Basics of Hydraulics

Physical principles
Mass :

Qty of matter contained in it.

Measured in (Kg or Pounds).

Volume :

The space occupied by a body

Measured in cubic meters or m3.

Physical principles....
Weight
force of gravity acting
on a given mass.
Weight (W) = m x g
The unit of weight
is Newtons (N).

Specific Weight ( W )
Ratio of the weight of the
fluid to its volume.
Weight per unit volume of
a fluid is weight density.
Weight density (w)
=
Weight / Volume of fluid

Density
Mass per unit volume
symbol (rho)
Density () = (m) / (V)

Relative density
ratio of density of the
substance to the density of
a standard substance like water

Velocity
The distance covered by the body
in a specified direction
in a unit time interval.
Measured in m/sec)

When a force (F) acts on an

object of mass (m); the
object accelerates in the
direction of the force.
F =mass * acceleration

Acceleration = Final Velocity Initial velocity

Measured in m/s2

Energy
Energy may be broadly defined as the
ability to do work.
In hydraulics, the energy transfer takes
place from a prime mover or input
power source to an output device or
actuator.

Energy
Different forms of energy :
Potential energy, which is the energy stored in the system due
to its position in the gravitational field

Kinetic energy, which is the energy possessed by a body by

virtue of its motion
Internal energy which is the energy stored within the body on
account of both translational and rotational motion of the
molecules in liquid and gaseous states

Potential Energy
(P.E.)

Energy stored in the system due to its

position in the gravitational force field.
P.E. = Z x g
N-m/kg
Z height of the object above the datum.

Kinetic Energy
(K.E.)

Kinetic Energy stored in the body moving with a velocity is given

by
K.E. = V2 / 2 g N m / kg
Velocity = zero, then Kinetic energy = zero.

Internal Energy :
Energy associated with the motion of
molecules of liquids and gases.

Power
Rate of doing work
Measured in terms of the amount of work done in
one second.

P
Power =

Fxv

Force x average velocity

Power

Horsepower
Power of one horse, or a measure of the rate at
which a single horse can work.
Power

=
=

Work done/ time

4500 kgf - m/ min

1 hp

=
=
=

4500/60
75 kgf - m /sec
746 watts

1 hp

Heat
A form of energy transfer, associated with the motion of
atoms and molecules within an object, irrespective of
whether the object is hot or cold
Torque :
Torque = Force radius

Basic hydraulic principles

Three important theories :
Properties of fluids (Liquid = Hydraulic oil)
Hydrostatic laws (Pressure properties)
Hydrodynamic laws (Pressure and flow
properties)

Properties of fluids
Viscosity :
Fluids internal resistance to flow
Two specific methods of
measuring the viscosity of a fluid :
Measurement of shear value
Measurement of time required to flow

Properties of fluids....
Classification :
Absolute or dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity

Absolute or dynamic viscosity

dc
Shear Stress
dy
Dynamic viscosity

Shear stress

Absolute or dynamic
Kinematic viscosity viscosity....
:
Absolute viscosity" "
Kinematic viscosity " V"
Density " "

Other methods :

Viscosity Index :

Saybolt universal viscosity

Saybolt furol viscosity
Engler viscosity
Redwood viscosity

Indicates the lubricating quality of oil used in a hydraulic

system and is the rate of change of viscosity of oil within
a given operating temperature

Bulk modulus:
Elastic property of a liquid to determine
how much it can compress under the
influence of an external or internal pressure
Compressibility
Defined as the change
of volume in increasing
pressure.

Hydrostatic principles
Hydrostatics
Hydrodynamics

Hydrostatic laws :
Hydrostatics (Fluids at rest) :

Hydrostatic principles....
Static fluid pressure :

Fluid pressure measurement :

Pascals Law

Force transmission :

Pressure transmission :

Hydrodynamic laws
Flow and flow rate :
Flow :

Displacement :

Flow rate (Q) :

Movement of a hydraulic fluid in a

pipeline, caused by the difference in
pressure between two points.

Amount of liquid displaced by the

configuration of the pump per
revolution of the pumping elements.

Bernoullis Equation
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, although one
form of energy can be converted into another form
Energy level of flowing fluid in a hydraulic system
potential energy
kinetic energy

Bernoullis equation
Bernoullis equation for incompressible fluid states that:

Where,
V = Fluid velocity along the streamline
g = Acceleration due to gravity
h = Height from a datum toward gravity
P = Pressure along the streamline
= Fluid density
Here, h = Potential head
P/ = Pressure head
V2/2g = Velocity head

Bernoullis equation....
Compressible Fluid :

Where,
V = The fluid velocity along the streamline
= Gravitational potential energy per unit mass
= Fluids thermodynamic energy per unit mass
p = Pressure along the flow path
= Fluid density

Pressure loss in turbulent flow

p (l / d h )(v / 2)(l)
2

l
dh

Pressure loss (Pa, N/m2, lbf/ft2)

D'Arcy-Weisbach friction coefficient

Length of duct or pipe (m, ft)

hydraulic diameter (m, ft)
Density (kg/m3, lb/ft3)

Friction

The friction is the resistance to flow of liquids

in a pipeline.
Friction produces heat

Frictional coefficient for laminar flow :

Friction....
Frictional coefficient for turbulent flow :

l / 1 / 2 2 log( 2.51 /(Re 1 / 2 )) ((k / d h ) / 3.72)(l)

Re

k
dh

D'Arcy-Weisbach friction coefficient

Reynolds number

Roughness of duct, pipe or tube surface (m, ft)

Hydraulic diameter (m, ft)

Colebrooks equation is only valid at turbulent flow conditions

Types of flow in hydraulic circuits

Laminar flow :

Turbulent flow :

Laminar when Re < 2300

Transient when 2300 < Re < 4000
Turbulent when 4000 < Re

Transitional flow :
Reynolds number :

V = Velocity in m/s
D = Inside diameter of pipe or hose in mm
Kinematic viscosity of oil at operating temperatures in cSt

Fluid velocity in hydraulic system

Pressure
The force (F) acting
normally per unit area
(A) of the surface .
P= F/ A

Pressure at a Point in a Liquid

Rate of Increase of Pressure in a
Vertically Downward Direction Must
Be Equal to the Specific Weight of
the Fluid at That Point.

Pressure
Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure exerted on the surface of the
earth
Gauge Pressure is the difference between the pressure of a fluid and
the atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure is the sum of the gauge pressure and the
atmospheric pressure
Vacuum is that condition that results when the absolute pressure is
zero
Vapor pressure

Vapor pressure

Lubrication and lubricity