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(1)
where the major axis and minor axis are 2a and 2b and So is the uniform tensile
stress applied on the infinite plate. Replacing b by the radius of curvature = b2/a,
he derived the basic form of the equation to be developed for further study**.
Smax = So [1 + 2a/]
(2)
When a crack is considered, tends to zero and hence the second term to . That
means the first term 1 << second term and is neglected leading to
Smax = 2 Soa/
(3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Note for circular hole a = b and Smax = 3So, which is familiar in Theory Elasticity.
**Students may prove that the radius of curvature = b2/a. using x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1, and
deriving 1/ R = d2y/dx2, noting that dx/dy = 0, at x = a, the extreme end.
Recall that the strain energy due to Smax per unit volume is
U = (Smax) 2 /2E
Substituting from (3)
U = 4 So2 (a/)/2E
(4)
In a similar form Griffith derived the difference in the strain energy between that of
the plate without and with the hole (crack) as
Ue =
a2 So2 B/E
(5)
where B is the thickness of the plate. Then he expressed surface energy of the crack
Us, as,
Us = As
(6)
where is the surface energy per unit surface area of the crack and As is
the crack surface area, which is two-times the crack area A.
As =
2A = 2 (2a) B
(7)
(8)
(9)
Since the total potential energy is constant when the crack grows, the rate of change
with respect to the change in area of the crack A (=2aB) should be zero: dU /dA = 0.
0 = (2 a So2 B/E + 4 B) /2B
(10)
a So2 /E = 2
(11)
So = ( 2 E/ a)
(12)
(14)
So = ( R E/ a)
(15)
(16)
So = [ 2 ( + p ) E/ a]
(17)
R = G = 2 ( + p )
(18)
(!9)
K = So a
(20)
This is different from the familiar stress concentration factor, which is a nondimensional factor. But K has dimension of (stress- square root of crack length,
Nm /m2). In general cases other than central crack, a is to be correctly chosen. For
the present, we will identify three cases:
1) Central Notch
- CN
(21)
Y(a/D} = Y*
(22)
For CN
For SEN and DEN
Y(a/D}= 1.12 Y*
(23)
where
Y*2
(24)
Since there is lack of constraint for crack opening in the free edge, the stress
intensity K is higher and the applied stress So is lower .and hence the factor 1.12.
Note for infinite plate [a/2D]tends to zero and hence tan[] []
Y* = Y(a/D} = 1 no correction needed.
Relation between R and K
Independently, K has been derived as in (19) &(20) and R as in (14) & (15).
Comparing (14) & (15) and (19) & (20)
K2 = a So2 = R E
(25)
K = ( R E)
(26)
Modes of Fracture
All that was discussed so far are relevant to ed Mode-I fracture only. However
with suitable modification , they could be applied to other modes of fracture.
Mode-I: Opening (in-plane)
Mode-II: Shearing (in-plane)
Mode-III: Tearing (out-of-plane)
Three examples are common for testing and evaluation of materials for their
resistance to fracture.
1 Double Cantilever Beam Mode-I
2 Peeling of Tape (Scotch, Masking, Cello Tapes) Mode-I
3 Trousers Test
Mode-III
u1,u2
(27)
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C/A
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W = Work done = Px ux + Py uy
= - Pcos L*[1 cos] + Psin L* sin
= P L[1 + ][1 cos]
U = Energy stored
Energy released U
(38)
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W = 2PL* = 2PL[1 + ]
(45)
The strain energy stored U is due to dL in each of the two limbs = 2dL and
U = (1/2) P (2dL) = P L
(46)
(47)
(48)