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Figure 8.3
Flow around a
blunt body and
a streamlined
body.
Figure 8. 8
Effect of
boundary layer
transition on
separation: (a)
laminar boundary
layer before
separation; (b)
turbulent
boundary layer
before separation.
(U.S.Navy
photographs.)
Re=15,000
Boundary Layer is made Turbulent through tripping
Re=30,000
From Van Dyke (1982)
t1
t2
t3
t4
CL =
r
L
1
2
U 2 A p
r
L = The Force due to the flow (aero - or hydro - dynamic)
perpendicular to the free - stream direction
Drag Coefficient:
CD =
r
D
1
2
U 2 A p
r
D = The Force due to the flow (aero - or hydro - dynamic)
parallel to the free - stream direction
A p = Area defined appropriately according to the geometry
Figure 8.10
Vortex shedding
from a cylinder:
(a) vortex
shedding; (b)
Strouhal number
versus Reynolds
number. (From
NACA Rep. 1191,
by A. Roshko,
1954.)
: Angle of Attack
Airfoils: Terminology
Lift Coefficient:
CL =
r
L
1
2
U 2 A p
Effect of Flaps
Cessna Citation VI
Wing Span 16.3 m
Wing Area 29m2
V=170 knots (313 km/hr)
Re=1.1x107 based on mean
aerodynamic chord of 2.1 m)
Figure 8.23
Turbulent
boundary layer: (a)
nomenclature
sketch; (b)
streamwise slice of
the boundary layer.
(Photograph by
R.E. Falco.)
Figure E8.14
Figure 8.27
Influence of a
strong pressure
gradient on a
turbulent flow:
(a) a strong
negative pressure
gradient may
relaminarize a
flow; (b) a strong
positive pressure
gradient causes a
strong boundary
layer top thicken.
(Photograph by
R.E. Falco)
Figure 8.28
Influence of the
pressure gradient.