression strs.
Recommended Jc
Match Quality
Computed match
Load test curve
Distribution
Best Results on uniform driven piles!

46
A Monitoring Example: Rigolet Bridge
47
Cylinder Piles 66 dia.
48
PDA Measurements
including circumferential
strain measurements
49
Cylinder Pile Data (EOD)
50
Case Method Monitoring Results
51
An Example: Wave equation + Testing

Depth
Description
m (ft)
qu
kPa (ksf)
4 (13)
Sand
8 (26)
Sand
13
13.4 (44)
Clay
180 (3.8)
22 (72)
Clay with Sand Lenses
300 (6.2)
Water Table at 3 m or 10 depth
52
GRLWEAP Static
Soil Analysis
Based on SA analysis
using:
N-value
qu
Ru = 1700 kN
Rshaft = 1200 kN
53
Wave Equation analysis input
54
Wave Equation analysis: Bearing Graph

For 1700 kN capacity we would expect 170 bl/m = 51 bl/0.3m
GRL Engineers, Inc.
GRLWEAP Example
08-Aug-2012
GRLWEAP Version 2010
Tension Stress (MPa)
20
16
12
16
12
DELMAG
D 30-32
Ram Weight
29.37 kN
Efficiency
0.800
Pres s ure
9645 (99%) kPa
Helm et Weight
17.79 kN
Ham m er Cus hion19259 kN/m m
Pile Cus hion
1009 kN/m m
COR of P.C.
0.500
4000
Skin Quake
Toe Quake
Skin Dam ping
Toe Dam ping
3200
mm
mm
s ec/m
s ec/m
Skin Friction
Dis tribution
2400
1600
800
0
0
2.500
10.160
0.650
0.500
Pile Length
20.50 m
Pile Penetration
14.01 m
Pile Top Area
3716.12 cm 2
Pile Model
Stroke (m)
Ultimate Capacity (kN)
Compressive Stress (MPa)
20
60
120
180
240
300
Blow Count (blows /.30m )
0
360
Res . Shaft = 71 %
(Proportional)
55
At the statically predicted capacity of 1700 kN we would expect a

blow count of 51 bl/0.3m)
We would expect a transferred energy of 26 kJ at a stroke of 2.4 m
56

At Refusal we would expect a 4000 kN capacity
GRL Engineers, Inc.
GRLWEAP Example
08-Aug-2012
GRLWEAP Version 2010
Tension Stress (MPa)
20
16
12
16
12
DELMAG
D 30-32
Ram Weight
29.37 kN
Efficiency
0.800
Pres s ure
9645 (99%) kPa
Helm et Weight
17.79 kN
Ham m er Cus hion19259 kN/m m
Pile Cus hion
1009 kN/m m
COR of P.C.
0.500
4000
Skin Quake
Toe Quake
Skin Dam ping
Toe Dam ping
3200
mm
mm
s ec/m
s ec/m
Skin Friction
Dis tribution
2400
1600
800
0
0
2.500
10.160
0.650
0.500
Pile Length
20.50 m
Pile Penetration
14.01 m
Pile Top Area
3716.12 cm 2
Pile Model
Stroke (m)
Ultimate Capacity (kN)
Compressive Stress (MPa)
20
60
120
180
240
300
Blow Count (blows /.30m )
0
360
Res . Shaft = 71 %
(Proportional)
57
At refusal (1210 bl/m or 370 bl/ft) we would expect 4000 kN

capacity at a stroke of 2.5 m and a transferred energy of 26.8 kJ
Lets check the analysis!

58
PDA Testing + CAPWAP

Measure force and motion near the pile top
Calculate transferred energy, bearing capacity, stresses
59
PDA Results and Comparison GRLWEAP

Blow
Count
Transfd
Energy
Comp.
Stress
Tension
Stress
Bl/m
(Bl/ft)
kJ
(ft-kips)
MPa
(ksi)
MPa
(ksi)
Measured
by PDA
1460
(445)
21
(15.5)
13.5
(1.9)
2.4
(0.35)
GRLWEAP
at Refusal
1210
(370)
27
(20)
17.5
(2.5)
1.1
(0.15)
Stroke in m
in ft
Transfer Ratio(%)
PDA
2.7
8.8
21
Wave Equation
2.5
8.3
27
Rated/Mean
3.5
11.3
29
60
CAPWAP Results
Best Signal Match
Measured,
Measured F
and vZ
CAPWAP (Signal Matching) is a one-dimensional dynamic

analysis of the pile which uses the measured signals to determine
static and dynamic soil resistance values.
Based on the static results, a simulated static test is performed
leading to a load-set curve, representation a (very) quick load test.
61
CAPWAP Results
Best Signal Match
Load-Set
Curve
62
CAPWAP Numerical Results

Ru= 2100 kN
Rshaft = 1110 kN
Rtoe = 990 kN
63
Summary of Capacities Based on EOD

Static
Analysis
Capacity
kN
(kips)
1,700
(382)
Actual
Blow
Count
Bl/m
(Bl/ft)
1482
(445)
Wave
Equation
Capacity
kN
(kips)
4,000
(900)
CAPWAP
Capacity
kN
(kips)
2,100
(470)
Check whether additional capacity can be gained with

time by doing a restrike test.
Pile is driven 6 inches after 24 hours waiting time.
Blow Count now is 300 Bl/m (90 bl/ft)
64
Hammer Performance Results

End of Drive
Stroke in m
in ft
Transfer Ratio(%)
PDA
2.7
8.8
21
Wave Equation
2.5
8.3
27 (Refusal)
Rated/Mean
3.5
11.3
29
Beginnning of Restrike
Stroke in m
in ft
Transfer Ratio(%)
PDA
3.3
10.7
35
Wave Equation
2.5
8.3
26 (90 bpf)
Rated
3.5
11.3
N/A
65
Revisiting the Wave Equation Bearing Graph

At 300 bl/m or 90 bl/ft we would expect 2500 kN capacity
with again 26 kJ transferred energy and a stroke of 2.5 m
66
Capacity Summary Based on EOD and BOR

Static
Analysis
Capacity
kN
(kips)
Actual
Blow
Count
Bl/m
(Bl/ft)
1482
(445)
1,700***
(382)
300
(90)
End of
Driving
Restrike
Wave
Equation CAPWAP
Capacity Capacity
kN
kN
(kips)
(kips)
4,000*
2,100**
(900)
(470)
2,500
(560)
2,550
570
67
Capacity Summary Based on EOD and BOR

Static
Analysis
Capacity
kN
(kips)
Actual
Blow
Count
Bl/m
(Bl/ft)
1482
(445)
1,700***
(382)
300
(90)
End of
Driving
Restrike
Wave
Equation CAPWAP
Capacity Capacity
kN
kN
(kips)
(kips)
4,000*
2,100**
(900)
(470)
2,500
(560)
2,550
570
68
Capacity and (LRFD) Safe Load Summary
Method
Nominal Resistance Equivalent

Resistance Factor,
Safe Load
F.S.
(kN)
(kN)
(AASHTO 2009)
Static
Formula
1700
0.40 (avg)
3.50
485
ENR
Gates
31,352
4,510
0.10
0.40
14.0
3.50
2,240
1,290
WE-EOD
WE-BOR
4,000
2,500
0.50
0.50
2.80
2.80
1,430
890
CW-EOD
CW-BOR
2,100
2,550
0.65
0.65
2.15
2.15
977
1,190
69
Back-calculation of Hammer Efficiency
70
Results from Wave Equation after Matching EOD and

BOR Test Results
EOID
Quantity
Normal or
CAPWAP
Hammer Efficiency (%)

Hammer Cushion
- Elastic Modulus (ksi)
Combustion Pressure
(%)
Pile Cushion
- Elastic Modulus (ksi)*
Pile Cushion
- Coeff. of Restitution
BOR
GRLWEAP
Normal or
CAPWAP
GRLWEAP
80
50
80
73
550
275
550
550
100
100
100
120
60 - 90
70
60 - 90
110
0.50
0.25
0.50
0.25
The hammer may have overheated at EOD after 4230

blows. and, therefore, had poor energy transfer.
71
Summary
The PDA processes pile top force and velocity records
according to the (closed form solution) Case Method;
results allow for assessment of
Pile Stresses
Hammer Performance
Soil Resistance
Pile Integrity
These results are diplayed in Real Time and, therefore,

allow for real time monitoring of the pile installation
For Dynamic load testing Restrikes + CAPWAP are
usually necessary
After PDA+CAPWAP the GRLWEAP analysis can be
refined
72
Thank you for your

attention
For further information see:
www.pile.com
QUESTIONS?
frausche@pile.com

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The Case Method

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Testing Objectives: Economical Load Testing

Testing Objectives: Installation Monitoring

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Measuring Strain and Acceleration

PDA testing data acquisition

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Mounting the sensors

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Measurements on cylinder piles

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Wireless testing components using

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Strain and Acceleration Sensors

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Lofting pile into leads

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Smart and Wireless Sensors

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

SiteLink and Wireless Testing

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

PAX - SiteLink Connect Operation

PDA is being operated by office engineer

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Measurements on a follower, nearshore

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Basic Strain and Acceleration Measurements

1(t), 2(t), one strain on each side

a1(t), a2(t), one acc. on each side

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Maximum Force, FMX

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Compresisve Stress Results

CSX = 233 MPa (33.8 ksi)

CSI = 245 MPa (35.5 ksi)

Calculated at Bottom: CSB = 264 MPa (38.2 ksi)

Calculating Tension Stresses Below Pile Top

Wave Superposition for Force Below Sensors

Tension Stress Calculation (Wave-Up)

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Tension Stress Maximum and Distribution

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Another Tension Stress Example

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Pile Damage: BTA, LTD

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

FA = FB: Fu,1 + Fd,1 = Fd,2

(Z2/Z1)(Z1vu,1 + Z1vd,1) = Z2 vd,2

(- Fu,1 + Fd,1) = Fd,2 = Fu,1 + Fd,1

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Damage Assessment Example

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

Upward traveling wave at time 2L/c:

RTL = Fu,2 + Fd,1

The Case Method Equation

PDPI June 2013 Case Method

The Static Resistance is Total Resistance - Damping

Introducing: Jc = Jv / Z .. Case Damping Factor

PDPI June 2013 Case Method