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Performance indices for Water Network Partitioning ~ pctr~,r~d'
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Manuscript Number.
Full Title:

Performance indices for Water Network Partitioning

Article Type:

Research Paper (Editorial Office Upload)

Section/Category:

Regulation and Standards

Keywords:

Performance indices, mechanical redundancy, resilience, robustness, water network

partitioning

Corresponding Author:

V.G Tzatchkov
MEXICO

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:
Corresponding Author's Institution:
Corresponding Author's Secondary
Institution:
First Author:

V.G Tzatchkov

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors:

V.G Tzatchkov

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Manuscript Region of Origin:

MEXICO

Abstract:

Water network partitioning in district metering areas, or sectorization, is an important

process for improving water network management that can help water utilities to
implement active leakage control, conduct pressure management and protect from
network contamination. It is achieved generally by closing some network pipes and
thus reduces pipe redundancy and can affect system performance. No performance
indices have been defined so far to assess a sectorization design and thus to allow
comparing different possible sectorizations. In this paper a battery of performance
indices for Water Network Partitioning is proposed and tested on two real water supply
systems: Parete in Italy and Matamoros in Mexico, whose sectorizations was
previously designed by a novel effective automatic technique recently developed by
the authors. The proposed performance indices considered energy dissipated in the
network, network resilience, pressure variation, fire fighting capacity, water age, and
mechanical redundancy; applied to both the original and the sectorized networks. The
resilience appears to be the most representative index for the entire network, while
pressure variation indices work better for individual districts. The computed indices for
the two networks showed generally unimportant affectation of system performance
after sectorization, except for fire fighting capacity in one of them.

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Manuscript
Click here to download Manuscript: Tzatchkov_Performance.pdf

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Performance indices for Water Network Partitioning

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A. Di Nardo*, M. Di Natale*, G.F. Santonastaso*, V. G. Tzatchkov**, V.H. AlcocerYamanaka**

* Second University of Naples, via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa (CE), Italy
**Mexican Institute of Water Technology, Paseo Cuahnahuac 8532, Jiutepec, Mor., CP
625 5 0, Mexico

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Corresponding author: V.G. Tzatchkov, E-mail: velitchk@tlaloc.imta.mx

Abstract

cri.,,'

Water netw?rk partitioning in district metering areas, or sectorization, is an

important process for improving water network management that can help water
utilities to implement active leakage control, conduct pressure management and
protect from network cont . ation. It is achieved generally by c osing some
network pipes and thus reduces pipe redundancy and can affect system
performance~ No performance indices have been defined so far to assess a
sectorization design and thus to allow comparing different possible sectorizations.
'In this paper a battery of performance indices for Water Network Partitioning is
proposed and tested on two real water supply systems: Parete in Italy and
Matamoros in Mexico, whose sectorizations was previously designed by a novel
effective automatic technique recently developed by the authors. The proposed
performance indices considered energy dissipated in the network, network
resilience, pressure variation, fire fighting capacity, water age, and mechanical
redundancy; applied to both the original and the sectorized networks. The
resilience appears to be the most representative index for the entire network, while
pressure variation indices work better for individual districts. The computed
indices for the two networks showed generally unimportant affectation of system
performance after sectorization, except for fire fighting capacity in one of them.

Keywords
Performance indices, mechanical redundancy, resilience, robustness, water
network partitioning

INTRODUCTION
Water Network Partitioning (WNP), as a synonym of division of a water distribution network in
district metering areas (DMAs), is an important management methodology that has applied in many
countries around the world. A variant of WNP, applicable to multiple supply source networks,
consists in dividing the water system into independent districts, each of them supplied by its water
source (or water sources) with no connections to other districts, in order to achieve sectors with
independent water supply (Tzatchkov et al., 2006a; Di Nardo et al., 2011 b, Di Nardo et al., 2013),
or to improve the network protection (Graymann et al., 2009; Di Nardo et al., 201 la). In this case
the WNP can be named Water Network Sectorization (WNS) and the districts independent-District
Meter Areas or isolated-District Meter Areas (i-DMAs).
i-DMAs enable actions to be taken to improve the control and management of important aspects of

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water distribution, such as water quality (no mixing of water from different sources) and intensity
and spatial and temporal distribution of leaks. These actions may include: a) hydraulic efficiency
and nonrevenue water audit); b) water demand curve characterization, especially the night flow, c)
leak detection, by analysing the evolution of the night flow; d) fraud and under-registration, or
measurement error detection; e) investment planning guiding supply to the sectors with more
nonrevenue water; f) district isolation to protect water network from accidental or malicious
contaminations; g) district pressure management.
Traditional design of i-DMAs has been based on empirical suggestions (maximum and minimum
number of properties or length of pipes per district, etc.) (Wrc/WSA/WCA, 1994; WIR Ltd, 1999)
and on approaches such as "trial and error", normally combined with hydraulic simulation software
to verify feasibility. The number of possible network WNPs is huge (Di Nardo and Di Natale,
2010), however, thus it is important to define appropriate performance indices that can be used to
compare different WNPs. Only recently, some techniques based on graph theory have been
proposed to design network DMAs (Tzatchkov et al., 2006a; Deuerlein, 2008; Di Nardo and Di
Natale, 2011), but these do not rely on performance indices, or use them in a limited manner. In this
paper, several performance indices for WNP are defined and tested on the WNS of two cities, one
in Italy and the other in Mexico.

METHODS
The Performance Indices (Pls) tested in this study were applied to Water Network Sectorizations
(WNS) obtained with a novel effective automatic techniques recently proposed by Di Nardo et al.
(2013) that consists in dividing a water system into sectors with independent water supply (iDMAs ). The methodology is based on Shortest Path techniques that define a tree graph of the
network with dissipated power used as weight of the pipes (or links). Once the districts are found, a
swapping phase follows achieved using a genetic algorithm (GA) that refine the choice of nodes
assigned to each district. The objective function of the GA is based on network mean pressure. The
computation of the Performance Indices was carried out with a Demand Driven Analysis (DDA)
(Rossman, 2000), except for the mechanical redundancy indices which required Pressure Driven
Analysis (PDA).

a) Energy indices. The power balance of a water network (Todini, 2000) can be defined as

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(1)
r

where PA = yL_qsHs is the Available Power (or total power), q~ and Hs are the discharge and head
s =l
m

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relevant to each reservoir, respectively, and y is the specific weight of water; PD = yLq/~HJ is the

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Dissipated Power (or internal power), where q1 and1111; are the flow and head loss for each network

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j =l

pipe, and PN = y'LQHi is the Node Power (or external power), where Qi and Hi are the water
i=l

demand and head at each network node, respectively.

According to Todini (2000), the decrease in the energetic redundancy of a network can be measured
with a "resilience" index which does not involve statistical analysis of the different types of
uncertainty that are required to define the reliability constraints.

- Resilience index (Todini, 2000):

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5

=1-~

(2)

PDmax

IQ (z; + h;*)

where PDmax =PA- y

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is the maximum power necessary to satisfy the demand

constraint Qi and node head constraint, zi is the elevation head and h;* is the design pressure for the
i-th node. Higher values of Ir indicate better WNSs with lower values of dissipated power and thus
higher resilience.

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- Resilience deviation index (Di Nardo and Di Natale, 2011):

l,.d

(1- I;)

where

J,.

100 = (

p~ ~D

) 100
pDmax PD

(3)

1; is the resilience index of the WNS layout.

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Prasad and Park (2004) proposed the concept of network resilience, which combines the effects of
surplus power and reliable loops. Specifically, the surplus power at the i-th node is given by
~,i = r Q (H; - Hi*), where Hi* = z; +hi* ; and a loop is considered reliable if the pipes incident with a
node do not vary widely in diameter. Thus, the uniformity at the i-th node is given by

(4)
where np,i is the number of pipes incident with the node i, and 0 is the diameter of the incident pipe.
In this manner, the following index is defined:
-

Network resilience index (Prasad and Park, 2004):

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I
rn

YLC;~,i
= ___;_i=-'--'_ _
p

(5)

D max

Higher values of lrn indicate better WNSs due to the higher values of available power surplus, a
more uniform incident pipe distribution, and thus higher network resilience. To compare different
layouts of the network, a new index was proposed in this work as follows:
- Network resilience deviation index:

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I rnd = (1 - l;n
J ) 100

(6)

rn

where

1;n

is the network resilience index of the WNS layout. This index immediately shows the

network resilience percentage deviation between the WNS and Original Water Network (OWN),
with higher values of Irnd indicating a worse WNS.

b) Entropy indices. The concept of entropy of a water supply network has been derived from
Shannon's information entropy (Shannon, 1948) by considering all the possible Np flow paths of
water through the network, from source nodes to delivery nodes, and assuming that the probability
Pk that water flowing through a pipe belongs to the k-th path can be expressed as the ratio between
the path flow Qk and the total network flow Q (Awumah et al. 1990). In such a way, the Np flow

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paths constitute a set of mutually exclusive and completely exhaustive events, for which the entropy
function may be written as (Tanyimboh and Templeman, 1993):
N

s = - l: pk 1n pk

(7)

k=I

In this study, the calculation of S has been carried out making use of the equivalent recursive
expression proposed by Tanymboh and Templeman (1993):
Nd

Isi
i=I

Nd

N;

i=I

i=l

II[-P;, InP;, +P;,s,]

(8)

In Eq (8) the first sum is extended to all Nd nodes with no null demand and the second sum refers to
the N; nodes from which the flow rate reaches the i-th node, while the probability Pi! is given by the
following equation:
pi/ = qi, Q:ot
(9)

where qil is the flow between the i-th node and !-th node and

Q:

01

is the total flow that reaches the i-

th node.
c) Pressure indices. This type of indices is traditionally used to measure the level of service of a
water system. The following indices were defined: mean pressure at network nodes hmean, minimum
and maximum pressure at network nodes hmin and hmax, and the standard deviation hsd In addition,
the following indexes were calculated:

- Mean pressure surplus:

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(10)

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i=1
A high value of MPS denotes an excess of pressure in the network.

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- Mean pressure deficit:

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(11)

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i=I
MP D measures the decrease in pressure compared to the design pressure; higher values denote
worse working conditions.

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- Mean squared deviation from design pressure:

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MSDP =

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i= I

(12)
n
MSDP shows the trend of pressures at nodes to depart from the design pressure; a low value
represent a slight alteration of the pressure, whereas a high value indicates that the WNS or any
other actions on the network have a great influence on the OWN.

d) Fire protection indices. Network simulations were carried out in fire conditions assuming that
the fire demand was provided at the node with minimum level of pressure and that in all other nodes
the water demand was equal to 75% of the mean water demand in the day of maximum

consumption. Fire flow of Parete was evaluated following the suggestions of Milano (1995), while
for Matamoros the suggestions given by Tzatchkov (2007) were followed. In this way different
simulation cases were compared: one case for the OWN, choosing the lowest pressure node for the
whole network, and other k cases for the WNS choosing the worst case for each sector. In order to
compare these cases, a specific index was defined, based on the number of nodes with pressure
lower than the required pressure at the hydrant node (hFJ_,):

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- NFP = L.J xi in which

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{xi =0
X;

i=l

= 1

\ii:hi 2hfP

\j l :

h; < hFP

(13)

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e) Water quality indices. In order to estimate water quality alteration due to the sectorization the changes
in water age were computed. Water age is the time spent by a parcel of water in the network so it
provides a simple and indirect measure of the overall quality of delivered drinking water (Rossman,
2000). The analysis was carried out over a whole day and then the mean age AGEmean, the maximum
age AGEmax and its standard deviation AGEsd at network nodes were computed with the EPANET
software (Rossman, 2000).

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f) Mechanical redundancy indices. The analysis of network redundancy was faced with a deterministic
approach simulating all possible combinations corresponding to a break of a single pipe, computing
with a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) (Cheung et al., 2005) the following indices:
- Mean Flow Deficit Index
m QND1
FD/mean=
(14)

I -mj=I

- Minimum Flow Deficit Index

FD/min = min(QND1 )

(15)

- Maximum Flow Deficit Index

FD/max = max(QND1 )

(16)

- Standard deviation Flow Deficit Index

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FD!sd =

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in which

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QNDJ =

j =1

m- l

(17)

I (QR ,i - Qa,i)
_i=_1 _

n _ __

(18)

LQR,i
i =l

where QND1 is the total flow that is not supplied when the j-th pipe is closed, Qa.i is the effective or
actual delivered flow and QR,; is water demand at the i-th node.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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The methodology was tested on two real water supply systems: Parete (a small network in Italy) (Di
Nardo and Di Natale, 201 lb) and Matamoros (a large network in Mexico) (Tzatchkov et al. 2006b).
Parete, with 10,800 inhabitants, is located in a densely populated area in the South of the Province
of Caserta (Italy). The kind of water consumption in Parete is exclusively residential with a
prevalence of houses, built in 1970's and l 980's, with 3 to 4 floors, and the network is supplied by
two sources.

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The city of Matamoros is located in the northeast part of the state of Tamaulipas, directly across the
Rio Grande from Brownsville, Texas and 23 miles upstream from where the Rio Grande empties
into the Gulf of Mexico. The number of service connections to the city water distribution network is
about 120,000. Water is taken from the Rio Grande River at two points, and there are 4 water
treatment plants. The service provided to the water users is supposed to be continuous (2417), in the
sense that no valves in the distribution network are opened and closed during the day. Nevertheless
water pressure in an important portion of the city is so low during some hours of the day that water
users in that area of the network do not receive water in these hours and water supply is in fact
intermittent for them. The main hydraulic characteristics of the two networks are reported in Table 1.

Table 1. Hydraulic characteristics of the two networks.

Network
Hydraulic network
characteristics
Parete
Matamoros
Number of nodes, n
182
1283
Number of links, m
282
1651
Number of reservoirs, r 2
9
Hydraulic head of
110.0
29.0; 31.46; 26.99; 28.14; 36.06;
reservoirs [m]
36.26; 26.12; 30.64; 30.73
32.7
Total pipe length, Lror
376.6
[km]
Minimum ground
53.1
5.33
elevation, ZMJN [ m]
78.6
12.9
Maximum ground
elevation ZMAX [m]
Pipe materials
cast iron
PVC and AC
Pipe diameters [mm]
60;80; 100; 110; 125; 150;200 76;95; 152; 190; 238;300;338;
380;428;476; 508;600; 762;914
3
Peak demand, Q [m /s]
0.110
0.987
.
Design
pressure, h * [ m] 25
12
Fire flow, [l/s]
20
45.4
10
hFP, [m]
5

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The two WNS, obtained with techniques proposed by Di Nardo et al. (2013), are illustrated in
Figure 1 in which each i-DMA is represented by dashed lines. The computed Pis are reported in
Tables 2 to 10. Both networks exhibit a low original resilience index Ir that decreased slightly after
sectorization, as shown by the index Irn in Table 2 (8.26% for Parete network and 2.28% for
Matamoros network). The entropy S decreased after sectorization for Matamoros network, due to
pipe closures, but increased for Parete network, probably due to a better flow distribution after
sectorization although future work is needed to explain such entropy increase. Water pressure
changed insignificantly in both networks after sectorization, as shown by the indices in Tables 3 to
6. The water pressure in three i-DMAs of the Matamoros network is lower than the design pressure
(12 meters of head), before and after sectorization, reflecting the real situation in that city where
additional actions are needed to achieve the design pressure. The fire protection indices in Tables 7
and 8 exhibit some negative pressure values. Given that demand driven analysis is used to compute
them, this actually means that water cannot arrive to some network nodes during the simulated fire
fighting conditions. The Parete network is practically sufficient in fire conditions, with NFP=l for
the OWN and NFP=2 in one of the i-DMAs. The Matamoros network is clearly insufficient for fire
fighting, both for OWN and WNS, reflecting the situation that in Mexico water distribution
networks are normally not designed properly for fire conditions.

r;: - - - - -

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I

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---

,.f)\1\1

---

-0\1\:

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31"
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Figure 1. Parete and Matamoros WNS obtained with techniques proposed by Di Nardo et aL
(2013).
Table 2. Energy indices and entropy of both networks.
OWN

WNS

Ir

Irn

Ir

Ird

Irn

lrnd

Parete

0.351

0.318

5.771

0.322

8.262

0.290

8.805

6.327

Matamoros

0.439

0.390

10.125

0.429

2.278

0.383

1.795

8.568

34

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36

Table 3. Pressure indices of Parete network.

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hmean

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hmin

[m]

hmax

[m]

h,d

[m] MPS MPD MSDP

OWN

31.05

21.36

50.47

5.66

8.43

0.07

8.27

WNS

31.33

23.74

49.77

4.10

7.67

0.00

7.53

Table 4. Pressure indices of each i-DMA in Parete network.

OWN
Nodes
i-DMAl

116

i-DMA2

66

hmean

hmin

hmax

hsd

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

27.64 21.36 32.92 2.90

WNS

MPS MPD MSDP

0.15

3.81

37.04 30.60 50.47 4.14 12.16

0.00

4.18
6.21

Table 5. Pressure indices of Matamoros network.

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[m]

hmean

[m]

hmin

[m]

hmax

[m]

h sd

[m] MPS MPD MSDP

OWN

17.46

2.93

31.34

3.62

5.18

0.60

6.56

WNS

17.16

3.04

31.39

4.61

4.81

0.83

6.92

hmean

hmin

hmax

hsd

[m]

[m]

[m]

[m]

29.74 23.74 34.31

34.11

2.65

26.99 49.77 4.69

MPS MPD MSDP

5.73
9.24

0.01

4.58

0.00

2.65

Table 6. Pressure indices of each i-DMA in Matamoros network.

1
2

3
4
5

WNS

OWN
Nodes

hmean

hmin

[m]

[m]

hsd

[m]

MPS MPD MSDP

hmean
[m]

hmin
[m]

hmax
[m]

hsd

[m]

MPS MPD MSDP

i-DMAl

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16.94 13.24 28.62 3.43

4.54

0.00

5.67

18.31

14.69 28.72 3.19

5.99

0.00

7.12

i-DMA2

84

13.77

2.93

17.79 4.18

2.08

3.62

4.63

13.79

3.04

17.85 4.11

2.06

3.57

4.62

i-DMA3

337

19.41

17.22 31.34 2.05

7.17

0.00

8.24

19.64 17.17 31.39 2.25

7.19

0.00

8.49

9
10

i-DMA4

117

19.51

15.93 28.73

1.46 7.31

0.00

7.55

19.86 15.39 28.85

1.57

7.64

0.00

8.07

11

i-DMA5

72

17.12 11.78 19.02 1.96 4.94

0.00

6.79

16.88 15.24 18.00 0.75

4.84

0.00

5.77

i-DMA6

154

11.90

4.96

1.25

2.47

5.11

10.52

3.11

18.08 4.39

0.83

3.56

4.45

i-DMA7

352

17.51

13.25 23.05

1.63

5.68

0.00

4.58

15.70

9.15

20.32 3.21

3.64

0.19

5.82

i-DMA8

55

21.95

18.83 26.80 2.08

9.61

0.00

9.99

26.55 25.58 27.61

0.54

14.52

0.00

14.49

i-DMA9

77

18.16 11.11 21.26 2.95

5.14

0.03

5.90

18.89 13.28 21.25 2.16

6.18

0.00

5.69

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42

18.26 3.94

Table 7. Fire protection indices of Parete network.

h,nean [m] hmin [m] hmax [m] hsd [m] MPS MPD MSDP NFP
OWN

42.72

-45.58

54.18

9.40

12.22 29.69

20.05

WNS-1

42.28

-7.80

55.57

8.76

12.18 13.80

19.36

WNS-2

42.82

19.20

52.60

5.03

11.34

18.51

2.45

Table 8. Fire protection indices of Matamoros network.

hmin

hsd

MPS MPD MSDP NFP

[m]

[m]

[m]

OWN

17.43

-72.51

31.36

7.74

5.66

6.46

9.45

21

WNS-1

18.12

-68.28

31.42

6.00

5.31

5.59

8.57

14

WNS-2 17.65

-79.29

31.42

8.91

5.96

7.12

10.55

38

WNS-3 18.36

1.50

31.40

3.52

5.64

0.81

7.26

[m]

WNS-4 17.98 -311.45 31.42 13.72 5.83

19.54

14.96

18.01

-11.97

31.42

5.29

5.78

1.90

8.00

19

WNS-6 16.38

-37.28

31.39

6.82

4.53

4.18

8.10

76

WNS-5

WNS-7 I 8.02

2.20

31.42

4.67

5.57

1.01

7.62

44

WNS-8 18.67

8.72

31.42

3.45

6.22

0.20

7.51

45

WNS-9 17.90

-56.11

31.42

7.45

5.82

4.85

9.50

18

43

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47
48
49
50
51
52
53

Table 9. Water quality indices of both networks.

Agemean
[h]

Agemax
[h]

Agesd
[h]

OWN Parete

2.40

24.00

2.01

WNS Parete

2.39

24.00

2.13

54

OWN Matamoros

5.41

24.00

3.78

55
56
57
58

WNS Matamoros

6.59

24.00

4.70

59
60
61
62
63
64
65

The maximum water age in Table 9, computed by Epanet, is always equal to 24.00 h, the duration
of the analysis, revealing that it is not relevant as a performance index in these cases, but it may be
useful if the simulation is run for longer analysis periods. The other two water quality indices

2
3

4
5

showed that water age was not significantly influenced by WNS because their values were very
similar to, and in some cases even better than those for the OWN. Finally, the mechanical
redundancy indices reported in Table 10 showed some worsening of redundancy after sectorization
for both networks, as expected, but the resulting mean flow deficit for the WNS is only slightly
higher than that for the OWN.

7
8

Table 10. Mechanical redundancy indices of both networks in PDA.

9
10
11

12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21

22
23
24
25
26

FD/mean[%] FDfmax [%] FD/min[%] FDJ,d [%]

OWN Parete

0.69

28.38

0.09

3.32

WNS Parete

1.10

55.38

0.00

5.92

OWN Matamoros

1.69

14.20

1.45

0.90

WNS Matamoros

2.49

29.33

2.09

1.81

All performance indices proposed allow to compare and comprise the behaviour of water network
after WNS; the analysis showed that the methodology used for network sectorization is very
effective because all indices indicate that the alteration of hydraulic and water quality performance
is compatible with the level of service for the users. It is also clear that fire protection indices
showed that two water networks are insufficient to face this emergency condition both in original
and sectorized layout and that a Pressure Driven Analysis is a more effective approach for
simulations.

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34

35
36

37
38

39
40

41
42
43

44
45
46
47

48
49
50
51
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53
54

CONCLUSIONS
Water distribution network partitioning is widely used but no specific performance indices have
been developed for comparing different possible sectorizations on a rational basis. In this paper a
battery of performance indices for WNP is proposed, related to energy dissipated in the network,
pressure variation, fire fighting capacity, water age, and mechanical redundancy. The methodology
was tested on two real water supply systems: Parete (a small network in Italy) and Matamoros (a
large network in Mexico). Among the proposed indices the resilience index seems to be the most
effective one because it represents better the energy behaviour of the entire network, while pressure
indices express better the behaviour of individual districts. The entropy index showed
inhomogeneous results for the two networks and certainly requires more analysis in future work,
while mechanical indices seem to be useful but other operative conditions must be investigated to
better understand their effectiveness. Finally, even when the choice of particular indices depends on
the aim of the performance analysis this study showed that a comparison between OWN and WNS
is possible with a quantitative approach, although more studies are needed to test better some of the
performance indices.

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